MEKANIKA KONTINUM
CONTINUUM MECHANICS
Prof. Ir. Bambang Suhendro, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Departemen Teknik Sipil & Lingkungan
Fakultas Teknik – Universitas Gadjah Mada
2020
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o mempelajari perkembangan
S3
o Mengetahui state of the arts S2
terkini pengetahuan (state
of the arts)
o mengembangkan ilmu
melalui penelitian
o Mampu menyelesaikan
o mengembangkan ilmu melalui masalah keteknik-sipilan
penelitian yg memenuhi aspek : (termasuk yg tidak regular)
novelty (kebaruan &
orisinalitas), dan significant o mempelajari pengetahuan
contribution
o mampu menyelesaikan masalah
ketekniksipilan (yg tidak regular
dan lebih kompleks)
o desiminasi : publikasi hasil
S1 yg sudah established
o mampu menerapkannya
dalam menyelesaikan
masalah ketekniksipilan
(regular problems)
penelitian o siap belajar lanjut
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Continuum Mechanics
Elastic Fluid Gas
Solid
Viscoelastic Plastic Viscous Inviscid Compressible
Solid Solid Fluid Fluid gas
high stress, long term, time dependent, thermal
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Real Structural Problems
• 1-D vs 3–D
• Static vs Dynamic Loading
• Isotropic vs Unisotropic Material
• Linear vs Non-Linear Material Behavior
(Elastic – Elasto Plastic – Viscoelastic – Plastic)
• Linear vs Non-Linear Geometry
• Short vs Long Term Behavior
(Time Independent vs Time Dependent)
• Soil – Structure Interaction Combination :
Fluid-soil-structure
• Fluid – Structure Interaction interaction
• Combined Gravity & Thermal Loading
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1-D vs
3–D
Frame 2D
Linier
Elastik
Satik
Short Term
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2D vs 3D model
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2D vs 3D model
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carbonation chlorid attack
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GLOBAL
ANALYSIS
OVERALL STRUCTURE
DETAIL
ANALYSIS
CONNECTION
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Static vs Dynamic Loading
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Static vs Dynamic Loading
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Earthquake: Tsunami or No Tsunami
Gempa Aceh, 26
Desember 2004
L > 250
Gempa 11 April 2012 km
L > 400 km 3. Goncangan Tanah di Aceh
Epicenter gempa
LEMPENG EUROASIA
LEMPENG AUSTRALIA
2. Perambatan Gelombang Gempa
1. Epicenter Gempa Subduction of Australian plate
HASILKAN TSUNAMI
Kurva magnitude &
Strike slip fault
TIDAK
jarak
AKIBATKAN
TSUNAMI
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9/27/2020 dh - haki: gedung tinggi di yogyakarta 23
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AKIBAT GEMPA BUMI TEKTONIK
• Runtuh
• Kerusakan struktural
• Kerusakan nonstruktural
• Benturan antar bangunan (pounding)
• Differential settlement
• Longsoran
• Tsunami
• Kebakaran
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Soft storey damage
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Isotropic vs Unisotropic
Material Behavior
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Unisotropic :
E , G , μ , fc’ , MOR, ft berbeda
Pada arah X, Y, dan Z.
