SALT ANALYSIS I

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

Preliminary Tests Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+,
i)Colour Colourless Ni2+, Mn2+
Colour of the given
salt was observed
ii)Smell
A pinch of the salt Ammoniacal smell NH4+ may be present
was taken between
fingers and rubbed
with a drop of water
iii)Dry heating test A colourless gas with The gas evolved is
A pinch of salt was ammoniacal smell is evolved ammonia. This may be
taken in a dry test test due to the presence of
tube and heated. NH4 + .
iv)Flame test
Salt was made into No characteristic flame was Absence of
paste with con.HCl observed. Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+,Pb2+,Zn2+
and introduced in the
flame using a glass
rod.
v) Dilute sulphuric
acid test: A colourless, odourless gas with The gas evolved is
2mL of dilute brisk effervescence was CO2. This may be due
sulphuric acid was evolved. to the presence of
added to salt taken in CO32- .
the test tube.
vi) Con. Sulphuric
acid test: No Characteristic gas was Absence of Cl-,Br-,NO3-,
To the salt in the test evolved. CH3COO-
tube Con.Sulphuric
acid was added and
warmed.
Tests for
Independent
Radicals
vii) BaCl2 test:
A small amount of the A white precipitate soluble in Indicates the presence
salt was boiled with con HCl is obtained. of CO3 2- .
dilHCl and filtered. To
the filterate 2mL of
BaCl2 solution was
added.
 SALT ANALYSIS I
viii) Ammonium
Molybdate test: No characteristic precipitate . Absence of PO43-
A pinch of salt was
boiled with con HNO3.
Excess of Ammonium
molybdate solution
was added to it.

Confirmatory test for carbonate ion,CO3 2-

If the salt dissolve in
water, soluble Brisk effervescence and The gas evolved is
carbonate is evolution of colourless and CO2.
indicated 1)Dil HCl odourless gas that turns CO3 2- ion is
Test limewater milky. confirmed.
To take one portion of CO3 2- + HCl CO2 +Cl-+ H2O
the solution dil. HCl Ca(OH)2+CO2 CaCO3
is added. (CO2 reacts with lime water to
form white precipitate of CaCO3
which is responsible for the
milkiness.)

2)Magnesium A white precipitate is formed. CO3 2- ion is confirmed.

sulphate test CO3 2- + MgSO4 MgCO3 + SO42-
To another portion of ( White precipitate formed is
the salt solution MgCO3)
magnesium sulphate
solution is added.
GROUP ANALYSIS
Analysis of Group-
Zero (NH4 + )
To a small amount of A colourless gas with Presence of Group
solid salt taken in a Characteristic ammoniacal smell Zero (NH4 +).
test tube, some is evolved.
concentrated solution The gas evolved is NH3
of sodium hydroxide
is added and heated.
Confirmation of NH4
+

