University of Sargodha, Sargodha

Department of Sociology
Semester: 4th MSc criminology Final Term Exam
Subject: Applied criminology Time: 30 minutes
Total Marks: 20 MCQs___________
1. _____ theories contend that the interaction of the 5. Collective efficacy occurs at the intersection of two
individual with the social environment can yield contextual features of a neighborhood: informal social
powerful explanations of crime that can be observed. control and _____.
a. Psychological a. anomie
b. Biological b. social cohesion
c. Sociological c. Gemeinschaft
d. All of the above d. Gesellschaft
2. _____ theorized that cities develop in concentric 6. _____ contended that social disorganization creates
circles, growing toward outer areas. different norms based on social position that alter how
people view their communities.
a. Clifford Shaw
a. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
b. Ernest Burgess
b. Ernest Burgess
c. Henry McKay
c. Robert Sampson and William Julius Wilson
d. None of the above
d. Edwin Sutherland
3. _____ used the model of the fluid and changing
nature of the growing city to address juvenile 7. Which is not one of the four factors that Sutherland
delinquency. states affects the difference between law-breaking and
law-abiding behavior?
a. Ernest Burgess and Ferdinand Tönnies
a. anomie
b. Clifford Shaw and Ernest Burgess
b. frequency
c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
c. duration
d. Robert Sampson and William Julius Wilson
d. intensity
19. Matza suggests delinquents show some commitment
to mainstream values by: 8. Sutherland contended that young people learn from
deviant others the attitude that breaking the law is
a. strategies of blame avoidance desirable and techniques for_____.
b. techniques of neutralization a. studying
c. responsibility denial b. escaping from prison
d. focal concerns c. breaking the law
d. none of the above
9. _____ is a field of psychology that focuses on the 14. _____ deviance is the label that is placed on the
study of behavior that is observed rather than the delinquent or offender once he or she is caught at
unconscious. breaking the law.
a. Behaviorism a. Secondary
b. Psychology b. Tertiary
c. Psychiatry c. Primary
d. Social learning d. Partial
10. This avoidance of disagreeable events is called 15. Elijah Anderson states that in disadvantaged
_____. neighborhoods, both _____ families and _____ families
vie for respect in the street.
a. negative reinforcement
a. poor; rich
b. differential reinforcement
b. upper-class; lower-class
c. positive reinforcement
c. decent; street
d. operant conditioning
d. all of the above
11. Which is not one of Merton’s five modes of
adaptation? 16. In Marxist theory, _____ is the belief that the
arrangement of the bourgeoisie owning the means of
a. innovation production and the proletariat working for the interests
of the bourgeoisie is legitimate.
b. ritual
a. false consciousness
c. retreat
b. left realism
d. non-conformity
c. postmodern criminology
12. The rewarding of one behavior and not another, or
the rewarding of one behavior and punishment of d. false realism
another, is called _____.
17. _____ focuses on how racial issues have determined
a. differential reinforcement the quality of justice that has been available to people of
color in North America.
b. differential association
a. Left realism
c. collective efficacy
b. Critical race theory
d. operant reinforcement
c. Feminist criminology
4.) Crimes such as gambling and drug possession have
been created by legislative order to maintain and protect d. Racial criminology
the "fabric" of society. Laws relating to such crimes
are considered: 18. _____ begin to engage in antisocial behavior at an
early age and continue to commit acts that harm others
a.) Actus delicti. throughout their lives.
b.) Mala prohibitum. a. Adolescent-limited offenders
c.) Mala in se. b. Life-course persistent offenders
d.) Stare decisis.
 c. Juvenile delinquents d. life-course persistent offenders
d. Serial killers 24. The theory that if people associate with others who
more commonly support crime over conformity then
19. Radical theories are also called _____. they are more likely to commit crime themselves is
known as:
a. conflict
a. cultural transmission
b. Marxist
b. differential association
c. critical
c. neighbourhood reproduction
d. all of the above
d. zonal transition
20. Left realism contends that the idealism of _____
criminology sacrifices the interests of impoverished 25. In Marxist theory, those who own property and the
people for the interests of lower-class offenders. means of production are the _____.
a. Marxist a. wealthy
b. integrated b. proletariat
c. feminist c. bourgeoisie
d. peacemaking d. nihilists
21. Which is a level in the peacemaking pyramid? 26. Which characteristic did the Gluecks find to be
pronounced in delinquents?
a. opaque means
a. Extroversion
b. exclusion
b. Thoughtfulness
c. occluded criteria
c. Geniality
d. nonviolence
d. High self-esteem
22. Thornberry's _____ draws on social control and
social learning theories. 27. _____ was one of the first scholars to link Marxism
and crime.
a. peacemaking perspective
a. Marx
b. strain theory
b. Bonger
c. social control theory
c. Cullen
d. interactional perspective
d. Agnew
23. In life-course criminological theory, _____ are
youths who engage in antisocial and deviant behavior 28. In life-course criminological theory, the _____
for only a short period of time and only in certain begins inappropriate behavior at an early age and
situations. continues to commit antisocial and deviant acts.
a. adult-limited offenders a. adolescent-limited offender
b. adolescent-limited offenders b. life-course persistent offender
c. juvenile offenders c. juvenile offender
 d. bourgeoisie d. all of the above
29. _____ considers justice, law, fairness, responsibility, 34. These twins are from the same egg and fertilized by
and authority not to be absolute, but to be mediated by a single sperm and have exactly the same genetic
personal contexts. makeup.
a. Peacemaking criminology a. Fraternal
b. Left realism b. Genetic
c. Postmodern criminology c. Identical
d. False consciousness d. Eugenic
30. In Marxist theory, the ____ is the working class. 35. Which one of the following is an example of global
crime?
a. proletariat
a. Human rights violations
b. left
b. Corrupt and criminal policing
c. lex talionis c. War crimes
d. Illegal drug trade
d. bourgeoisie
36. Which neurotransmitter has been linked to
31. Which is one of the components of Sheldon's body- aggressive and violent behavior in humans?
type theory?
a. dopamine
a. endomorphic
b. serotonin
b. ectomorphic
c. norepinephrine
c. mesomorphic
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
37. _____ considers the effects of evolution, including
32. The pseudoscience of _____, promoted primarily by heredity, on the brain and human behavior.
Franz Joseph Gall, was very popular at the beginning of
the 19th century. a. Biosocial theory
a. atavisms b. Evolutionary theory
b. phrenology c. Freudian theory
c. body-types d. None of the above
d. none of the above 38. Freud's _____ contends that our behavior is
motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts.
33. Some researchers say that low IQ doesn't directly
cause delinquent behavior, but is a risk factor in that it a. psychoanalytic theory
_____.
b. dream theory
a. affects school performance
c. biosocial theory
b. decreases the susceptibility to pressure from
antisocial friends d. evolutionary theory

