PART 1. CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL 3.

Economic Solidarity and Strength -

SECURITY we must vigorously pursue a free-
market economy through responsible
Security will be interpreted as:
entrepreneurship based on social
1. Security of people, not just of territory; conscience, respect for the dignity of
2. Security of individuals, not just of labor and concern for the public interest.
nations; and 4. Ecological Balance - national survival
3. Security through development, not rests upon the effective conservation of
through arms. our natural environment in the face of
industrial and agricultural expansion and
Security is a national concern that every population growth.
Filipino must consider to ensure peaceful 5. Cultural Cohesiveness - our lives as a
existence of the state. people must be ruled by a common set
National security refers to the measures aimed of values and beliefs grounded on high
at countering domestic or internal challenges to moral and ethical standards, drawn from
the existing political and socio-economic order. our heritage and embodying a Filipino
standard, drawn from our heritage and
- concerned with safeguarding the state embodying a Filipino identity
against outside or foreign forces. transcending religious, ethnic and
- embraces the defense arrangements linguistic differences.
directed at ensuring the safety of the 6. Moral-Spiritual Consensus - we must
state against foreign intervention or be propelled by a national vision
domination. inspired, and manifested in our words
and deeds, by patriotism, national pride
NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE
and the advancement of national goals
PHILIPPINES
and objectives.
Commonwealth Act No. 1, also known as the 7. External Peace - we must pursue
National Defense Act, is the original policy constructive and cordial relations with
basis of the national security program of the all nations and peoples, even as our
Republic of the Philippines. nation itself must chart an independent

Seven (7) fundamental elements that amplify THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

our definition of national security.
*TYPES OF THEATS*
1. Socio-Political Stability - the
1.Rebellion or Insurrection
government and the people must engage
in nation-building under the rule of law, - a refusal of obedience or order.
Constitutional democracy and the full - seen as encompassing a range of
respect for human rights. behaviors from civil disobedience and
2. Territorial Integrity - we must ensure mass nonviolent resistance, to violent
the permanent inviolability of our and organized attempts to destroy an
national territory and its effective established authority such as the
control by the Government and the government.
State. This includes the preservation of
our country’s Exclusive Economic Zone 2.Terrorism
(EEZ) and its protection from illegal - systematic use of terror especially as a
incursions and resource exploitation. means of coercion.
 - violent acts which are intended to create avowed objective of establishing an
fear (terror), are perpetrated for an independent Islamic state in
ideological goal, and deliberately target southern Philippines.
or disregard the safety of non- o Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), a small
combatants (civilians). band of highly mobile terrorists with
suspected links to international
3.Murder
networks.
- the unlawful killing of another human 2. Communist Party of the Philippines /
being with intent (or malice New People’s Army / National
afterthought), and generally this state of Democratic Front (CPP / NPA / NDF)
mind distinguishes murder from other o three continue to pose a serious
forms of homicide. threat to national security,
although presently weakened in
4. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention comparison with their peak strength
- taking away or transportation of a in the 1985-87 period. During the
person against the person’s will. past two years, there has been an
- may be done for ransom or in incipient of underground activities
furtherance of another crime, or in in the urban areas and a slight
connection with a child custody dispute. upward trend in isolated terrorist
acts in the countryside.
5. Hijacking/Highway Robbery 3. Organized Crime
- crime of taking or attempting to take o The challenge of illegal drugs, in
something of value by force or threat of particular, has grown into a major
force and or by putting the victim in threat to the national community. Of
fear. the 42,979 barangays nationwide,
- taking the property of another, with the about 12 per cent are affected in
intent to permanently deprive the person varying degrees.
of that property, by means of force or 4. Grave Incidence of Poverty
fear o also, a serious threat to national
security, especially to the extent that
6. Crimes involving destruction it breeds and abets rebellion, crime
and dissidence.
- may apply either as a measurable degree
o Poverty incidence affects about
of damage up to and including a state
beyond use or repair, or it may indicate one-third of Filipino families
a state wherein such damage is nationwide.
occurring and continuing. Ex. self- 5. Economic Sabotage
destructive behaviors, suicide, o Under this category are underground
demolition activities such as counterfeiting,
money laundering, large-scale
INTERNAL THREATS smuggling, inter-oceanic poaching
and commercial dumping.
1. Moro Islamic Liberation Front
6. Graft and Corruption
(MILF) and Abu Sayyaf Group
o threat to our national security by
(ASG)
virtue of the huge scale.
o Moro Islamic Liberation Front
o It has also become a disincentive to
(MILF) which, in open rebellion
investment.
against the government, has the
 7. Severe Calamities industrialization, desertification and
o food shortages, abet hoarding and deforestation – will increasingly impact
profiteering and cause hunger, disease on climate and weather patterns, strain
and deprivation. fragile ecosystems, and put more
pressure on health and social support
EXTERNAL THREATS systems.
- The growing uncertainties that lie in the 5. Cybernetic crime
regional and global milieu make up the
second dimension of our national o This is a growing global threat, as
security concerns even as threat of experienced with computer viruses such
external aggression against our country as Melissa and Chernobyl, which have
remains in the remote horizon. attacked isolated or networked
information systems through the internet
1.Serious economic disparity between rich or through software carriers and devices.
and poor nations
o This keeps the world in a state of THREE MAJOR PILLARS OF
instability and virtually on the brink of NATIONAL SECURITY
war in many places. Local or regional
shortages of fresh water, arable land, 1. Safeguarding the Philippine’s
food, fisheries, and energy are already national Unity, its democracy and its
causing tensions. social institutions – All citizens share
one national identity that is, being
2. Ethnic, religious and cultural conflict Filipinos regardless of their ethnic,
o This pervades many regions and nations, religious, cultural and ideological
orientation.
including our own.
2. Security of the State and preserving
o constantly exacerbated by mass poverty,
and protecting its sovereignty,
limited access to resources, denial of
territorial integrity and institutions
human rights, lack of national
3. Protection of properties,
integration and international issues.
infrastructures and keeping the
3. Transnational organized crime people safe from all forms of threats,
both here and abroad, and to the
o This has proliferated in the era of extent possible, creating jobs in order
globalization. to bring back home overseas Filipino
o The International Monetary Fund workers where their physical safety
estimates that global drug trafficking can be fully guaranteed by the
now accounts for two percent of the Government.
world economy, excluding illicit capital
flight and money-laundering activity. Peace education needs to be accepted in all
parts of the world, in all societies and countries
4. Natural disasters and environmental as an essential element in creating culture of
issues peace.
o They will continue to pervade the global - presence of harmony, understanding,
security agenda. tranquility, social justice, respect, and
o particularly population growth, resource tolerance- meaning the enhancement of
consumption, pollution, urbanization, life.
The concept of Peace Education - capacity of an individual to express
one’s views or exercises one’s rights
1. “Peace is not just the absence of war. It without being aggressive.
is the wholeness of life where every
person can live with dignity.” RESPECT
(Mindanao Church Peace Congress,
1996) - recognize the worth of others regardless
2. “The new name of peace is of differences in social position, culture,
development.” (Pope Paul VI, origin, ethnic grouping or gender
Populorum Progressio).
CONCERN FOR OTHERS
Negative Peace
- awareness and understanding of their
- Absence of direct/physical violence both needs, feelings, and condition and
macro and micro. extending appropriate consideration for
- Direct Violence e.g., torture, child and such.
woman abuse.
COOPERATION
Positive Peace
- capacity and willingness to work with
- Presence of condition of well-being and others to achieve a common goal.
just relationships: social, economic.
Political, ecological. OPEN-MINDEDNESS
- Structural Violence e.g., poverty,
hunger - willingness to approach difficult sources
- Socio-cultural Violence e.g., racism, of information, people, and events with
sexism, religious intolerance a critical but open mind.
- Ecological Violence e.g., pollution,
overconsumption. HUMILITY

LEVELS OF PEACE - virtue to accept and recognize that

others may have the ability similar or
1.Personal Peace referrer to the development maybe more than you have and that
recognition enables you to accept your
of inner harmony of integration.
own limitations.
2.Interpersonal Peace is manifested by the
INTERGROUP/SOCIAL PEACE
relationship of an individual with one another.
- addressing issues that affect society and
- Johan Galtung explains that peace is the it’s social, political, and economic
absence of violence, not only personal or components.
direct but also structural or indirect.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
 He says that peace is both the
absence of personal / direct violence - awareness of one’s responsibility for the
and the presence of social justice. common welfare and the willingness as
well as the readiness to work for it.
ASSERTIVENESS
INTERDEPENDENCE
 - awareness of the impact of the decisions PEACE BETWEEN HUMANS AND THE
and actions of individuals and groups on EARTH AND BEYOND
one another.
- refers to a higher level of peace that is
SOCIAL JUSTICE characterized by the harmony of man
with nature and to a Supreme Being.
- Requires an awareness and recognition
of the civil, political, economic, social, CHALLENGING THE WAR
and cultural rights, especially of the
SYSTEM THROUGH PEACE
more marginalized sectors of society
and the willingness to promote and EDUCATION
defend them.
- The word “war” is from the Frankish-
GLOBAL PEACE German word “werra,” which means
confusion, discord, or strife.
- similar to the social and national level
peace is concerned with attaining related PEACE EDUCATION as a right is
issues something which is now increasingly
emphasized by peace researchers such as Betty
Reardon and Douglas Roche.