1)To a small amount

of solid salt taken in a A gas with ammoniacal smell is
test tube, add some evolved.
concentrated solution The gas evolved is NH3
 SALT ANALYSIS I
of sodium hydroxide
and heat the Presence of NH4 + is
contents. White fumes is produced. confirmed.
Bring a glass rod NH3+HCl NH4Cl
dipped in dil. HCl near The gas evolved is ammonia
the mouth of the test which gives white fumes with
tube. HCl due to the formation of
NH4Cl.
2)Nessler’s Reagent
test: When the gas
evolved in the above Brown precipitate is formed. Presence of NH4 + is
test is passed through 2K2[HgI4]+3KOH+NH3 confirmed.
Nessler's reagent →[H2N.HgO. HgI] +7KI +2H2O
taken in a test tube The brown precipitate is due to
the formation of H2N.HgO.HgI.
RESULT:
Cation : NH4+
Anion: CO32-
 SALT ANALYSIS I
SALT ANALYSIS -III
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
Preliminary Tests Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+,
i)Colour Colourless Ni2+, Mn2+
Colour of the given
salt was observed
ii)Smell
A pinch of the salt Vinegar smell CH3COO- may be
was taken between present
fingers and rubbed
with a drop of water
iii)Dry heating test A colourless gas with vinegar smell
A pinch of salt was is evolved CH3COO- may be
taken in a dry test present
test tube and heated.
iv)Flame test Dull bluish flame Pb2+ may be present.
Salt was made into
paste with con.HCl
and introduced in the
flame using a glass
rod.
v) Dilute sulphuric
acid test: No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of CO3 2-
2mL of dilute
sulphuric acid was
added to salt taken in
the test tube.
vi) Con. Sulphuric A colourless gas with vinegar smell
acid test: is evolved CH3COO- may be
To the salt in the test present
tube Con.Sulphuric
acid was added and
warmed.
Tests for
Independent
Radicals
vii) BaCl2 test:
A small amount of No characteristic white precipitate Absence of SO42-,CO32-.
the salt was boiled
with dilHCl and
filtered. To the
 SALT ANALYSIS I
filterate 2mL of BaCl2
solution was added.
viii) Ammonium
Molybdate test: No characteristic precipitate. Absence of PO43-
A pinch of salt was
boiled with con
HNO3. Excess of
Ammonium
molybdate solution
was added to it.

Confirmatory test for CH3COO-

1)Oxalic acid test : Smells like that of vinegar Presence of CH3COO-
A small quantity of
the salt is taken in a
watch glass and
COOH COOH
mixed with solid + (CH3COO)2Pb + 2 CH3COOH
oxalic acid and water COOH COOH
and made into a
paste.
2)Ferric chloride
test:
Neutral ferric chloride
solution was added Reddish colour filtrate is obtained.
to salt solution and The reddish coloured filtrate is due
filtered. to the formation of (CH3COO)3Fe
3(CH3COO)2Pb +2FeCl3

2 (CH3COO)3Fe +3PbCl2
The filtrate was
divided into two
portions.
(i) To one part, Reddish colour disappears.
add water and Presence of CH3COO-
boil. is confirmed.
(ii) To second Reddish brown precipitate.
part, add dil.
HCl. The reddish-brown precipitate is due to the
formation of (CH3COO) (OH)2 Fe.

GROUP ANALYSIS
 SALT ANALYSIS I
Analysis of Group-
Zero (NH4+)
To a small amount of No evolution of ammonia gas. Absence of group zero.
solid salt taken in a
test tube, some
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide
is added and heated.
Preparation of
Original solution:
Salt is dissolved in
water and labelled as
Original solution.
Group I Analysis: white precipitate is observed. Presence of group 1
To a part of original
solution dil HCl is (CH3COO)2Pb+2HCl PbCl2 + 2 CH3COOH
(White precipitate is due to the formation of lead
added. chloride. Lead is in group 1 as it has the least
solubility product and hence easily precipitated.
Due to large size , lattice enthalpy is very high .
So the solubility product is low.
Lead comes in both group 1 & group 2 in
salt analysis as with excess of HCl the
PbCl2 dissolves, but get precipitated
withH2S in group II analysis)
Confirmatory test
for Pb2+: Yellow precipitate is formed. Yellow Presence of Pb2+ ion is
1. Potassium iodide precipitate is due to the formation confirmed.
test: of PbI2.
To one part of the (CH3COO)2Pb+2KI PbI2 ↓+2CH3COOK
original solution,
added potassium
iodide solution
2. Potassium Yellow precipitate is formed. Yellow Presence of Pb2+ ion is
chromate test: precipitate is due to the formation confirmed.
To one part of the of PbCrO4.
original solution, (CH3COO)2Pb+ K2CrO4
added potassium
chromate solution.
PbCrO4 + CH3COOK

