WELCOME

3/1/2021
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 Primary processing of Millets and
Validation of machinery

Mrs. Er. P. Hemasankari, M.E.(ag.)

Scientist(AS&PE)
ICAR-IIMR, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad-30,Telangana.

Presentation in TEDP programme held on 1st Mar’2021 at

ICAR-IIMR,Telangana,Hyderabad-30,AP.

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Introduction:
*Millets are more nutritious than wheat and rice and it contains
more amount of vitamin b and beriberi disease can be controlled.

*Malnourishment in growing children can be reduced by the int-

ake of millets daily and age old related diseases such as diabetes,
cholesterol and heart problem can be reduced by the intake of
millets.

*Millets are of major and minor types, major millets include, sorg
-hum, bajra and ragi and minor millets includes foxtail, little,
proso, barnyard and kodo millet.

*Processing in millets is a must to make it edible in nature and to

make value added products out of it.
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*Primary processing is defined as processing to clean the grains
from unwanted debris and farm level impurities, then grade the
grains for commercial usage and then dehulling to remove the
outer husk called as milling.

*The millets are harvested at 16%mc and then dried to 10%mc

either in open air drying in drying yard or drying in big tray
driers for safe storage moisture content of 10%.

*This primary processing involves drying, threshing, winnowing

and milling grains. Primary processing accounts for 8% of the
production value of the food processing industry.

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•Cleaning and grading use different type of sieves and the perfor -
ation in the sieve varies in shape, square, rectangle, oblong depen-
ding upon the shape of the millet that is to be cleaned and graded.

•The cleaning efficiency depends upon the material factor and

machine parameters.

•The material factors include particle size and shape, particle stic-
kiness and abrasiveness.

•The machine factors include amplitude and frequency of to and

fro motion of the sieve, slope of the sieve, number of sieves and
speed of blower for the velocity of the air for the aspirator.

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•The sieve slope is adjusted in such a way that each and every
grain comes in contact with the screen surface and cleaning
efficiency is high for a particular type of grain to be cleaned.

•The first sieve has three segments and the time taken for the
grain to move by gravity becomes less and efficient cleaning take
place.

•The grain in the first sieve gets removed from brokens and irreg -
ular shaped grain gets separated in the separate outlet and the
good grain gets collected in the down sieve.

•The length and width of the sieve determine the capacity of

cleaning and efficiency of cleaning operation for a particular
millet.
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 Features:
(1)Rugged, construction,
(2)Easy to operate,
(3)Unmatched quality

1 Capacity 500kg/h
2 Power 1-1.5 hp
3 Voltage 220 V
4 Phase Single Phase

Frequency 50-60 Hz

Vtech Millets Destoner Cum Grader Cum Aspirator

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 Millets Destoner Cum Grader Cum Aspirator
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 Perfura Grader Cum Aspirator
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Why dehulling of millets

*What social or economic changes are associated with the pres -

ence of the mill?

The major challenges in processing small millets are,

*The small size of the grains and

*Variations in the raw materials due to variation in varieties, culti

-vation practices and microclimate across production regions
and across the years and variations across the crops.

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*Most producers and consumers of sorghum and pearl millet
face a daily task of dehulling and pulverizing the grains manually
before being able to prepare the daily meal. Traditionally,
sorghum and millet are dehulled.

*To remove the outer layers, that contain primarily fibre, the
presence of that affects cooking quality and taste and texture of
the product, and adds bulk to the daily meal.

*To remove sources of bitter taste (polyphenols or tannins) that

are often found in the outer hull or in the testa layer immediately
under it.

*Low shelf life of the processed rice and grits due to pest infesta -
-tion and rancidity.
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*The output of the millet dehuller will contain a mixture of whole
millet rice along with few percentage of broken rice, unhulled
grain and husk.

*This post hulling destoner is used for separating the whole rice
from the broken rice. An aspirator is used for removing the husk.

*Finally in the grader the broken rice and unhulled grain are
separated. At the end of this process we can get 98% dehulled
unpolished milled rice.

*Destoner is suitable for removing stones and impurities from

various Millets like Little Millet, Kodo Millet, Barnyard Millet,
Proso Millet, Finger Millet, Foxtail Millet, etc.
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*A separate grading unit is attached for sizewise grading.

*In addition, an aspirator is used for removing light weight impu

-rities. This machine is made up of mild steel.