RESPECT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT - is essentially transformative. It

cultivates the knowledge base, skills,
- value of recognizing the importance of attitudes and values.
the resources in the environment as
indicated by the act of preserving and CONFLICT RESOLUTION TRAINING
conserving them.
- Learning to manage anger, "fight fair"
UNITY IN THE ONENESS OF and improve communication.
HUMANKIND - Participants are also encouraged to take
responsibility for their actions and to
- value of recognizing the importance of brainstorm together on compromises
being one with other humans as the
semblance of God’s power and love. It DEMOCRACY EDUCATION
is recognition that everyone is as
important as the other. - typically focus on the political processes
associated with conflict, and postulate
RELIGIOUS APPRECIATION that with an increase in democratic
participation the likelihood of societies
- ability to respect and appreciate the resolving conflict through violence and
presence of people with the religious war decreases.
beliefs other than his own - Their aim is to produce "responsible
citizens" who will hold their
CULTURAL APPRECIATION governments accountable to the
standards of peace, primarily through
- recognition of the presence of different adversarial processes.
cultures and such differences gives us
the opportunity to learn from one JUSTICE EDUCATION
another.
 - is the process of promoting the rule of Holistic Concept of Peace: presence
law (RoL) through educational activities of conditions of wellbeing, cooperation
at all levels. and just relationships in the human and
- justice teaches the next generation about ecological spheres.
crime prevention, and to better Conflict and Violence: Students can
understand and address problems that study the problems of violence in
can undermine the rule of law various levels from the personal to the
- promotes peace and encourages students global and including direct, structural,
to actively engage in their communities socio-cultural and ecological violence.
and future professions.
- Hidden curriculum- about values and SOME PEACEFUL ALTERNATIVES
behaviours that are modelled and
enforced on a daily Disarmament- Learners can be
introduced to the goal of abolishing war
HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION and reducing global armed forces and
armaments.
- raising awareness of human rights Nonviolence- Learners can study the
typically focus at the level of policies philosophical and spiritual
that humanity ought to adopt in order to underpinnings of nonviolence as well as
move closer to a peaceful global its efficacy as a method to effect change.
community. Human Rights- It is important for
- aim is to engender a commitment among learners to have an integral
participants to a vision of structural understanding of human rights and to
peace reject all forms of repression and
discrimination based on beliefs, race,
Political advocacy of nonviolent resolution of ethnicity, gender and social class.
conflict is a key element of peace education. Human Solidarity- All humans have
common basic needs and aspirations and
ETHICS a shared membership in an
interdependent human/ global
- is an ethical imperative considering the
community. We have only one home
negation of life and well-being caused
(planet earth) and a common future. Th
by all forms of violence.
e major world religions also have shared
- ethical principles include the unity and
values and principles.
value of life, not only of human life but
- Students can look at how to increase
also of other life forms in nature; respect
inter-religious, inter-cultural and
for human dignity; nonviolence; justice;
intergroup trust, empathy, respect and
and love as a social ethic.
cooperation, as well as discourage
- highly encouraged for actualization
stereotyping and prejudice.
because they are expected to bring us to
the common good.
Development Based on Justice-
Learners can be made critically aware of
the realities and tragic consequences of
structural violence and how a
philosophy of development based on
justice is a preferred alternative.
KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, VALUE Democratization- It is important for
learners to understand that democracy
 provides the environment in which created by a Superior Being with a
Sppeople’s fundamental rights and divine purpose. Physical in nature,
interests are respected. because a person is created with body
Sustainable Development- Learners and faculty that correspond to his
need to understand the interdependent relationship with society.
relationship between humans and the - Dictionaries define a human person as a
natural environment. living, self-conscious animal or a thing.

SCHOOL APPROACH CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON

- we try to engage all the learning areas, Eddie Babor discussed in his book” The
all the members of the school Human Person, Not Real But Existing” that the
community (students, faculty, staff) and human person have several characteristics,
the wider community. among which following
- approach also includes other aspects of
school life such as teaching practices 1. Rational- a person is free to think and
and methods, student activities, has the capacity to reason. He can
administrative policies, school structures distinguish what is right and what is
and relationships, as well as social wrong because he has intellect.
action for and with the larger 2. Free- a person has the freedom to do or
community. not to do a specific action. Every person
must be responsible for his own action.
A VISION FOR THE FUTURE In other words, a person can do
whatever he pleases but not the extent of
- Our vision is a more peaceful 21st doing harm to his co-created.
century, a century that is good for all 3. Unique- Every person has his own
humans, Mother Earth and the whole identity such that no two persons are the
cosmos. same.
4. Social being- Every person is
SELF AND FILIPINO SOCIETY intrinsically a social being. He cannot
detach his “being” from other and all
GAD INTEGRATION recognition the equally
other creatures in the universe. Human
important roles players by both male and female
nature is characterized by hi
members of the society.
togetherness and relationship towards
other creatures; be it a thing, object or
Self- it describes the characteristics of the self as
his, fellowman.
a person to fully understand one’s self.
5. Sexual- All creates living things are
THE HUMAN PERSON- It is physical, sexual in nature but the uniqueness of
spiritual, emotional and intellectual attributes. expression of a person’s sexually makes
it all different.
- Aristotle and Boethius described man as
a rational being. As rational being, a
person is able to know, reason out and
apply what he knows. Theologians
describe a human person as a substance
of physical and spiritual. Spiritual is
THE FILIPINO VALUE SYSTEM
nature because man has a soul and is
 - The word “value” has its root in the Republic act no. 9418- an act institutionalizing
Latin word “valere” which means to be a strategy for rural developing, strengthening
strong and vigorous. volunteering and for other purposes.
- Dr. Tomas Q. D. Andres (1986) would
define values as “things, persons, ideas Section 01. Title-This Act shall be known as
or goals which are important to life. cited as the “Volunteer Act of 2007”.
- Edgar Sheffield Brightman defines
values as “whatever is likes, prized, Volunteerism
esteemed, desired approved, or enjoyed
by anyone at any time. - Refers to an act involving a wide range
- Desirable and important and have of activities, including traditional forms
attained the status as moral impetus of mutual aid and developmental
behind every action of each member interventions that provides an enabling
geared towards the desired end or goal. and empowering environmental both of
- Basis for what is right or wrong, the the part of the beneficiary receiving and
principles on which every member of the volunteer rending the act, undertaken
the Filipino society should persevere to for reasons arising from
attain in order to reach the ultimate sociodevelopmental, business or
realization of his life, regarding his corporate orientation, commitment or
person and in relation to his family and conviction for the attainment of the
society in general. public good where monetary and other
incentives or reward are not the privacy
FILIPINO CHARACTERISTICS motivating factors.