Result:
Cation : Pb2+
Anion : CH3COO-
 SALT ANALYSIS I
SALT ANALYSIS – 4
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
Preliminary Tests Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+,
i)Colour Colourless Ni2+, Mn2+
Colour of the given
salt was observed
ii)Smell
A pinch of the salt No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+,
was taken between CH3COO-.
fingers and rubbed
with a drop of water
iii)Dry heating test
A pinch of salt was Reddish brown gas is evolved NO3- may be present.
taken in a dry test which becomes colourless on
tube and heated. cooling.
iv)Flame test
Salt was made into No characteristic flame was Absence of
paste with con.HCl observed. Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+,Pb2+,Zn2+
and introduced in the
flame using a glass
rod.
v) Dilute sulphuric
acid test: No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of CO32-
2mL of dilute
sulphuric acid was
added to salt taken in
the test tube.
vi) Con. Sulphuric
acid test: Reddish brown gas is evolved NO3- may be present.
To the salt in the test which becomes colourless on
tube Con.Sulphuric cooling.
acid was added and
warmed.
Tests for Independent Radicals
vii) BaCl2 test:
A small amount of the No characteristic white precipitate Absence of SO42-,CO32-
salt was boiled with .
dilHCl and filtered. To
the filterate 2mL of
BaCl2 solution was
added.
 SALT ANALYSIS I
viii) Ammonium
Molybdate test: No characteristic yellow Absence of PO43-
A pinch of salt was precipitate.
boiled with con HNO3.
Excess of Ammonium
molybdate solution
was added to it.

Confirmatory test
for NO3-
1)Copper chips test: Dark brown fumes of nitrogen Presence of NO3-
A small quantity of the dioxide are evolved. confirmed
original salt is heated H2SO4+Sr(NO3)2 2HNO3+SrSO4
Cu + 4 HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 +2H2O
with concentrated
sulphuric acid and a
few copper chips.
2)Diphenylamine A deep blue colouration is Presence of NO3-
test: To a portion of obtained. In the presence of confirmed
aqueous solution of nitrite diphenylamine gets
salt, added few drops oxidised, giving a blue
of diphenylamine colouration.
GROUP ANALYSIS:
Analysis of Group-
Zero (NH4+):
To a small amount of No evolution of ammonia gas. Absence of group zero.
solid salt taken in a
test tube, some
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide
is added and heated.
Preparation of
Original solution:
Salt is dissolved in
water and labelled as
Original solution.
Group I Analysis:
To a part of original No white precipitate is observed. Absence of Group 1.
solution dil HCl is
added.
Group II Analysis:
To the above solution No black precipitate is formed. Absence of Group 2.
H2S is added.
 SALT ANALYSIS I

Group III Analysis:

To a part of OS Gelatinous white precipitate is
Ammonium Chloride formed. Absence of Group 3.
is added and after (Note : For group 3 analysis make
dissolving ammonium sure that ammonium chloride is
hydroxide is added completely dissolved and add
drop wise in excess. ammonium hydroxide in drops
with observation.)
Confirmatory test
for Al3+:

Lake test: Blue precipitate floating in colourless Presence of Al3+ is

To the OS added dilute solution. (The precipitate formed is confirmed
hydrochloric acid. Added aluminium hydroxide. Blue colour
to it two drops of blue absorbs on this precipitate.)
litmus solution. To this, Al3+ + OH- Al(OH)3
added NH4OH dropwise
till blue colour develops
Aluminon reagent test: Red colouration or Red precipitate is Presence of Al3+ is
To a part of the O.S in a formed. confirmed
test tube added aluminon triammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid,
reagent. Aluminon is prepared by reacting sodium
nitrite with salicylic acid,
adding formaldehyde, then treating
with ammonia.