Ex , Gx , μx ; Ey , Gy , μy ; Ez , Gz , μz
Orthotropic hanya beda arah X & Y
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Linear vs Nonlinear
Material
(elastic – elastopastic – viscoelastic – plastic)
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Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria
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Time dependent problems
• beton
• kayu
• tanah
• rubber
• plastik
• aspal
• metal
• tulangan baja
• tendon baja prategang
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Linear vs Nonlinear Geometry
Static linear analysis Nonlinear link elements
Static nonlinear analysis Graphics and tabular display of nodal and element time history
Force or displacement control records
Function versus time or function vs function displays
P-delta analysis Generation of response spectrum curves for any joint
Large displacement analysis acceleration component
Dynamic liner and nonlinear time history Staged construction (construction sequence loading), including
analysis multiple scenarios
Wilson FNA method For the special case of pushover analysis includes effective
Ground acceleration excitation damping computations, capacity spectrum and demand
Multiple base excitation spectrum comparisons are also performed
Load forcing functions Nonlinear frame, cable and link elements
Transient or steady state
Dynamic response spectrum analysis
Modal analysis Modal combination by SRSS, CQC and GMC(Gupta)
Eigen analysis with an accelerated subspace methods
iteration algorithm Directional combination by the SRSS or factored
Ritz analysis for optimal mode superposition absolute sum method
basis
Modes can include P-delta, large displacement
and
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2020
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P-∆
EFFECT
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Short vs Long Term Behavior (Time Dependent Problem)
• Degradasi material
propereties (merosotnya
nilai E stiffness, dan fc’
strength)
–
• Corosive & Agresive
environment
• Weathering
• Fatique
• Creep
• Relaxation
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Time dependent problems
• beton
• kayu
• tanah
• rubber
• plastik
• aspal
• metal
• tulangan baja
• tendon baja prategang
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Time dependent problems
• beton
• kayu
• tanah
• rubber
• plastik
• aspal
P (konstan)
δ (t)
δ0 instant δt long term
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Time dependent problems
∆L
L
Po Po
ɛo = ∆ L / L (konstan)
ɛo = ∆ L / L (konstan)
• metal
• tulangan baja
• tendon baja prategang
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Soil-Structure Interaction
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Fluid –
Structure
Interaction
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Fluid – Soil - Structure Interaction
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mud line
116 m
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3. LINGKUNGAN AGRESIF / KOROSIF
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Combined Gravity & Thermal Loadings
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Akibat
Temperatur
Rendah
(-35 C)
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deicing salt
Real Structural Problems
• 1-D vs 3–D
• Static vs Dynamic Loading
• Isotropic vs Unisotropic Material
• Linear vs Non-Linear Material Behavior
(Elastic – Elasto Plastic – Viscoelastic – Plastic)
• Linear vs Non-Linear Geometry
• Short vs Long Term Behavior
(Time Independent vs Time Dependent)
• Soil – Structure Interaction
• Fluid – Structure Interaction
• Combined Gravity & Thermal Loading
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Continuum Mechanics
• Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that
deals with the analysis of the kinematics and
mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a
continuum, e.g., solids and fluids (i.e., liquids and
gases).
• A continuum concept assumes that the substance of
the body is distributed throughout — and completely
fills — the space it occupies.
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Continuum Mechanics
• The continuum concept ignores the fact that matter is
made of atoms, is not continuous, and that it
commonly has some sort of heterogene-ous
microstructure, allowing the approximation of
physical quantities, such as energy and momentum,
at the infinitesimal limit.
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Continuum Mechanics
• Differential equations can thus be employed in solving
problems in continuum mechanics.
• Some of these differential equations are specific to
the materials being investigated and are called
constitutive equations, while others capture
fundamental physical laws, such as conservation of
mass (continuity equation), the conservation of
momentum (equations of motion and equilibrium),
and conservation of energy (first law of
thermodynamics).
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Continuum Mechanics
• Continuum mechanics deals with physical quantities,
of solids and fluids, which are independent of any
particular coordinate system in which they are
observed.
• These physical quantities are then represented by
tensors, which are mathematical objects that are
independent of coordinate system.
• These tensors can be expressed in coordinate systems
for computational convenience.
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The Continuum Concept
• Materials, such as solids, liquids and gases, are composed
of molecules separated by empty space.
• In a macroscopic scale, materials have cracks and
discontinuities. However, certain physical phenomena can
be modeled assuming materials as a continuum, i.e. the
matter in the body is continuously distributed filling all
the region of space it occupies.
• A continuum is a body that can be continually sub-divided
into infinitesimal small elements with properties being
those of the bulk material.
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The Continuum Concept
• The concept of continuum is a macroscopic physical
model, and its validity depends on the type of
problem and the scale of the physical phenomena
under consideration.
• A material may be assumed as a continuum when the
distance between the real physical particles is very
small compared to the dimension of the problem.
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The Continuum Concept
• The validity of the continuum assumption needs to be
verified with experimental testing and measurements
on the real material under consideration and under
similar loading conditions.
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3
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8
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Continuum Mechanics
Elastic Fluid Gas
Solid
Viscoelastic Plastic Viscous Inviscid Compressible
Solid Solid Fluid Fluid gas
high stress, long term, time dependent, thermal
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