- Makes a Filipino vary from different Volunteer

society in his unique blended culture and
values from different influences. - refers to an individual or group who for
reasons arising from their
Utang na loob sociodevelopmental, business and
cooperation, commitment, contribute
- No specific translation that can time, service and resources whether on
approximate the meaning of this Filipino full-time or part-time basis to a just and
value of utang na loob. essential social development cause,
- Dept of gratitude. mission or endeavor in the belief that
their activity is mutually meaningful and
Bahala na beneficial to public interest as well as
them.
- They firmly believe in the supernatural
and in all kinds of spiritual dwelling in Volunteer Service Organization
individual persons, places or things.
- They believe in Supreme being. sociodevelopmental Voluntary Sector

- refers to those section of Philippine

society that organizes themselves into
volunteers to take advocacy and action
primarily for local and national
development as well as international
VOLUNTEERISM cooperation and understanding.
Volunteerism in the academic and modes of speech”. According to this
view, the term community was based on
- include, but is not limited to, provision the elements that it possesses. Other
of technical assistance and sharing of elements that a community may possess
technology within the academic circle, are the following:
target communities and other clienteles - History- from public documents, folk
and the upgrading of the quality of history, historical roots
education and curriculum methodologies - Space Relations- Internal Relation:
while providing career enhancement and within the community
exposure to the volunteers. - External Relation- Relation with other
communities, nation and state
Volunteerism in the corporate sector - Resources- Human, man-made and
natural
- As an expression of corporate social - Technology- modern or indigenous; the
responsibility and citizenship, refers to technical know-how of the people
activities recognized by the company,
where employees gives their time, skills - Knowledge and Beliefs
resources in the service of the
- Values and Sentiments
company’s internal and/or external
communities/ - Goals

Volunteerism by non-profit organizations - Norms

- Position and Roles- elected and not elected
- Includes, but is not limited to, provision
of complementary service and human - Power
resources development in underserved
communities as well as advocacy and - Leadership
articulation of the cause of the - Influence
disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.
A. The Community - The term community - Social Rank- standing of a person in the group
was actually derived from the Latin
- Reward and Punishment
word, communis, a noun describing
quality implying fellowship, community COMMUNITY SERVICE MEANING OF
relations and feelings. COMMUNITY SERVICE
- Webster’s dictionaries, on the other
hand, define a community as a body of Community service is an essential
people living in the same place under strategy in community organizing work.
same laws (geographical); a body of Community service is just strategies in plunging
people having common interests into community organization. Venture
(physiological). One of the most undertaken maybe integrated or specialize
common and simplest definitions was activities which entering, familiarizing and
coined by R.M. McIver. According to involvement of the self in the conduct of the
McIver, a community is: “an activities for community development. In NSTP-
aggregation of families and individuals CWTS is strategy in molding and conscientizing
settled in a fairly compact and just so that they are aware and responsible to
contiguous geographical area, with their communities. This manner of
significant elements of common life, as transformation is bent on training the youth to
shown by manners, customs, traditions becoming civic conscious and defense prepared
individuals. The nature of service efforts done When one goes to a community, he associates
the dimensions of but, not limited to, education, with the people whom he intends to work with
health, safety education, sports and recreation, as his partners in the community.
environmental services, entrepreneurship,
Examples of this community partners are the
morals of citizenry and other social welfare
parents, youth, the differently-abled constituents,
concerns. On view of the fact that community
and professionals, members of people’s
service is a major concern in development work
trainees may find it significant to be guided by organization and other formal and informal
the following precepts: group and others who can be a potential
collaborator of your project or activities. We do
1. Students should immerse in actual community
not
life to get to know the social, political and
economic situation of the people. just work for and serve the people but rather we
encourage their participation. This practice of
2. They may also undergo certain changes like
enjoining people’s support in adherent to
increase in knowledge about the social realities,
development of good values, Confucius philosophy of “give man a fish and he
will live for a moment but teach him how to fish
empathy towards other people, improvement of
and he will live for a lifetime”.
social skills, among others.
Community service is empowering the people
3. They should identify the community people’s
towards development of the locality.
interests and aspirations.
4. Attendance in social gatherings (fiestas,
4. They must recognize people’s resiliency and
wedding, etc.)
does not rob them of their right to have
community participation and 5. Assistance in production work (selling,
farming, etc.)
determination of appropriate courses of action.
GAIN OF NSTP-CWTS STUDENTS FROM
5. They should be aware of the gain-negotiated
COMMUNITY SERVICE
sanction- the acceptance derived from
community relations couples with the 1. Opportunity for the trainees to comprehend
people’s lives because of the chance given to
right to conduct service activities.
them to see real life situation, live and associate
FORMS OF INTEGRATION IN with the people therein;
COMMUNITY SERVICE:
2. Gain social acceptance deprived from
1. Home visits community relations coupled with the right to
offer services;
2. Living with selected families preferably with
individuals or groups 3. Enhance experience in conducting asset
mapping such ad identifying coverage, point out
3. Sharing in household and community
resources and the use, and the relationships of
activities (cooking with the community host
people with the existing resources;
clean-up drive)/.
4. Establish rapport and relationship with
WHOM DO YOU SERVE WITH IN THE
different people who may be of help to them at
COMMUNITY
some future time, 5. Acquire first-hand
experiences in dealing with community works.
D.COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND 4. Popular democracy
DEVELOPMENT
5. Social transformation
Objectives:
6. Leaders in development
At the end of the lesson the students are
Step in Organizing the Community
expected to:
Entry in the Community
1. Differentiate community organization from
community development 1. Gather basic information about the place such
as culture, practices and the lifestyles of the
2. Enumerate and explain the steps in organizing
people.
the community
2. Do not regard yourself as superior or different
3. Explain the guidelines for community workers
from the people in the community.
and
3. Dress simple as possible and act as naturally
4. Implement strategic planning as well as the
as you can as you enter the community.
steps of planning community development
program/projetcs. 4. Do not appear as a savior or someone who
will solve the people’s problems.
Community is a dynamic entity composed of
people living in a given territory who share 5. Remember that development must be for the
common culture needs aspiration resources people and from people.
lifestyles and the
Integration with the People
like bonded by a feeling of belongingness and
interacting with one another in consonance with 1. Integrate yourself with the people living with
its structure and institution to achieve common them eating their food, doing their chores, and
goals slowly learning their way of life.

(Norman 1998a). Community Study or Situation Analysis

Community organization is a process forge 1. You have entered the community, now you
along people’s empowerment and the essential are with the people.
formation of a self-reliant organization that will 2. You are now with the people not alone by
facilities yourself.
development in a sustainable manner (Norman 3. Facilitate people’s participation in analyzing
1998b). As a process it involves a series of their situation and problems.
interrelated activities to unify the people into an
Strengthening the Organization
organization. It also involves people’s
participation in all stages of the organizing 1. Do everything in your capacity to
process. strengthening the organization.

Goals in organizing the community (Norman 2. Give chance for the leaders to move and work
1998b) together on their own.

1. People’s empowerment 3. Let the people learn how to identify the issues
and problems confronting them.
2. Building organization
E. Community Development
3. Building alliance/coalitions
Community is a planned and organized effort to 4. Integration of various specialties such as
assist individuals to acquire the attitudes, skills, agricultural, animal industry/husbandry, public
knowledge capabilities required in their health, education, economics, and work.
democratic
5. Felt needs if the people in the community.
participation in the effective solution of
Four General Phases of Basic Community
community problems in an order of priority
Development / Organization Work (Andres,
determination by increasing level of
1994)
competence.
1. Issue / problem identification and information
Aims and Objectives of Community
and information dissemination
Development
2. Mobilization of people / community.
The aim of community development is
community action. In reality the primary object 3. Organization
of community development is to: 1) promote, 2)
sustain, 3) 4. Education

support, and 4) maintain community action. Qualifications of a Community Development

Worker (Andres, 1994)
Major Purpose / Objectives of Community
Development 1. He/She has demonstrated potentials for the
community development work
1. To help people employ the right methods to
organize self-help initiatives. 2. He/She has demonstrated professional
commitment, direction people
2. To develop techniques relevant to the
situation for socio-economic and cultural 3. He/She is willing understand and respect the
progress. values and culture of people

Principles of Development 4. He/She has the genuine intention of sharing

whatever goods he/she has with his/her
Development should focus on people’s fellowmen.
participation; be attuned to the demands of the
people; be based on a theory that is tested, Guidelines for Community Workers (Norman
validated and relevant; be integrated in 1998c)
approach; lead to the empowerment of people; 1. Work with the poor and oppressed not for
and sustain the natural environment as a socio- them – help them to understand, analyze plan
economic base. and carry out their development
Five Elements Community Development program/project.