Sieve Screens:
*The destoner incorporates two layers of sieve screens mesh size
can be selected to suit the process requirements.

*They can be quickly removed from the machine for cleaning. The
upper sieve is composed of three separate segments and the lower
single unit.

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 Specification:
1) Mode of Operation: Continuous type
2) Overall Dimension: 860mmX842mm
X1460 mm
3) Power requirement:1hp,Single/Three
Phase Motor
4) Capacity: 100kg/h
5) Weight:112kg (excluding motor)
6) Floor Area: 860 mmX842mm
7) Purpose: Dehulling of minor millets
(with or without bran)
8) Working Principle: Gentle Abrasion/
Attrition and (aerodynamic),Cyclone
Separator
9) Dehulling Efficiency: > 95%

V TECH Millet Dehusker - Millet Mill for Food Processing

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*This machine is suitable for dehulling small millets like foxtail,
little, kodo, proso and barnyard millets and has a capacity of
processing 100kg in an hour at 10-12 per cent moisture content.

*It operates with one horse power single or three phase electric
motor and can process even one kg of grains. It is provided with
provisions to adjust between the dehulling surfaces to suit the
different sizes of minor grains.

*It is ecofriendly, because it does not allow the dehulling husk

mass to escape into the air directly and is gently trapped and
collected. As operated the noise pollution is kept under control.
It does not require any hard labour and is worker friendly.

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 *This millet dehuller comes with
single chambers and used for
removing skin on millets like little
and foxtail millets.

*It has processing capacity of 100

kg/h. The husk and rice are
separated through a separate
aspirator.

*It runs on a 3hp single/three

phase electric motor.
millet dehuller, single stage
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*The centrifugal millet huller uses the principle of inertial force
in that the grains are rotated with high speed and made to hit
hard surface.

*This centrifugal process takes place in millet huller enables to

remove husk form the millet grains and the output obtained
consists of dehulled rice.

*The centrifugal millet huller has provision for box type aspirat -
or in that the rice is separated from the husk removed, so that the
husk is not mixed up much with the dehulled rice obtained from
the output of centrifugal millet huller.

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*It comes in two capacities as 100kg/h with 3hp three phase or
single phase electric motor and 300kg/h with 7.5hp three phase
electric motor. In order to get best efficiency, two chambered
centrifugal millet huller model machine is highly recommended.

*Vertical dehullers are used to dehull the outer husk layer

removal and works on shear abrasion, centrifugal impact (single
time),centrifugal impact(double time) and roller mills.

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*Vertical dehuller consists of a stationary stone and a rotating
stone, controlling nut and cyclone separator to remove the husk
from the selected small millets with the drawbacks of more brok -
ens and need for skilled operator.

*Single stage centrifugal dehuller consists of a hopper, impeller

vanes, centrifugal chamber,aspirators,1hp and 2hp motor. This is
suitable for all millets for a capacity of 200kg/h. This requires 3
phase current.

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 *The double chamber millet dehull -
er is the most advanced and robust
dehuller for millets in the market.

*It removes the skin of millets like

little, kodo, proso, barnyard, foxtail
and browntop millets.

*It has processing capacity of 300

kg/h. The husk and rice are separat -
ed through a separate aspirator.

*It runs with a 7.5hp three phase

millet dehuller, double
electric motor.
stage
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*Double stage centrifugal dehuller consists of first and second
centrifugal chamber, metal grooves in the first chamber, soft
rubber coating in the second chamber, capacity is 200-250kg/h,
efficiency is 80-85%.

*Gravity separator houses and inclined deck and a balanced ecce

-ntric drive moves the deck at low amplitude and higher frequen
-cy.

*Victor model foxtail and little millet dehuller consists of a ham -

mer mill dehusking chamber with high speed impeller hammers.

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*Victor model, kodo millet dehuller consists of the infrastruct -
ure remains same as that of foxtail and little millet dehuller but
the speed is more and the size of the impeller and casing are
larger.

*Small millets polisher a major millet dehuller polisher are used

for polishing all types of millets.

*Small millet polisher consists of a feed hopper of 5kg capacity,

rotary conical abrasive stone and a stationary peripheral stone,
outlet gate and its capacity is 130-140kg/h.