Result:
Cation : Al3+
Anion : NO-3
 SALT ANALYSIS I
SALT ANALYSIS – 5
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
Preliminary Tests Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+,
i)Colour Colourless Mn2+
Colour of the given
salt was observed
ii)Smell No characteristic smell
A pinch of the salt NH4+, CH3COO- may be
was taken between present
fingers and rubbed
with a drop of water
iii)Dry heating test No characteristic Absence of Cl-, Br-, NO3-,
A pinch of salt was observation. CH3COO- .
taken in a dry test test
tube and heated.
iv)Flame test Dull greenish flame Zn2+ may be present.
Salt was made into
paste with con.HCl
and introduced in the
flame using a glass
rod.
v) Dilute sulphuric
acid test: No characteristic gas is Absence of CO32-
2mL of dilute evolved.
sulphuric acid was
added to salt taken in
the test tube.
vi) Con. Sulphuric No characteristic gas is Absence of Cl-, Br-, NO3-,
acid test: evolved CH3COO- .
To the salt in the test
tube Con.Sulphuric
acid was added and
warmed.
Tests for
Independent
Radicals
vii) BaCl2 test:
A small amount of the White precipitate Presence of SO42-.
salt was boiled with dil
HCl and filtered. To
the filterate 2mL of
 SALT ANALYSIS I
BaCl2 solution was
added.
viii) Ammonium
Molybdate test: No characteristic Absence of PO43-
A pinch of salt was precipitate.
boiled with con HNO3.
Excess of Ammonium
molybdate solution
was added to it.
Confirmatory test for SO42-
1)Barium chloride test:
To a part of aqueous A white precipitate is formed. Presence of SO42- confirmed.
solution of the salt added
barium chloride solution.
Added dil. HCl to the white
The white precipitate is
precipitate and shaken.
insoluble in dil. HCl.
Ba2+ + SO2- BaSO4
4

The white precipitate is barium

sulphate (BaSO4) which is
insoluble in dil. HCl.

2)Lead acetate test: To a A white precipitate is formed Presence of SO2- confirmed

part of aqueous solution of 4
the salt added lead acetate
solution.
which is soluble in excess of hot
Added excess of hot
ammonium acetate solution
ammonium acetate to this
precipitate.

Analysis of Group-
Zero (NH4+)
To a small amount of No evolution of ammonia Absence of group zero.
solid salt taken in a gas.
test tube, some
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide is
added and heated.
Preparation of Original solution: Salt is dissolved in water and labelled as
Original solution.
Group I Analysis:
To a part of original No white precipitate is Absence of Group 1.
solution dil HCl is observed.
added.
Group II Analysis:
 SALT ANALYSIS I
To the above solution No black precipitate is Absence of Group 2.
H2S is added. formed.
Group III Analysis:
To a part of OS
Ammonium Chloride No white precipitate is Absence of Group 3.
is added and after formed.
dissolving liquid
ammonia(ammonium
hydroxide) is added in
excess.
Group IV Analysis:
To the above solution Dull white precipitate is Presence of Group 4.
H2S is added. formed. Zn2+ is present
Zn2+ + H2S ZnS + 2H+
Confirmatory test for Zn2+:
Sodium hydroxide test: A white precipitate is formed. Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed.
To one part of the above
solution in a test tube, Zn2++2OH- Zn(OH)2
added sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution
dropwise.
The white ppt. dissolves.
Added more NaOH to the Zn(OH)2+2NaOH
white precipitate Na2ZnO2 +2 H2O
Potassium ferrocyanide White or bluish white Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed
test: To the second part precipitate is formed.
above solution in a test Zn2+ +K4[Fe(CN)6]
tube, added potassium
ferrocyanide solution -. Zn2[Fe(CN)6] +2 K+