1. A focus on the goals and needs of the 2. Development is an awakening process –

community. development is a way in which people see
themselves and waken their right to live as
2. The encouragement of self-help human being.
3. Technical assistance from government or Listen to them.
voluntary organizations which may include
personnel, equipment, supplies and money 3. Let the people grow – development is
building up the people so that they can build a
future for themselves.
4. Build up the people’s solidarity – carried out well and result are disseminated
development occurs as liberated people build effectively. Needs assessment is an important
together with other in solidarity. first step in designing an effective community
project or program.
5. Build up the people’s organization – people
must carry out liberating activities which keep COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
their local community free from exploitation.
Needs assessment is both a process and a
Strategic Planning Leaders plan and think about
method. As a process, it can build leadership,
what the organizations should be doing and how
group unity, and a sense of local involvement in
objectives might be achieved. Planning
the community. Some needs techniques such as
contributes to strategic management in several
surveys and focus groups, provide participants a
ways (Thompson, 1997)
chance to express their opinions on community
1. Planning system represents analytical strategy issues. As a method, needs assessment is a tool
creation and can lead to intent. that helps a community plan for the
implementation is strategies. Needs assessment
2. Provides a useful framework for managing the
process will help you to identity not only those
organization’s strategic resource.
components with which you will need extra
3. The primary benefit of planning is that it assistance in order to make program a success,
forces people to think. Planning is everything. but it will also help you to identify the assets
your community and agency already posses and
4. Planning is one aspect of strategy creation. It can bring to effort. The assessment will also help
is necessary for the organization to plan. to determine the nature and extent of the
NEED ASSESMENT problem in your community and how the
problem is perceived among diverse groups. A
Objectives: community need assessment identifies the
strengths and resources available in the
At the end of the lesson the student should be
community to meet the needs. The assessment
able to:
focuses in the capabilities of the community,
1. Understand the meaning if needs assessment. including its citizens, agencies, and
organizations. Conducting needs assessment will
2. Learn the various steps to follow in assessing help provides a framework for developing and
the needs of the barangay/community identifying services and solutions, and building
3. Appreciate the relevance of need assessment communities that support and nurture children
before making an action plan for the and families.
barangay/community IMPORTANCE OF A SURVEY
4. Develop needs assessment tools that will be Community needs assessment studies are an
used for assessing the needs the needs of the effective way to find out what people are
barangay/community thinking and how they feel. While information
5. Actively participate in gathering data from the from a needs assessment study is valuable and
adopted community being undertaken by the useful the process of gathering the information
cluster. or survey of the community is very. Needs
assessment studies
On this topic it provides review of the
community needs assessment and its allow citizen group or a sponsoring agency to;
significance as a tool, it can have important
impacts in decision-making provided they are
1. Gather information about citizen attitudes and 7. At what point do we need to evaluate? – who
opinions regarding precisely defines issues, should be involved in the evaluation?
problems or opportunities.
STEPS IN CONDUCTING A COMMUNITY
2. Determine how citizens rank issues, problems, NEEDS ASSESSMENT
and opportunities are order of importance and
In general, completing a comprehensive needs
urgency.
assessment requires the assessors to;
3. Give citizen a voice in determining policy,
1. Identify the goals of the need’s assessment.
goals and priorities.
2. From and establish a needs assessment
4. Determine citizen support for initiatives.
committee or team to solicit citizen and
5. Evaluate current programs and policies. community involvement and develop a plan of
action
6. End speculation about “what people are
thinking” or “what people really want” 3. Determine the community to be assessed and
list important issues to be addressed. Identify the
Planning is the process of translating
target beneficiary or grantee.
goals/objectives into specific activities to meet
community needs or solve community problems. 4. Determine the information that is needed.
It involves a holistic situational analysis of the
The needs assessors must then determine what
community towards identifying community
source of data exist that can provide about and
needs/problems, resources and responses.
from the target audiences.
Planning basically answers
a. Primary data – data that is collected by the
the following questions.
research team at the time of the assessment
Seven Steps of Planning
b. Secondary data – (existing data collected
This outline helps a real working group plan anytime in the past by others and for other
practically purposes)
1. Diagnosis- what are the problems? What are 5. Conduct a review of past and current
the needs? programs and activities.
2. What do we want to achieve (objective) in a 6. Select a community needs assessment tool/s
particular period? This week, this month, this
7. Identify existing community resources.
year?
Every community has resources that will be
3. What are the possible ways of reaching this
useful and must be tapped in order to make the
objective?
community project a success. Create a list of
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of those resources that already exist in the
each proposal? – how much time, money and community and lead agency.
personal effort will be needed for
Some resources are:
each proposal?
a. Human Resources – these are the people
5. Which proposal (plan) do we accept? – this with skills in public health social marketing,
may include several suggestions. program planning, and community
6. Who will do what, when, where and how? organizing program management, financial
management, and working with youth.
b. Financial Resources – these are financial of technical cooperation and sociocultural
assets available exchange.
c. Equipment and Materials – this includes all SEC. 7. Role of the Government. — The
equipment, materials and supplies that will be government shall coordinate, facilitate and
available to support the activities and encourage the participation of the voluntary
sector in the promotion, utilization and
d. Community Organizations/Groups – with
recognition of volunteerism in national
this think of all agency’s organizations, firms
development and international cooperation. This
and institutions within the community that can
shall be achieved through the provision of
be considered assets to the community in some
enabling and conducive environment for
ways
volunteer work.
8. Develop and pretest a questionnaire
SEC. 8. The Philippine National Volunteer
9. Gather and collect key information from and Service Coordinating
about the target audience/s
Agency (PNVSCA). — The PNVSCA created
10.Synthesize and analyze all assembled data by Executive Order No. 134, as amended, shall
undertake the implementation and execution of
11.Implement the assessment using the selected the provisions of this Act.
tool/s and analyze the data and results.
SEC. 9. Mandates of the PNVSCA. — The
12.Prepare reports detailing the result and use PNVSCA shall have the following functions:
report to determine appropriate community
intervention/s or program. (a) Review and formulate policies and
guidelines concerning the national volunteer
13.Report the result service program consistent with national
14.Identify possible solutions and growth development priorities;
opportunities (b) Coordinate, monitor and evaluate the
15.Generate and communicate your developed national volunteer service program in order that
community program. At this point extract from volunteer assistance may fit into the total
the information gathered through data analysis national development goals;
possible and appropriate community program to (c) Act as clearing house for matters pertaining
the better facilities project formulation and to international volunteer services;
management.
(d) Develop and implement prototypes and
models of volunteering for adoption by
VOLUNTEERISM institutions and communities;
(e) Provide technical services and support for
capability building of volunteers and volunteer
SEC. 6. Role and Modalities of Volunteerism organizations;
by Foreign Volunteer
(f) Undertake advocacy for the promotion and
Organizations. — Volunteerism by foreign recognition of volunteerism as a tool for
volunteer organizations development;
includes, but is not limited to, provision of (g) Establish and maintain a national network of
technical assistance not locally accessible in volunteer organizations and serve as liaison
priority development areas within the framework between and among local and foreign
governmental private voluntary organizations officers. The government agencies shall be
including the United Nations Volunteers (UNV); permanent members while the representatives
and from the private sector shall serve for a two-year
term. The chair of the MSAB shall be elected
(h) Administer all the PNVSCA funds from all
from among the members of the body. The
sources including foreign aid in accordance with
PNVSCA executive director, being an ex officio
accounting and auditing requirements. For this
member, shall serve as the permanent vice chair.
purpose, the executive director of the PNVSCA
The MSAB may call on representatives of other
shall submit an organizational plan upon advice
government agencies and/or the private sector to
of the MultiSectoral Advisory Body to the
serve as resource person/s on volunteerism as
Department of Budget and Management.
the need arises.
SEC. 10. The MultiSectoral Advisory Body
SEC. 11. Functions of the MSAB. — The
(MSAB). — To assist the
MSAB shall have the following
PNVSCA, the Body created under Executive
functions:
Order No. 635 shall be reconstituted with the
following members: (a) Provide advice in the formulation of policies
and guidelines for the national volunteer service
(a) The National Economic and Development
program;
Authority (NEDA);
(b) Provide consultative and technical advisory
(b) The Department of Education (DepEd);
services on volunteer matters; and
(c) The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA);
(c) Serve as a forum to enhance and strengthen
(d) The Department of Justice (DOJ); linkages between and among volunteer groups
and communities.
(e) The Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG); SEC. 12. Special Provisions. —

(f) The Department of Social Welfare and (a) Establishment of a National Volunteer
Development (DSWD); Infrastructure and Forum. — The