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 ADVANTAGES:-
•Millet dehusking machine reduces the human effort.
• The operation is simple compared to manual method.
• Its implementation increases the millet production rate.
• It is a time saving process.
•Its maintenance is easy.
•Simple in construction and occupy less space.
•It can be carried from one place to another easily.

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 DISADVANTAGES:-
•The initial investment is high.
• The operation is noisy.
• It consumes more power.
• Complete dehusking of millet is not possible and
•Wear and tear of machine.

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 *This machine is suitable for
softening the skin of proso,
kodo, barnyard and browntop
millet.

*Once the skins are soft a

proper dehulling is obtained in
the millet dehuller.

*It is also suitable for other

crops including but not limited
to Finger millet, Pearl millet,
Sorghum etc.
small millet grain polisher
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*This machine has a processing capacity of 350kg/h. It conven -
iently operates on a 15hp three phase electric motor, Variants:
40kg/h,350kg/h.

*Major millet polisher consists of a feed hopper, a pile of seggra -

gate abrasive stones placed equidistant on a rotating shaft,5hp
motor, capacity is 60kg/h.

*The setback is abrasion of the stones and requirement of grad -

ing again.

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 major millet polisher
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 Cost: Rs 1.5 Lakh/Unit
Capacity 100-300 Kg/h
Material Mild Steel
Kalanjium Thozhilagam Limited,
Madurai, TamilNadu

*Small portable impeller dehuller

with a capacity of 100-150kg/h and
consists of impeller with 16vanes,
cyclone separator and operated in
single phase.

millet huller
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 *This machine is most suitable for
dehulling small millets like foxtail,
little, kodo, proso and barnyard
millets. It has processing capacity of
80 kg/h.

*It operates with single or three

phase 1hp electric motor.

*The husk and rice are separated

through a cyclone separator and the
blower assembly.
millet dehuller, millet
*It has dehulling efficiency of more
mill
than 95%.
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Advantages of prototypes developed:
• Suitable for all Small Millets with necessary fine tuning.
• Reduces drudgery of women significantly; time involved in
dehulling reduced by 50 to 70% .
• 10% more recovery compared to abrasive type; Efficiency of
the unit is above 80% .
• Offers more nutritious product than existing mills thro’ better
retention of bran better retention of fibre and micronutrients.
• Versatility to meet varying requirements at affordable cost.
• Easy to handle with suitable training.
• Adaptable to local conditions.
• Can be installed as part of existing mills.
•Village level prototype run with single phase power.

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 VALIDATION OF MILLET PROCESS MACHINES

*Validation is a mixture of skills, and it is designed to interlink

with the existing skills and add the required mix of Quality,
Instrument, electrical and mechanical knowledge to enable to
work as a validation technician or engineer or consultant in
industries.

*In validation it is not designing, verifying that equipment or

installation and use; conform to certain standards. This involves
authoring a document train that starts with URS(User Require -
ment Specification) follows with IQ (Installation Qualification)
/OQ(Operational Qualification) and usually finishes with the PQ,
(Performance Qualification)

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*Machinery validation or Qualification is a mandatory requir-
ement as and then machine is used in a way that can affect the
quality, safety, efficacy of a controlled product or jeopardize the
integrity of any predicated data, relating to that product.

*The term machinery relates to any metal moving or removing

equipment that is largely mechanical in operation, but may have
software management or recording facilities.

*Examples could be metal working machinery such as CNC mach

-ining centres, milling, turning, drilling and packaging machin -
ery.

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EVALUATION OF DEHULLER'S PERFORMANCE AND IMPACT

*Improvements in the performance of the mill can only be obta -

ined by evaluating its overall performance and its effect on the
users.

*Both technical and socioeconomic data collected over atleast 1

year are needed for such an assessment.

*Persons responsible for introducing the dehuller will need to

maintain close contact with the mill staff, management comm -
ittee, and users to be informed of the efficiency of the overall
system of operation.

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Planning for the validation should include the following elem -
ents as well as any other relevant issues that must be addressed
to conduct the validation study:
1. Identification of the subject matter to be validated.
2. Criteria for a successful study.
3. Length and duration of the study.
4. Assumptions (shifts, operators, equipment components)
5. Identification of equipment to be used in the process.
6. Identification of utilities required.
7. Identification of operators required qualifications.
8. Complete description of the process and
9. Conditions to be placed on preceding processes during the
validation.