The white or bluish white

precipitate is due to the
formation of Zn2[Fe(CN)6].
Reault:
Cation : Zn2+
Anion : SO2-
4
 SALT ANALYSIS I
SALT ANALYSIS -6
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
Preliminary Tests Absence of Cu2+,
i)Colour Colourless Fe2+, Ni2+, Mn2+
Colour of the given
salt was observed
ii)Smell
A pinch of the salt No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+,
was taken between CH3COO-.
fingers and rubbed
with a drop of water
iii)Dry heating test
A pinch of salt was Colourless gas with pungent Cl- may be present.
taken in a dry test smell is evolved.
tube and heated.
iv)Flame test
Salt was made into Brick-red flame on persistent Presence of Ca2+
paste with con.HCl heating.
and introduced in the
flame using a glass
rod.
v) Dilute sulphuric
acid test: No characteristic gas is Absence of CO3 2-
2mL of dilute evolved.
sulphuric acid was
added to salt taken in
the test tube.
vi) Con. Sulphuric
acid test: Colourless gas with pungent Cl- may be present.
To the salt in the test smell is evolved.
tube Con.Sulphuric
acid was added and
warmed.
Tests for
Independent
Radicals
vii) BaCl2 test:
A small amount of the No characteristic white Absence of SO42-,
salt was boiled with precipitate CO3 2- .
dilHCl and filtered. To
the filterate 2mL of
 SALT ANALYSIS I
BaCl2 solution was
added.
viii) Ammonium
Molybdate test: No characteristic yellow Absence of PO43-
A pinch of salt was precipitate .
boiled with con HNO3.
Excess of Ammonium
molybdate solution
was added to it.

Confirmatory test for Cl-:

Silver nitrate test : A A white precipitate is formed which Presence of Cl- confirmed
portion of aqueous is soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
solution is acidified with Cl- +AgNO3 AgCl + NO3-
dil. HNO3. Boiled for
some time, cooled and AgCl + 2NH4OH
added AgNO3 solution.
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2 H2O
The white precipitate is silver
chloride which dissolved in
ammonium hydroxide to form the
soluble complex, [Ag(NH3)2]Cl.
Manganese dioxide test Evolution of greenish yellow gas Presence of Cl- confirmed
:Heated a pinch of the salt having a pungent irritating smell. It
with a small quantity of turns moist starchiodide paper
MnO2 and conc. H2SO4. blue.
Cl- + MnO2+2H2SO4

HSO4- + MnSO4 +2H2O + Cl2

The greenish yellow gas is due to
the formation of chlorine gas.
GROUP ANALYSIS
Analysis of Group-
Zero (NH4+)
To a small amount of No evolution of ammonia gas. Absence of group
solid salt taken in a zero.
test tube, some
concentrated solution
of sodium hydroxide is
added and heated.
Preparation of
Original solution:
Salt is dissolved in
water and labelled as
Original solution.
Group I Analysis:
 SALT ANALYSIS I
To a part of original No white precipitate is Absence of Group 1.
solution dil HCl is observed.
added.
Group II Analysis:
To the above solution No black precipitate is Absence of Group 2.
H2S is added. formed.
Group III Analysis:
To a part of OS
Ammonium Chloride No white precipitate is Absence of Group 3.
is added and after formed.
dissolving liquid
ammonia is added in
excess.

Group IV Analysis:
To the above solution No characteristic precipitate
H2S is added. is formed. Absence of Group 4.

Group V Analysis:
To the original Presence of Group 5.
solution 2-3 gms of
NH4Cl is added and White precipitate is formed.
boiled till NH4Cl is Ca 2++ CO32- CaCO3
dissolved. Then
NH4OH is added in
excess till ammonical
smell is obtained.
Then (NH4)2CO3
solution is added.

Test for Barium:

To 2mL of OS few No yellow precipitate Absence of Ba2+.
drops of potassium obtained.
chromate solution was
added.
Test for Sr2+:
To 2mL of OS No White precipitate is Absence of Sr2+.
ammonium sulphate formed.
solution was added.

Ammonium oxalate test: White precipitate is formed. Presence of Ca2+ is

To 2mL of solution in a confirmed.
test tube, added 1 ml of
 SALT ANALYSIS I
drops of ammonium Ca2+ + C2O42- CaC2O4
oxalate solution. Add a
little ammonium hydroxide
to it and scratch the sides The white precipitate is due to the
of the test tube with a formation of calcium oxalate,
glass rod CaC2O4.
Flame test: A small Brick red flame Presence of Ca2+ is
amount of the salt is confirmed.
taken in a watch glass
and added few drops of
conc. HCl. Mixed the
contents well to make a
paste. Dip a cleaned
glass rod into this paste
and introduce the wire
into the non-luminous
flame.
Result:
Cation: Ca2+
Anion : Cl-
 SALT ANALYSIS -II