(g) The Commission on Higher Education PNVSCA shall develop and establish a system
(CHED); of national registration and networking to
improve coordination of volunteers and
(h) The Presidential Management Staff (PMS), volunteer service organizations to widen horizon
Office of the President; for sharing and complementing information,
(i) The Representative/s from the corporate experiences and resources.
sector; (b) Integration of Volunteerism in the Basic and
(j) The Representative/s from the private Higher Education
academe sector; and Curriculum. — The DepEd and the CHED
(k) The Representative/s from the not-for-profit shall integrate volunteerism as part of the
sector. curriculum in basic and higher education to raise
the
All member government agencies shall be
represented at least by an assistant secretary consciousness of the youth and develop the
while the private sector agencies shall be culture of volunteerism among the citizenry.
represented at least by their highest executive
(c) Establishment of Volunteer Program in programs and projects and undertaking
National Government Agencies and Local humanitarian activities. For this purpose, the
Government Units (LGUs). — National PNVSCA in consultation with any and all
government agencies and LGUs shall establish relevant government agencies, NGOs, private
volunteer programs in their respective offices to institutions and persons shall effect the setting
promote and encourage volunteering in up of the mechanisms as well as determine all
government programs and projects as well as requirements and, or necessary acts to ensure its
enjoin government employees to render effective implementation.
volunteer service in social, economic and
SEC. 14. Implementing Rules and Regulations.
humanitarian development undertakings in the
— The PNVSCA, with advice from the MSAB,
community. shall promulgate the rules and regulations to
effectively implement the provisions of this Act.
(d) Recognition and Incentives to Volunteers. —
Government agencies and nongovernment SEC. 15. Repealing Clause. — All laws,
organizations (NGOs) implementing volunteer decrees, executive orders and rules and
programs are encouraged to develop and provide regulations or parts thereof contrary to or
volunteers recognition and incentive package inconsistent with the provisions of this Act,
which may include, but not limited to allowance, including SEC. 12 of Executive Order No. 635
are hereby deemed repealed or modified
insurance, training and the grant of privileges
accordingly.
and status to Filipino overseas
SEC. 16. Effectivity. — This Act shall take
volunteers at par with Filipino overseas workers.
effect after fifteen (15) days following its
(e) Visa Privileges for Foreign Volunteers. — publication in the Official Gazette or in at least
Foreign volunteers approved for assignment by two newspapers of general circulation.
the PNVSCA as well as their legal dependents
Impact of volunteerism into the Youth’s life
may be entitled to 47 (a) (2) visa with multiple
entry privileges and corresponding exemption In the general perspective, the concept of
from visa and immigration fees and other related volunteering refers to ―rendering of service by
processing/application fees or charges. Foreign choice of or free will for the benefit of the wider
nationals already in the Philippines who have community by an individual, group, or
been approved for volunteer assignment by the institution without necessarily expecting
monetary gain in full knowledge and
PNVSCA may avail of the above visa category
appreciation of being a volunteer.
and privileges uponVendorsement by the
PNVSCA to the DOJ. In the last decades, government has recognized
the critical contribution that volunteering makes
SEC. 13. Institutional Mechanism for Research,
to build a strong and cohesive society. It has
Documentation,
promoted volunteering as the essential act of
Recognition and Modeling of Best Volunteer citizenship, a means for combating social
Practices. — To carry outVthe purposes of this exclusion, and an important contributor to the
Act, an institutional mechanism shall be delivery of high-quality public services. This
established, to be spearheaded and administered report marshals the best evidence available in
by the PNVSCA, for continuing research, three key areas – volunteering impacts on
economic
documentation, recognition and modeling of
best volunteer practices as an important development, social inclusion, and volunteers as
component of implementing development individuals – in order to demonstrate the positive
impact of volunteering. Research project to expand career paths and be healthier physically
document best practices of voluntarism in and mentally. The Importance of Volunteerism
different sectors, such as social responsible for Youth
businesses, employee based voluntary programs,
cooperated projects between non-profits and Why is volunteering important for youth? While
local government etc. we should support youth volunteerism to better
our communities, children and teenagers who
Based on previous research on volunteerism, we
volunteer will also see and feel transformation
can see that the voluntary organizations have
within themselves. In the words of Opportunity
been affected the society very diversely and
Nation, “There is mounting evidence that
deeply. Volunteering is viewed as a form of
volunteering, participating in service projects,
social capital, with particular reference to the
and other forms of community involvement
role of volunteering in promoting social
are more than feel-good activities. They can
inclusion, assisting marginalized social groups,
contribute to better outcomes for youth and for
its relationship to other forms of civic
communities.” In other words, we all benefit by
participation and unpaid work, creating a civil
encouraging altruistic behaviors in our
society, social action, incommunity building and
communities’ youth.
community renewal. The character of the
cooperation of the sector with all kinds of other Below are some of the many ways volunteering
key social players such as government, business, can lead to success for
communities and people as individuals has given
teenagers and children
the voluntary sector strong power to affect the
society as a whole. In • Develop Transferable Skills
conclusion: • Reinforce Social Capital
• Volunteering enhances the social connections • Make Real Change
between different sectors, builds the bridges for
governments, enterprises and employees. • Facilitate Respect

• Volunteering makes a significant contribute to • Support Academic Success

the global economy. Volunteering helps build a The Benefits of Youth Volunteerism for
more cohesive, safer, stronger community, Communities
increase the social network between
communities and neighborhood. The benefits of youth volunteerism are plentiful,
and our volunteer
• Volunteering promotes people to be more
active in civic engagement and concerned of organizations and communities reap just as
citizenship. many benefits when we

