NIJU ROY

35218048

ABSOLUTE AND UNIFORM CONVERGENCE OF POWER SERIES

THEOREM 1:
If a power series

z  z 


a
n

n 0
n0

converges when z  z1 ,  z1  z0  , then it is then it is absolutely convergent at

each point z in the open disk z  z0  R1 where R1  z1  z0 .

z1

R1
z
0

O x

Proof:
Assume that the series

 an  z1  z0  where z1  z0 converges.
n

n0

Therefore, the terms an  z1  z0  are bounded.

n

 an  z1  z0   M (n=0, 1, 2, ….) for some positive constant M

n

z  z0
Take  
z1  z0

On multiplying the inequality with  n on both sides, we get,

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n
 z  z0 
 an  z1  z0    M 
n n

 z1  z0 
On rearranging,
n
z  z0
 an  z1  z0   M n
n
n
z1  z0

 an  z  z0   M  n
n

As z  z0  R1 where R1  z1  z0 , we have   1 .

 M  is a geometric series and converges as   1
n

n0

Therefore, by comparison test for series,


 an  z  z0  also converges in the open disk z  z0  R1
n

n 0

CIRCLE OF CONVERGENCE

The greatest circle centred at z0 such that the series  an  z  z0  converges at
n

n0

each point inside is called the circle of convergence.

REMAINDER FUNCTION

Suppose the series  an  z  z0  has circle of convergence z  z0  R and let,
n

n0


S  z    an  z  z0  ……. Sum of the series
n

n0

N 1
SN  z    an  z  z0  ……. Partial sum of the series.
n

n0

Then the remainder function is

N  S  z   SN  z  ,  z  z 0  R

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UNIFORM CONVERGENCE
Since power series converges for any fixed value of z when z  z0  R ,

N  z   0 as N   .

By definition of limit of a sequence, corresponding to each positive number  ,

there exist a positive integer N such that,

N  z    whenever N  N

When the choice of N depends only on the value of  and is independent of

the point z taken in a specified region within the circle of convergence, the
convergence is said to be uniform in that region.
THEOREM 2:
If z1 is a point inside the circle of convergence z  z0  R of a power series,

 an  z  z0 
n

n0

then that series must be uniformly convergent in the closed disk z  z0  R1

where R1  z1  z0 .

z
z1
R1
z0

R
O x

Proof:
z1 is a point inside the circle of convergence z  z0  R of the series.

 an  z  z0 
n

n0

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So, by theorem 1,

 an  z  z0  converges.
n

n 0

By taking 2 positive integers m and N where m  N , we can write its remainder

as,

 N  lim  an  z  z0 
m n

m n N


Similarly, the remainder of the given series  an  z  z0  can be written as,
n

n0

N  z   lim  an  z  z0 
m n

m  n N

Using the relation if lim zn  z , then lim zn  z ,

x  x 

N  z   lim  an  z  z0 
m n

m n N

Now, by triangular inequality

 an  z  z0    an  z  z0    an z  z0
m n m n m n

n N n N n N

When z  z0  z1  z0 ,

 an z  z0   an z1  z0   an  z1  z0 
m n m n m n

n N n N n N

From the 2 inequalities,

 an  z  z0    an  z1  z0 
m n m n

n N n N

Therefore,

N  z    N ….. (a)

As  N Are the remainders of a convergent series,  N  0 as N  

for each positive number  , an integer N exists such that ,

 N   whenever N  N ……. (b)

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Because of conditions (a) and (b), (by Comparison test) then, the condition

N  z    whenever N  N

holds for all points z in the disk z  z0  R1 ; and the value of N is independent

of the choice of z. Hence the convergence of series  an  z  z0  is uniform in
n

n0

that disk.