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

Preliminary Tests Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+,
i)Colour Colourless Ni2+, Mn2+
Colour of the given salt
was observed
ii)Smell
A pinch of the salt was No characteristic smell Absence of NH4+,
taken between fingers CH3COO-.
and rubbed with a drop
of water
iii)Dry heating test
A pinch of salt was Reddish brown gas is evolved NO3- may be present.
taken in a dry test tube which becomes colourless on
and heated. cooling.
iv)Flame test
Salt was made into Crimson-red flame on Presence of Sr2+
paste with con.HCl and persistent heating.
introduced in the flame
using a glass rod.
v) Dilute sulphuric
acid test: No characteristic gas is Absence of CO3 2-
2mL of dilute sulphuric evolved.
acid was added to salt
taken in the test tube.
vi) Con. Sulphuric acid
test: Reddish brown gas is evolved NO3- may be present.
To the salt in the test which becomes colourless on
tube Con.Sulphuric acid cooling.
was added and
warmed.
Tests for Independent
Radicals
vii) BaCl2 test:
A small amount of the No characteristic white Absence of SO42- .
salt was boiled with precipitate
dilHCl and filtered. To
the filterate 2mL of
BaCl2 solution was
added.
viii) Ammonium
Molybdate test: No characteristic yellow Absence of PO43-
A pinch of salt was precipitate .
boiled with con HNO3.
 SALT ANALYSIS -II

Excess of Ammonium
molybdate solution was
added to it.

Confirmatory test for NO3-

1)Copper chips test: Dark brown fumes of nitrogen Presence of NO3-
A small quantity of the dioxide are evolved. confirmed
original salt is heated H2SO4+Sr(NO3)2 2HNO3+SrSO4
Cu + 4 HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 +2H2O
with concentrated
sulphuric acid and a few
copper chips.
2)Diphenylamine test: A deep blue colouration is Presence of NO3-
To a portion of aqueous obtained. In the presence of confirmed
solution, add few drops nitrite diphenylamine gets
of diphenylamine oxidised, giving a blue
colouration.
GROUP ANALYSIS
Analysis of Group-
Zero (NH4+)
To a small amount of No evolution of ammonia gas. Absence of group zero.
solid salt taken in a test
tube, some
concentrated solution of
sodium hydroxide is
added and heated.
Preparation of Original solution: Salt is dissolved in water and labelled as
Original solution.
Group I Analysis:
To a part of original No white precipitate is Absence of Group 1.
solution dil HCl is observed.
added.
Group II Analysis:
To the above solution No black precipitate is Absence of Group 2.
H2S is added. formed.
Group III Analysis:
To a part of OS
Ammonium Chloride is No white precipitate is Absence of Group 3.
added and after formed.
dissolving liquid
ammonia is added in
excess.
 SALT ANALYSIS -II

Group IV Analysis:
To the above solution No characteristic precipitate is
H2S is added. formed. Absence of Group 4.

Group V Analysis:
To the original solution Presence of Group 5.
2-3 gms of NH4Cl is
added and boiled till White precipitate is formed.
NH4Cl is dissolved. Sr2++ CO32- SrCO3
Then NH4OH is added
in excess till ammonical
smell is obtained. Then
(NH4)2CO3 solution is
added.

Test for Barium:

To 2mL of OS few drops No yellow precipitate Absence of Ba2+.
of potassium chromate obtained.
solution was added.
Test for Sr2+:
To 2mL of OS White precipitate is formed. Sr2+ is confirmed.
ammonium sulphate Sr2++ SO42- SrSO4
solution was added.

Flame test:
Salt was made into Crimson-red flame on Presence of Sr2+ is
paste with con.HCl and persistent heating. confirmed.
introduced in the flame
using a glass rod.

Result:
Cation: Sr2+
Anion: NO3-