• Volunteering delivers some part of public encourage volunteerism among our nation’s
services, encouraging more people work in youth, like incorporating new
public section, helping raise the educational
skills and ideas into your programs, fostering a
performance of youth, push forward sustainable
community of trust, and
development, solve environmental problems,
and respond to climate change etc. encouraging lifelong volunteerism.
• Volunteering also have positive effects on 1. Build Safer Communities - Teens who
volunteers as individuals, increase the self- volunteer are 50% less likely to participate in
esteem, enhance various skills and capacities, risky behaviors, are less likely to become
pregnant and use drugs, and are more likely to 4. Foster Lifelong Engagement - You’ll not
experience psychological well-being. only increase your volunteer pool in the short-
term, but you may also build lifelong
According to the 2017 Opportunity Index,
relationships. That’s because those who
thriving communities provide an infrastructure
volunteer when they’re young are more likely to
that supports civic participation (such as
become philanthropic adults invested in their
volunteerism and voting), health, education and
communities. So reach out to parents and
work-life. Second only to youth disconnection,
teachers to develop regular programs
increased incarceration levels is an indicator
specifically for youth volunteerism; today’s
most associated with opportunity deficiency for
youth just may become your biggest supporters
young people. Young people who are supported
for years to come!
by their communities are less likely to become
incarcerated as adults and more likely to lead Participation in volunteer and civic opportunities
healthy, productive lives. By providing from an early age
opportunities for youth volunteerism, your
instills empathy, inspires a sense of citizenship,
organization can work to strengthen trust and
and helps youth find
build a sense of unity among your community’s
diverse members. pathways to meaningful education and work. In
fact, young people who
2. Spread the Good - Communities can tap into
this substantial population and significantly volunteer help to improve the present, while
increase your volunteer pool. With their vast ensuring healthy, secure
social networks and technological savviness,
youth make for great volunteer recruiters. futures for themselves and their communities.
Encourage teenagers and young helpers to invite In addition to long-term community
their friends, and you’ll be amazed at what they improvement, youth volunteers realize
can accomplish together.
lifelong impact through:
3. Introduce Fresh Perspectives - By
welcoming youth volunteerism, your • Promotion of a healthy lifestyle, empathy and
organization invites energetic perspectives and good choices
new ideas. Generally, involving a cross-section
• Enhanced psychological and intellectual
of volunteers can help your programs move
development
forward.
• Increased self-esteem and responsibility
According to research, young people are well-
suited to solve complicated social problems. • Interest in learning and applying new material
Between the ages of 12 and 25, when their
brains are fast and sophisticated, teenagers and • New social skills
young adults are especially wired to seek new • Improved physical and mental health; lower
experiences and take risks. They can adjust rates of depression,
easily, are naturally inquisitive, and are more
likely to discover creative solutions. Hint: • And greater life satisfaction.
they’re more willing to listen to their peers than
Self-Satisfaction in Relation to Volunteerism
older adults, so give your young volunteers the
space to communicate–and innovate–with each If you describe someone as self-satisfied, you
other. mean that they are too
pleased with themselves about their formalized institutions) and businesses, the city
achievements or their situation and exerts an influence on
they think that nothing better is possible. surrounding communities, pulling in migrants
Satisfaction is a more attainable and commuters in search of
condition than happiness. Achieving satisfaction work and volunteer opportunities.
is not all that hard, and
3.Transitional communities – “Pabahay”
becomes easier if you do a little cognitive housing members from the
cleaning.
Philippine Government are only temporary or
Self-satisfaction is a sense of absolute semi-permanent residents.
fulfillment with oneself and
The high turnover of residents results in a lack
one’s accomplishments. As simple as may it of commitment to the longterm future of the
sound, achieving selfsatisfaction is not at all an community and acts to disincentives
easy task. But, there are ways in which one can volunteering.
constantly look out for self-satisfaction and in 4. Informal/less affluent urban and rural
the process find answers to settlements – Example here are
the many unanswered questions that life imposes those volunteers are commuting to more affluent
upon us. areas, such as remote
In relation to volunteerism, researchers found areas to take up more desirable and numerous
that someone who volunteer opportunities. The
always volunteer has the highest probability to effect is a drain on volunteers (particularly
satisfaction. young volunteers) in the home
Dynamics of Volunteerism community.
1. Close knit-communities with high social 5. Rural/remote communities – Places and
capital– for example those who people such as those who are
live in small villages, where residents feel a in Porac Community where the aetas live, the
sense of personal investment destination for many internal
in their community and often engage in employment is muchimpossible and somehow
volunteering within its boundaries always experience many
(internal volunteering) for the good of the relocating from their rural homes. While some
community are likely to have close activities are successful and
knit-community. well-received, some returning volunteers have
noted hostility to their acts of
2. Affluent urban centers – Generally more
affluent and home to higher goodwill, particularly on cultural grounds as
home communities perceive
numbers of volunteer involving organizations
(particularly larger more them as having changed or compromised their
beliefs whilst away.
Life-Changing Benefits of Volunteering to do so. You can step back and see that you made
One’s Self a real difference for a cause you truly care about.
1. Helping Others - When you volunteer, you are 7. Personal Growth and Breaking Out Of
making a direct impact on the people affected by Your Comfort Zone – Perhaps the biggest (and
your cause. Whether you’re taking care of least discussed) benefits of volunteering are the
malnourished infants, fostering an abandoned or chances to break out of your daily routine and
abused pet, or building a home for a family in shatter your comfort zone. Whether you
need, you are making a tangible change in a life. volunteer locally in your neighborhood or travel
to the other side of the world, volunteering
2. Learning Something New - While learning
almost always comes with challenges that
new skills to enhance your career outlook is one
broaden your skill set and push your limits.
of the most valuable benefits of volunteering, so
Those challenges could be anything from public
too is learning something new for the sake of
speaking to teaching a class or trying out a new
learning something new.
skill.
3. Raising Awareness - While a financial
8. Building Community - In a world that is
donation to an organization will help with
becoming more and more individualistic as
existing needs, volunteering helps keep the
people struggle to achieve financial success, the
organization and the cause afloat for the future.
benefits of community are gradually being lost.
That’s because when you volunteer, you help
Volunteering is a great way of regaining this and
raise awareness for the cause and the
building community, whether it be in your
organization.
neighborhood or a far-flung destination abroad.
4. Seeing the World - One of the most exciting It helps to cultivate friendships as you work
benefits of volunteering is the opportunity to see towards the greater good and reduces the
the world and travel to places you might never isolation and loneliness felt by many people in
have considered. This might sound daunting to the modern world.
some, but you’ll have the support of team
9. Gaining More Time - Volunteering can
leaders and local guides as part of your
actually make you feel like
placement and be working alongside like-
minded individuals. you have more time. It’s similar to the idea that
those who donate money to
5. Getting the Job You Want - Volunteering can
help you make the transition to a whole new charity feel wealthier, with participants
career. Volunteering experience always expressing that they felt more “time
strengthens a resume and proves your
affluent” when they spent less time on
commitment to a particular cause, making it
themselves or wasting time doing
particularly beneficial for students who are
nearing the end of their nothing of a positive nature.
studies. 10. Being Happy - Researchers found that the
more people volunteered,
6. Improving Your Physical and Mental Health -
From a mental health standpoint, study after the happier they felt. While “happiness” is a
study has shown that when we help others, we hard feeling to quantify, it’s likely
experience lasting happiness. There is great a result of a combination of the above benefits of
satisfaction to be gained in the knowledge that volunteering and how they
you gave to yourself when nobody forces you to
resonate with each and every individual.
 Maxwell (2014) discussed in his book titled “21
Indispensable Qualities of a Leader” all the
A. LEADERSHIP
essential traits to help people recognize,
Leadership is the ability of an individual or a
develop, and refine the personal characteristics
group of individuals to influence and guide
needed
followers
to be an effective leader, the kind of leader
or other members of an organization. It involves
people want to follow. These qualities are as
making sound -- and sometimes difficult --
follows:
decisions, creating and articulating a clear
Leader Qualities # 1: CHARACTER
vision, establishing achievable goals and
providing CHARACTER:
followers with the knowledge and tools The quality of a person’s behavior, as revealed
necessary to achieve those goals in his habits of thoughts and expressions, his
(https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/leade attitudes and interests, his action and his
rship). personal philosophy in life
WHAT IS A LEADER? Be a piece of the rock. There would always be
two paths to choose from: character and
A leader is a person who influences a group of
people towards the achievement of a goal compromise. “Every time a person chooses
character, he becomes stronger, even if that
(http://www.vtaide.com/gleanings/leader.html).
choice
He or she also sees how things can be improved
brings negative consequences.”
and rallies people to move toward that better
vision (https://www.chieflearningofficer.com). What people must know about character?
A
✓ Character is more than talk
leader is thus a directing head who does more
than just lead people. He or she has to be driven ✓ Talent is a gift, but character is a choice

by the right motivation and make a positive ✓ Character brings lasting success with people
impact on the people around him/her.
✓ Leaders cannot rise above the limitations of
HOW TO BECOME A GOOD LEADER? their character
We can say that some people are good leaders, Character can be improved by doing the
while others are not. But what is really our basis following:
for judging one’s capacity for being a good Search for the cracks. Reflect on the major
leader? From a follower’s perspective, good decisions that you had done in your life as far as
leadership
you can remember in terms of letting people
can be attributed on several qualities that a down or giving compromises.
person must have. These qualities make people
Look for patterns. From the reflections that you
comply and passionately follow a leader. have done, are there particular instances that
kept emerging? These patterns will help you Share yourself. Share your resources to others.
diagnose issues of character. Resources come in different ways. Share what
you have: talents, skills and valuable services
Face the music. It is when you apologize and
aside from material things. These are
accept your mistakes that character repairs
highlyappreciated.
begin.
Leader Qualities # 3: COMMITMENT
Rebuild. You have been brave enough to face
your past actions but more courage is needed to It separates “doers” from “dreamers”.
face the future. Let your past actions serve as COMMITMENT:
your guide so as not to commit the same
▪ Something which engages one to do
mistakes
something.
in the future.
▪ The state of intellectual and emotional
Leader Qualities # 2: CHARISMA adherence to some political, social, religious
theory
The first impression can seal the deal.
or action especially the conscious linking of
CHARISMA:
works of literature and art with such theory of
An extraordinary power in a person or a group,
action.
cause which takes hold of popular imagination
and wins popular support True nature of commitment:
To make yourself the kind of person who ✓ Commitment starts in the heart
attracts others, you need to personify these
pointers: ✓ Commitment is tested by action

✓ Love life ✓ Commitment opens the door to achievement

✓ Put a “10” on every person’s head Commitment can be improved by doing the
following:
✓ Give people hope
Measure it. Commitments can be measured
✓ Share yourself through the following:

Charisma can be improved by doing the ▪ How much time you devote at work, family, in
following: service, in health and recreation activities

Change your focus. Always check if your focus ▪ How much you spend on living expenses,
during conversation is towards yourself. Learn entertainment, personal development and giving
how to balance. Recognize the persons who
▪ Compare how much you devote and spend on
made contributions on the success of a project.
these things.
Play the first impressions game. When you meet
a person for the first time, focus on him. Know what’s worth dying for. Ask yourself if it
Remember his name and interests, and give is worth your life. When we talk about
positive comments. Try your best to give a very
things worth dying for, we're really talking about
good
the things worth living for; the things that give
impression.
life meaning.
Leader Qualities # 4: COMMUNICATION ✓ Show up everyday
Without it you travel alone. ✓ Keep improving
COMMUNICATION:
✓ Follow through with excellence
▪ A process of passing information and
✓ Accomplish more than expected
understanding from one person to another
▪ An important aspect of life as people share ✓ Inspire others
information, ideas, thoughts and feelings. Competence can be improved by doing the
You can be more effective as a communicator if following:
you follow four basic truths: Get your head in the game. Devote yourself to
✓ Simplify your message your job. Be firm to give a proper amount of
attention.
✓ See the person
Redefine the standard. When your performance
✓ Show the truth is not consistently at high levels, evaluate
✓ Seek a response yourself. Define your standards and make
adjustments to fit standards of your job
Communication can be improved by doing the description. Find three ways to improve. There’s
following: always a room for improvement. Assess yourself
and make necessary changes.
Be clear as a bell. Whether in oral or written
communication, being concise and Leader Qualities # 6: COURAGE
straightforward
One person with courage is a majority.
simplify and clarify thoughts. Simplicity and
COURAGE:
clarity must be noted to achieve good
communication. The quality of the mind that enables the person
to face difficulty, danger, etc. without fear
Refocus your attention. Different instances
require different topics. Know the needs and Truths about courage:
desires
✓ Courage begins with an inward battle;
of your listener.
✓ Courage is making things right, not just
Live your message. Make sure that you are
smoothing them over;
understood. Ask questions for clarity and accept
✓ Courage in a leader inspires commitment
comments without being defensive
from followers;
Leader Qualities # 5: COMPETENCE
✓ Your life expands in proportion to your
If you build it, they will come. courage
COMPETENCE: Courage can be improved by doing the
following:
The ability to do something successfully or
efficiently Face the music. Be active and conquer your
fears. Sky dive if you’re afraid of heights.
To cultivate competence, do the following:
Talk to that person. Avoiding confrontation does intuition is correct. Find a pattern of your
not solve differences. Have the courage to talk intuitive ability. This pattern will give you
imminent
to that person but do it with love.
recourse that will affect your decision.
Take a giant step. When everything seems to be
monotonous, don’t be afraid to make a career Leader Qualities # 8: FOCUS
move. There are more things out there to be The sharper it is, the sharper you are.
enjoyed and to be discovered.
FOCUS:
Leader Qualities # 7: DISCERNMENT
▪ The center of interest or activity
Put an end to unsolved mysteries.
▪ The state or quality of having or producing
DISCERNMENT: clear visual definition
▪ The ability to judge people and things well Guidelines to focus your time and energy:
▪ The ability to decide between truth and error, ✓ 70% on strength
right and wrong.
✓ 25% on new things
To maximize effectiveness of a leader, do the
following: ✓ 5% on areas of weakness