c. increases self-control
39. According to Piaget, _____ is a process by which 40. Which one of the following groups of ideas and
infants learn according to how they already comprehend concepts is most closely identified with Left Realism?
the world.
a. Hegemony, status frustration, societal reaction
a. accommodation
b. Relative deprivation, hegemony, labelling
b. assimilation
c. Societal reaction, marginalization, crisis of
c. elucidation hegemony
d. imagination d. Relative deprivation, subculture,
marginalization

41. According to _____, boys consider morality primarily in broad principles such as justice or fairness.

a. Grant

b. Howell

c. Skipper

d. Gilligan

12. _____ concluded that most prison inmates were feebleminded.

a. Binet

b. Freud

c. Gilligan

d. Goddard

13. Which characteristic did the Gluecks find to be pronounced in delinquents?

a. Extroversion
 b. Thoughtfulness

c. Geniality

d. High self-esteem

14. Some researchers say that low IQ doesn't directly cause delinquent behavior, but is a risk factor in that it
_____.

a. affects school performance

b. decreases the susceptibility to pressure from antisocial friends

c. increases self-control

d. all of the above

15. Which is not one of Freud's three aspects of the personality?

a. Id

b. Ego

c. Superego

d. All of the above are Freud's aspects of the personality.

4.) Crimes such as gambling and drug possession have been created by legislative order to

maintain and protect the "fabric" of society. Laws relating to such crimes are considered:

a.) Actus delicti.

b.) Mala prohibitum.

c.) Mala in se.

d.) Stare decisis.

17.) A system of social control is:

A.) comprised of rules, that are sanctioned by actors (individuals).

B.) often categorized by unilateral, bilateral, and trilateral social controllers.

C.) NOT relevant to discussions of regional patterns of violence (e.g., southern

“cultures of honor”.

D.) A and B.

E.) All of the above.

A.) laws are sanctioned by state third-party controllers (trilateral controls).

B.) only legal rules, when enforced, produce sanctions.

C.) law violations define criminal behavior and social rule violations define deviant

behavior.

D.) social rules are only sanctioned by trilateral controllers.

E.) A and C.

20.) White-collar crime:

A.) is often considered more of a social problem by the public than “street crimes” such

as robbery.

B.) involves individuals using businesses, or the “marketplace” to commit crimes.

C.) results in social and economic damage that is equally or more damaging than “street

crimes”

D.) All of the above.

E.) B and C.

21.) Terrorism

A.) is completely unrelated to hate crime

B.) involves only hatred; terrorists just want people dead

C.) involves strategies to use the best amount of violence

D.) is easy to define

E.) is mainly a white-collar crime.

27.) Which type of intent would be the most relevant to a person who kills a stranger while

driving drunk

A.) Constructive intent

B.) Specific intent

C.) Transferred intent

D.) None of the above

a. Conflict theory

b. Labeling theory

c. Consensus theory

d. Neo-Marxist theory

13. Which one of the following groups of ideas and concepts is most closely identified with Left Realism?

a. Hegemony, status frustration, societal reaction

b. Relative deprivation, hegemony, labelling

c. Societal reaction, marginalization, crisis of hegemony

d. Relative deprivation, subculture, marginalization

14. Rational Choice theory, which suggests people choose to commit crime because they decide the benefits gained
are greater than the potential costs, the opportunities for crime are available, and the risk is worth it, is most closely
associated with:

a. labeling theory

b. left realism

c. right realism

d. strain theory

19. Matza suggests delinquents show some commitment to mainstream values by:

a. strategies of blame avoidance

b. techniques of neutralization

c. responsibility denial

d. focal concerns

24. The theory that if people associate with others who more commonly support crime over conformity then they are
more likely to commit crime themselves is known as:

a. cultural transmission

b. differential association

c. neighbourhood reproduction
d. zonal transition

29. Durkheim believed the suicide rate would rise or fall in any society depending on the balance of which one of the
following pairs of forces?

a. Social regulation and moral cohesion

b. Social integration and moral regulation

c. Egoism and fatalism

d. Altruism and anomie