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10. Process parameters to be controlled and monitored.
11. Product characteristics to be monitored and methods to be
used.
12. Any subjective criteria used to evaluate the product.
13. Definition of what is non conformance.
14. Statistical methods for data collection and analysis.
15. Consideration of maintenance and repairs.
16. Indications that the process should be revalidated.
17. Stages of the study and the design review is required.
18. Approval(s) of the protocol.

*The validation plan should also cover the installation and opera
-tion qualification of any equipment used in the process, process
performance qualification, and product performance qualificat -
ion.
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General details that must be adhered to.
*The test result must be initialled (or signed) by the person exec
-uting the tests, on completion or at each significant stage.
*Each test must be designed to verify an element of the equipm -
ent functionality.
*Each test must have a result that is clear, unambiguous and
known.
*The test method must call up for the recording of the test result
parameters. (no ticks or tick boxes, no generalities).
*Each test must be witnessed or the results must be reviewed by
a competent person.
*The overall test results must be approved by a competent pers -
on.

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*The evaluation of the mill can be facilitated by arranging for
records to be kept for quantities of grain dehulled and flour
produced, fuel or electric power used, maintenance costs, and
frequency of breakdowns.

*Through interviews before, during, and after a specified period,

that should not be less than 1 year, various factors related to the
socioeconomic impact of the mill on the population could be
assessed.

*Dr. Varadharaju, TNAU, tested the machines available to dehull

the millets with kodo millet. It was found that, of all the technol -
ogies available for dehulling millets, centrifugal type dehullers
along with precleaning and grading mechanism are more
efficient in dehulling.
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*Dr. Varadharaju, TNAU took up trials to improve the existing
model of centrifugal dehuller by changing speeds, the number of
vanes, hitting surface, moisture content and number of passes. A
prototype with 85 percent efficiency has been developed for little
millet and was field tested in two sites.

*Based on the feedback from the community, few changes were

made. The performance of these dehullers was found satisfactory
by the local community. In case of kodo millet and barnyard
millet the hulling efficiency was only 70-75 % with a breakage of
around 10% even after four passes in the earlier prototype.

*In order to improve the efficiency of the huller and reduce the
breakage, a double chamber dehuller was developed by TNAU
team.
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Revalidation on Relocation:
*When equipment is moved to a new location, installation and
operation should be requalified.
*By comparing data from the original installation and operation
qualification (IQ and OQ) and the requalification, the manufact -
urer can determine whether there have been any changes in equ -
ipment performance as a result of the move.
*Changes in equipment performance should be evaluated to det –
ermine that it is necessary to revalidate the process.
*Validation Risk Assessment (VRA) takes, through this assessment
process and enables to make a documented and justified decision
as to the level of validation each piece of equipment will receive.
This fulfils your obligation to ensure that all software is assessed,
as to FLCV(Full Life Cycle Validation) applicability.
*ThisVRA will take through the under listed points and allow to
make
3/1/2021accurate justifiable assessments of risk for any system or 39
piece of equipment. This will enable you to adjust your level or
scope of validation effort and deliver soundly based validation
risk assessment methodologies.
*Outline, Approvals, Determination of Classification,
*Prospective Validation and Retrospective Validation,
*Impact Assessment and Impact Assessment Process,
*Validation Risk Assessment Scenario,
*Likelihood,
*Impact Severity,
*Probability of Detection,
*Impact Priority,
*Impact Mitigation and
*Assessment of Change.
VALIDATION RISK ASSESSMENT:
*design is of critical importance then regulatory compliance and
clarity of purpose are prerequisites.
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*In these circumstances it is only the bold and confident that will
actually strike out using innovative and intuitive thinking to prod
-uce templates that can actually save in time and cost.
Each test must be justified and verified as fit for purpose compr -
ise of
Main sub heading in Test Scripts
*Rationale; giving the reason and or object of the test.
*Test Method; giving details of the desired test methodology.
*Acceptance Criteria, giving details of the anticipated accepta -
ble results of the tests.
*Test Result, giving details of the actual results obtained that sati
-sfied the acceptance criteria.
*General details that must be adhered to,
*The test result must be initialled (or signed) by the person exec -
uting the tests, on completion or at each significant stage.
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*Each test must be designed to verify an element of the equipm –
ent functionality.
*Each test must a have a result that is clear, unambiguous and
known.
*The test method must call up for the recording of the test result
parameters. (No ticks or tick boxes, no generalities).
*Each test must be witnessed or the results must be reviewed by a
competent person.
*The overall test results must be approved by a competent
person.
*Validation of storage climatic conditions must verify that all
shelf and free standing areas where product is to be stored; must
remain within the temperature and humidity levels specified in
the storage specifications for the product.
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*These storage conditions must be maintained regardless of
seasonal variations in the local ambient weather system. Where
these are extreme it may require the validation task to be run
continuously through these seasons or simply repeated during
their occurrence.
*This matter should be discussed and a documented justification
included in the Validation Plan. For many years warehouse clima -
tic mapping tasks involved running hundreds of metres of sensor
cable and weaving in out shelving, across access passages and gen
erally making life difficult for the often exasperated warehouses
staff.
*Now using wireless individual data loggers the task has become
a lot less intrusive, individual data logger sensors can be attached
to shelving support structure (using adhesive tape), so keeping
them clear from the routine product movement that the shelves43
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are subjected to.
*In fact the sensors can be installed discretely in a matter of minu
-tes and left unattended for the complete duration of the map -
ping exercise.
*The number of and location of individual data logger sensors
required for successful warehouse climatic mapping is governed
by several factors, disruptive air flow entering or leaving the stor
-age area, distribution of conditioned air inlet and exhausts, open
doorways and or windows and generally the environmental insul
-ation to walls and ceilings.
*Each manufacturer shall develop, conduct, control, and moni -
tor production processes to ensure that a device conforms to its
specifications. Where deviations from device specifications could
occur as a result of the manufacturing process, the manufacturer
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shall establish and maintain process control procedures that des -
cribe any process controls necessary to ensure conformance to
specifications.
Process controls are needed they shall include:
1) Documented instructions, standard operating procedures
(SOP’s)
(2)Monitoring and control of process parameters.
(3)Compliance with specified reference standards or codes.
(4)The approval of processes and process equipment.
(5)Criteria for quality of workmanship.
*The developed dehuller was evaluated for its performance with
four millets namely little, foxtail, kodo and barnyard millet.
*The trials were carried out by changing the grain parameters
(viz. type of millet, moisture content, parboiling) and machine
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parameters (number of impellers, type of casing, speed of the
impeller, number of vanes etc.) and the hulling efficiency and
broken percentage were calculated.