✓ Discover the root issues Focus can be improved by doing the following:

✓ Enhance your problem solving Shift to strengths. Identify your strengths and
dedicate 70% of your time on it.
✓ Evaluate your options for maximum impact
Staff your weaknesses. Identify your weaknesses
✓ Multiply your opportunities and try to improve on them.

Discernment can be improved by doing the Create an edge. Since you had identified your
following: strengths and weaknesses, you can proceed to

Analyze past success. Remember the things you the next level. Think of the new tools that you
had done to succeed on your goals. Problems need to go to the next level.
arise on the process of achieving these goals.
Leader Qualities # 9: GENEROSITY
Solutions made in the past may be used again in
the future. Your candle loses nothing when it lights
another.
Learn how others think. We admire other
personalities as leaders. Putting ourselves to GENEROSITY:
think
The quality of being kind and generous
like leaders who are wise will make us more
The following will cultivate the quality of
discerning.
generosity in your life:
Listen to your gut. Your intuition affects your
Be grateful for whatever you have. Contentment
decisions. There are many instances that your
seems to be very ideal. A person cannot
become generous if he/she is not contented with
what he/she has. Be generous in your own small
ways. Find someone to mentor. Time will come and
you will reach the peak of your leadership. Train
Put people first. Giving becomes easier when
generosity comes in. A leader is measured not in someone to be a good leader like you.
terms of the number of people who serve him Leader Qualities # 10: INITIATIVE
but with the number of people he/she is serving.
You won’t leave home without it.
Don’t allow the desire for possessions control
INITIATIVE:
you. Let your heart be in charge within you and
An introductory act or step, readiness and the
not the material things that you possess. There
ability in initiating action
would never be satisfaction if your material
desires Leaders possess the following qualities to make
things happen:
are endless.
Regard money as a resource. Man has been a ✓ They know what they want
slave of money. The only way to win over
✓ They push themselves to act
money
as Maxwell (2014) states is to hold it loosely and ✓ They take more risks
be generous with it to accomplish things of ✓ They make more mistakes
value.
“Only those who dare to fail greatly can ever
Develop the habit of giving. There is a time achieve greatly”
when all things come in abundance, and it is also
a - Sen. Robert Kennedy

time of redistributing it for those in need. For Initiative can be improved by doing the
those who don’t have material things to share, following:
let
Change your mind-set. Resistance comes from
this saying be their guide: “Richness, I have within. It is only when you had come out of your
nothing, but I can help through loving, with my
shell that you begin to take the challenge
life
outside.
worth giving”
Don’t wait for opportunity to knock.
Generosity can be improved by doing the Opportunity does not knock at your door. Find
following: opportunities

Give something away. There are things that are and share to the world what you’ve got.
important to you which can be replaced. Try
Take the next step. When opportunities come,
giving this to people who are really in need. select the best.

Put your money to work. Use your money to Leader Qualities # 11: LISTENING
improve others’ lives. Money as resources can
To connect with their hearts, use your ears.
be
LISTENING:
put into work to outlive your expectations for
better people, community and world. To give attention to someone or something in
order to hear him, her, or it
Keep your ears open to the following: things that you had left behind because you have
to attend to other obligations. Take advantage
✓ Your mentors
and do these things again to relax and to
✓ Your followers energize your body.
✓ Your customers Associate with people of passion. Your
environment affects your being. Having
✓ Your competitors passionate
Listening can be improved by doing the people around gives booster to bring you back
following: on track.
Change your schedule. Have time to listen to Leader Qualities # 13: POSITIVE ATTITUDE
your mentors, followers, customers, and
If you believe you can, you can.
competitors.
To be more positive, think of the following:
Meet people on their turf. Seek common ground
to build rapport with people. ✓ Your attitude is a choice

Listen between the lines. Factual and emotional ✓ Your attitude determines your actions
content of conversation must be given
✓ Your people are a mirror of your attitude
attention.
✓ Maintaining a good attitude is easier than
Leader Qualities # 12: PASSION regaining one
Take this life and love it. Positive attitude can be improved by doing the
PASSION: following:

Any compelling emotion, strong amorous Feed yourself with the right food. Give yourself
feeling, strong fondness or enthusiasm time to read good books.

Truths about passion: Achieve a goal every day. Setting an achievable

goal every day changes the attitude of a person.
✓ Passion is the first step to achievement
When a pattern of achievement has been
✓ Passion increases your willpower observed, a person has the tendency to think
more
✓ Passion changes you
positively.
✓ Passion makes the impossible possible
Write it on your wall. Make a corner where you
Passion can be improved by doing the following: can show all your awards and citations. Have
Take your temperature. Assess the level of your plaques and trophies displayed on that
desire towards your work and your life. Passion corner. These will serve as a reminder that you
have
makes the difference on how you see life.
been doing positive things in your life and
Return to your first love. You are more
willing to do it over and over again.
enthusiastic when doing other things. These are
the Leader Qualities # 14: PROBLEM SOLVING
Don’t let your problems be a problem. ✓ Have a leader’s head – understand people
Five (5) qualities demonstrated by a leader with ✓ Have a leader’s heart – love people
good problem solving ability:
✓ Extend a leader’s hand – help people
✓ They anticipate problems
Relationships can be improved by doing the
✓ They accept the truth following:
✓ They see the big picture Improve your mind. Be mature enough and
widen your understanding. Allot some time to
✓ They handle one thing at a time
observe and talk to people and try your best to
✓ They don’t give up a major goal when they’re understand them.
down
Strengthen your heart. Show them that you care.
Problem solving can be improved by doing the Show your feelings and act your way out.
following:
Repair a hurting relationship. Rebuild, reconcile
Look for trouble. Don’t avoid problems. and reconnect relationships that had crumbled
Encountering and solving a problem is an
experience even though it has happened several years ago.
Learn to forgive and apologize. Try to be more
that molds and strengthens us to deal with
different situations and difficult circumstances. loving and understanding to people whom you
had disagreement before.
Develop a method. TEACH method for problem
solving Leader Qualities # 16: RESPONSIBILITY

Time – spend time to discover the real issue If you won’t carry the ball, you can’t lead the
team.
Exposure – find out what others have done
RESPONSIBILITY:
Assistance – have your team study all angles
▪ The state or fact of being responsible
Creativity – brainstorm multiple solutions
▪ Involves duties or obligations
Hit it – implement the best solution
▪ Accountable, as for something within one’s
Surround yourself with problem solvers. Be with power
persons who are good at problem-solving.
The one who embraces responsibility has the
They will complement your weaknesses and following characteristics:
teach you on how to deal with them.
✓ They get the job done
Leader Qualities # 15: RELATIONSHIPS
✓ They are willing to go the extra mile
If you get along, they’ll go along.
✓ They are driven by excellence
RELATIONSHIP:
The state or fact of being related. ✓ They produce regardless of the situation

To cultivate good relationships, it requires the Responsibility can be improved by doing the
following: following:
Keep hanging in there. When everything seems Get some help. Seek professional help if you
to crumble, stop for a while then think and find cannot fight insecurities on your own. Be honest
ways to succeed. Be creative in finding ways to with yourself.
keep you on the right track.
Leader Qualities # 18: SELF-DISCIPLINE
Admit what’s not good enough. Failing depends
The first person you lead is you.
on standards that must be met. Reset your
Action points to follow:
standards to a higher level.
Find better tools. Consider the tools that you are ✓ Develop and follow your priorities
using. It’s time to update your materials and
✓ Make a disciplined lifestyle your goal
further develop your skills.
✓ Challenge your excuses
Leader Qualities # 17: SECURITY
✓ Remove rewards until the job is done
Competence never compensates for insecurity.
✓ Stay focused on results
SECURITY:
Self-discipline can be improved by doing the
▪ Freedom from danger or risk following:
▪ Freedom from care, anxiety or doubt Sort out your priorities. Identify the areas in
▪ Something that protects and shelters your life that are important to you. Develop a
plan
Common traits of insecure leaders:
where you can practice self-discipline so that
✓ They don’t provide security to others you can improve those areas.