*Maximum hulling efficiency of 88.50% and 89.25%, 82.50% and

81.50% was obtained in two passes for little and foxtail millet
respectively, with a broken percentage range of 5 to 10%.

*The capacity of the dehuller is 75kg/h and is operated with 3 HP,

three phase motor. In the new prototype 5% and 7.5% increase in
hulling efficiency was recorded over control in kodo millet and
barnyard millet, and the head rice recovery, enhanced by 10% in
the case of both millets over the range of experiments conduct –
ed.
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Critical Process Validation Parameters:
* A risk assessment, based on the margin between the normal
operating range (NOR) and the proven acceptable range (PAR),
should be performed to evaluate the likelihood that a parameter
will cause batch failure.

*If the parameter is deemed to have a high likelihood to cause

batch failure and it is a difficult parameter to control, it is deem -
ed critical.

*In other words, the normal operating range is close to the prov -
en acceptable range. If the risk is low because the proven accept -
able range is relatively large and the parameter is easily controll -
ed, the parameter is still of interest, but it does not need to be
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evaluated during process validation. These are deemed “quality”
or “important” parameters”.

Prospective Validation:

*Prospective process validation involves manufacturing, samp -

ling and testing validation batches according to a preapproved
test protocol.

*Validation batches are not released until all batches specified in

the protocol have been manufactured, all tests have been execu -
ted, all results have been reviewed, deviations addressed, all acc
-eptance criteria are met, test reports have been written and
approved and all change requests have been closed.
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*The system owner must justify any exception to the above cond
-itions and the justifications must he reviewed and approved by
QA.(Qualifying Authority)
*PreRequisite to start Performance Qualification and or Perform
-anceValidation.
*The following is a checklist of knowledge that must be available
prior to starting Performance Qualification and/or Performance
Validation:
· Critical Characteristics & associated limits must be established.
· Critical parameters & associated limits must be established.
· Rationale for noncritical process parameters.
· Process description and process drawings.
· Equipment and materials requirements.