✓ They take more from people than they give List the reasons. Make a list why self-discipline
is important and beneficial to you. Let this be
✓ They continually limit their best people
your reminder to achieve your priorities.
✓ They continually limit the organization
Get rid of excuses. Dismiss all excuses that arise
Security can be improved by doing the in order for you to achieve your goals. Always
following:
think of the benefits that you will harvest and the
Know yourself. Gather information about consequences you might encounter when having
yourself from people you know. Let them assess
a lot of excuses.
you
Leader Qualities # 19: SERVANTHOOD
as a person. Don’t be defensive and reactive on
their assessment. Reflect and make some To get ahead, put others first.
necessary improvements. A true servant leader embodies the following:
Give away the credit. Lift the morale of your ✓ Puts others ahead of his own agenda
team. Recognize their contributions. This will
✓ Possesses the confidence to serve
improve the organization.
✓ Initiates service to others
✓ Is not position-conscious; for apology or are we defensive when we
commit one? Accept your mistakes and learn
✓ Serves out of love from them.
Servanthood can be improved by doing the Try something new. Always open your world for
following: challenges. Try things that need mental,
Perform small acts. Perform small acts of emotional and physical activities.
kindness to others. Show them that you care.
Others Learn in your area of strength. There is always
room for improvement. New things are being
greatly appreciate small things beneficial to
them. discovered every now and then. Read books,
update yourself and get a harder grip on your
Learn to walk slowly through the crowd. Try to field.
connect as much as many people in the crowd.
Leader Qualities # 21: VISION
Approach them and say hello. Be updated on
what keeps them busy. You can seize only what you can see.

Move into action. Learn how to serve. You can VISION:

start with your family, your church and then ▪ The act or power of seeing
with
▪ A vivid imaginative conception
your community.
Things to be understood to handle vision:
Leader Qualities # 20: TEACHABILITY
✓ Vision starts within
To keep leading, keep learning.
✓ Vision draws in your history
Guidelines to help cultivate and maintain
teachable attitude: ✓ Vision meets other’s needs
✓ Cure your destination disease ✓ Vision helps you gather resources
✓ Overcome your success Vision can be improved by doing the following:
✓ Swear off shortcuts Measure yourself. Ask the opinions of people
around you regarding your vision. If your vision
✓ Trade in your pride is
✓ Never pay the same price for the same coherent then you’re living your life with your
mistake vision.
Teachability can be improved by doing the Write it down. Writing clarifies thinking. Put
following: your vision into writing and evaluate it every
now and
Observe how you react to mistakes. Everybody
commits mistakes. How do we react to our own then. If your vision will make you achieve your
best, then do everything possible to pursue it.
mistakes? Ask someone close to you on how
you react when you commit mistakes. Do we ask Do a gut check. Check your gut level by
answering the following questions:
▪ What makes you cry? telling each person what, when and how to do
each task. Transformational leaders, on the other
▪ What makes you dream?
hand, trust their subordinates and leave them
▪ What gives you energy?
space to breathe and grow. In that respect,
Your answer on the above questions has great
transformational is a more developmental and
impact on your gut level. Reflect and deal with
constructive form of leadership for both
it.
individual
B. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
employees and the organization as a whole.
(Olga Epitropaki)
Why is transformational leadership important for
Transformational leadership is a form of organizational functioning?
leadership that occurs when leaders “broaden
▪ Numerous studies have shown that
and
transformational leadership:
elevate the interests of their employees, when
▪ Significantly increases organizational
they generate awareness and acceptance of the
performance
purposes and the mission of the group and when
▪ Is positively linked with long term market
they stir their employees to look beyond their
share and customer satisfaction
own self-interest for the good of the group”
▪ Generates higher commitment to the
(Bass, 1990).
organization from their employees
Transformational leaders have a clear collective
▪ Increases employee trust in management and
vision and most importantly they manage to
organizational citizenship behaviors (extrarole
communicate it effectively to all employees. By work related behaviors such as
acting as role models, they inspire employees to conscientiousness, unselfishness and
sportsmanship
put the good of the whole organization above
self-interest. They also stimulate employees to that are unrestricted, not related to the formal
be reward system of the organization)

more innovative, and they themselves take ▪ Enhances employee satisfaction with both their
personal risks and are not afraid to use job and the leader

unconventional (but ethical) methods in order to ▪ Reduces employee stress and increases well-
achieve the collective vision. being

This form of leadership goes beyond traditional How do transformational leaders behave?
forms of transactional leadership that
✓ Transformational leaders:
emphasized
corrective action, mutual exchanges and rewards ✓ Articulate a compelling vision of the future
only when performance expectations were met.
✓ Use stories and symbols to communicate their
Transactional leadership relied mainly on vision and message
centralized control. Managers controlled most
✓ Specify the importance of having a strong
activities,
sense of purpose and a collective mission
✓ Talk optimistically and enthusiastically and 3. Intellectual stimulation - If the leadership is
express confidence that goals will be transformational, its intellectual stimulation

achieved helps followers to question assumptions and to

generate more creative solutions to
✓ Engender the trust and respect of their
followers by doing the right thing rather that problems.
doing 4. Individualized consideration - If the
things right leadership is transformational, its individualized
consideration treats each follower as an
✓ Instill pride in employees for being associated
individual and provides coaching, mentoring and
with them
growth opportunities
✓ Talk about their most important values and
beliefs If such transformational leadership is authentic,
it is characterized by high moral and ethical
✓ Consider the moral and ethical consequences
of decisions standards in each of the above dimensions.

✓ Seek different perspectives when solving C. THE SEVEN HABITS OF HIGHLY

problems EFFECTIVE PEOPLE
In Stephen Covey’s Seven he wrote about ways
✓ Get employees to challenge old assumptions
in which people can be productive. The seven
and to think about problems in new ways
habits of highly effective people are as follows:
✓ Spend time teaching and coaching
Habit # 1: BE PROACTIVE
✓ Consider each individual employee’s different
needs, abilities and aspirations Proactive means “the ability to choose the
response.” We have the ability to choose
✓ Are compassionate, appreciative and between right
responsive to each employee and recognize and
and wrong. But it must be taken into account
celebrate each employee’s achievements. that we must be responsible enough for whatever
Four components of transformational leadership consequences our actions may lead to. Use your
(Bass, 1985, 1998, Bass & Aviolo, 1993) creativity and initiatives. You are the one in
1. Charisma - If the leadership is charge.
transformational, its charisma or idealized
influence is Habit # 2: BEGIN WITH THE END IN MIND

envisioning, confident, and sets high standards Where do we go from here? Know where you
to be followed. want to go. In making plans and decisions, see to

2. Inspirational motivation - If the leadership is it that the time and efforts that will be spent and
transformational, its inspirational motivation utilized conforms to what we want to achieve.

provides followers with challenges and meaning Use your ability to envision. This is where I
for engaging in shared goals and want to go and these are the things that must be
done
undertakings.
to lead me to that direction.
Habit # 3: PUT FIRST THINGS FIRST
Practice self-management. Know your priorities.
Habit # 4: THINK WIN-WIN
This concerns mutual benefit, putting both
parties on favorable situation.
Habit # 5: SEEK FIRST TO UNDERSTAND…
THEN TO BE UNDERSTOOD
As the saying goes, “The best way to understand
is to listen” The practice of empathy governs
this habit. It is about putting ourselves on the
shoes of the other person. Based on the person’s
explanation, we ought to evaluate, probe, advice
and interpret as a way of responding to the
person’s feelings.
Habit # 6: SYNERGIZE
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
More tasks will be done if we utilize all the
things
that we have. Even though your contribution is
that small, if everybody will do their part, things
will go on smoothly.
Habit # 7: SHARPEN THE SAW
What we had learned a couple of years back will
become outdated. Many things evolve and
develop so fast, that there is a need to update
ourselves through various food-for-the brain
resources.
VII. KEY POINTS:
1. Leadership
2. Leader
3. Transformational Leader
4. Seven Habits of Highly Effective People