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49
*Proposed batch records and standard operating procedures.
*Initialization of cleaning process validation.
*Recommended in process validation of controls.
*Data to support upper control limit and lower control limit.
*Validated analytical methods, References to development
studies.
*Reference to previous process validation, if any
*PQ(Performance Qualification/PV(Performance Validation)
protocols available prior to execution.

Operational Qualification(OP) scope:

The scope of the OQ (Operational Qualification) testing/
inspections must include but is not limited to:

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3/1/2021 51
(1)Verification that all loop installations.
(2)Insert a brief description of what part of the validated product
process.
(3)Insert a brief description of the operational function.
(4)An integrated loop test verification.
(5)Testing of alarms.
(6)Testing of interlocks and permissive conditions.
(7)Testing of database or data storage integrity.
(8)Testing of report generation and event chronicle.
(9)Verification of the functionality of the equipment.
(10)Challenge of software, where required.
(11)Review of system functionality to verify compliance.
(12) If system must be compliant verification;
(13)Testing of security levels to prevent.
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(14)Testing to verify and document 'Power loss Recovery'.
(15)Testing of all interfaces between.

Validation Quality Plan Scope:

*The Validation Master Plan (VMP) is the single most import -
ant document because it describes the basic concept for over -
all site validation program. This interactive detailed docum -
ent is a delight and simple to use.

*The generic template and attached Standard Operating

Procedure(SOP) lead you through the whole process quickly
and seamlessly. This thirty page document is suitable for all
types of pharmaceutical/biotechnical/medical device/API,
manufacturer and or processor.
3/1/2021 53
*The VMP addresses process validation, facility validation, util -
ity validation, equipment qualification and cleaning validation.

*The objective is to define responsibilities, outline your methods.

Involved in the qualification and validation of your facility, define
the areas and systems to be qualified and validated and to provide
a program for achieving and maintaining a validated status.

Retrospective Validation:
*Resurrecting an out of use facility.
*The initial validation was weak.
*New product has higher risk assessment therefore validation
scope must be reviewed accordingly.
*It was thought it did not require validation.
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*Initiate a requirement for revalidation to be carried out on a
calendar basis.
*Health and safety legislation has changed.
*Food Development Act(FDA) rules and or guidelines have chan
-ged.
*Poor advise from consultants.
*This will enable to adjust the level or scope of validation effort
and deliver soundly based validation risk assessment methodol-
ogies.
•Outline, approvals and Determination of Classification,
•Prospective Validation, Retrospective Validation,
•Impact Assessment, Impact Assessment Process.
•Validation Risk Assessment Scenario.
•Likelihood, Impact Severity.
•Probability of Detection, Impact Priority.
•Impact
3/1/2021
Mitigation and Assessment of Change. 55
 Why to go for validation in millet processing

Some of the questions to that answers would need to be provided

by an interdisciplinary team, consisting of social scientists and
technologists, are:
1) What is the quality of the product and how consistently does
the mill produce it?
2) How difficult or easy is it to operate the mill?
3) What is the frequency of breakdowns and what causes them?
4) How often do the abrasive disks have to be changed?
5) How does their wear affect the efficiency of the mill?

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(6)What is the consumption of energy per unit weight of process -
ed grain?
(7)What quantities of grain are processed daily, weekly, monthly
and on a seasonal basis?
(8)What is the average weight of grain dehulled per customer?
(9) Is the mill making a fair profit?
(10)What is the trend in the number of clients, dehull grains?
(11)What, in the users opinions, are the benefits of the mill?
(12)What are the changes in food preparation, eating habits and
nutritional status of the people?
(13)How do the women use the time released by using the mill?
3/1/2021 57
 Table.1 Chemical properties of millets
carbo-
moist prot hydr
-ure -ein fat ash -ate fibre
sn millets (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
1 Finger millet 11.84 7.95 1.87 1.97 65.19 11.18
2 Kodo millet 14.19 9.82 2.65 1.63 65.32 6.39
3 Foxtail millet 12.13 11.75 3.79 3.23 62.41 6.70
4 Pearl millet 8.97 11.12 5.21 1.13 62.12 11.45
5 Barnyard millet 12.35 10.98 3.32 4.21 55.54 13.60
6 Little millet 11.53 10.25 3.92 1.26 65.32 7.72
7 Proso millet 12.97 11.65 3.46 2.97 63.75 5.20
8 Sorghum 10.98 9.49 1.69 1.42 66.21 10.22
(Ojediran et.al.,2010,African Jr. of Gen.Agril.,2010)
(Madhavi Reddy et.al.,2019), (Int. Jr. of mulitidisc.R&D,2019)
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 Table.2 Physical properties of millets:

sn Millets 1000KW 1000KV Density

1 Finger millet 3.12 4.34 0.72
2 Kodo millet 4.15 4.24 0.97
3 Foxtail millet 4.25 6.21 0.68
4 Pearl millet 9.36 11.63 0.80
5 Barnyard millet 4.16 4.15 1.00
6 Little millet 4.19 4.26 0.98
7 Proso millet 4.97 4.63 1.07
8 Sorghum 36.94 42.69 0.86
(Int.Jr. of mulitidisc.R&D,2019),(Madhavi Reddy et.al.,2019)

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 Table 3 Physical parameter of selected varieties
variety Ex-Borno SOSATC88
%mc(wb) 10 13 15 20 10 13 15 20
sn parameters
1 length 3.16 3.57 3.33 3.80 3.87 3.80 3.79 4.46
2 width 2.30 2.65 2.45 2.66 2.93 2.77 2.62 3.39
3 thickness 1.54 1.64 1.49 1.60 2.05 1.78 2.19 2.51
4 sphericity 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.73 0.69 0.73 0.74
5 1000seed mass 7.30 9.08 9.99 0.06 9.47 11.42 11.09 11.95
6 bulk density 811.40 684.4 670.20 646.40 817.64 728.80 726.00 745.60
7 solid density 958.10 953.3 956.13 960.59 905.24 982.48 985.21 988.61
8 porosity 15.17 27.26 26.18 32.64 17.28 20.37 26.30 26.60
9 angle of repose 32.67 37.67 34.67 40.00 29.33 34.67 34.67 40.00

Ojediran et.al.,2010,African Jr. of Gen.Agril.,2010

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 Table.4 Coefficient of friction on structural surfaces
Coefficient of friction on structural surfaces
sn Variety Glass Concrete Plastic Steel Alumi
-nium
mc
A B A B A B A B A B
(%wb)
1 10 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.40 0.41 0.40

2 13 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.39 0.40

3 15 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.41

4 20 0.37 0.37 0.41 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.39 0.37 0.38

(Ojediran et.al.,2010,African Jr. of Gen.Agril.,2010)

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 Table.5 Effect of grit size on extraction rate(%)of
soft and hard high tannin sorghum

sn grit size(mesh) soft sorghum hard sorghum

1 24(Large) 41.50 72.0

2 36 45.00 83.0
3 46 62.50 89.5

source: Adopted from Mwasaru et.al.,1988

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Table.6 Typical performance rates of the dehuller on Botswana
cereals

sn type of sorghum output(kg/h) extraction rate(%)

1 white sorghum 500 85.90
2 red sorghum 400 80.85
3 high tannin sorghum 225 75.80
4 maize 500 85.00

source: RHC(1980b)

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Table. 7 Effect of daily throughout on fuel consumptions for mills
using the Mini-SISMAR/ISRAI dehusker
mean specific fuel mean daily thr‘ total qty. dehulled
consumption output over 10 month
sn location (ml/kg) kg/day period(kg)
1 Baila 20.41 34 8 38
2 B.Tialene 13.84 64 13 15
3 Bignana 12.51 179 42 12
4 HamdallayeTesan 18.83 38 7 11
5 Kartiack 24.77 22 4 98
6 K.S.Kane 16.93 96 18 20
7 Khandiar 10.15 145 22 56
8 Lambaye 14.4 34 8 06
9 Mont Roalnd 15.81 30 4 29
source: Mbengue(1988)
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 Table.8 Performance of the mini dehuller in proc -
essing various grains
sn Grain yield(%)
1 Millet 90-95
2 Sorghum 73-89
3 Brown rice 84-92
4 Wheat 77-93
5 Soybean 90
6 Faba bean 83
7 Lentil 85
8 Kidney bean 84
9 Mung bean 74
10 Black eyed cowpea 80
11 Brown cowpea 74
Source: Adapted from York,1981
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 Grain cleaner cum grader equipment validation
(1) required capacity – 1.25kg/s
(2) drum angular velocity – 0-240rpm
(3) sieve drum angular velocity – 0-80rpm
(4) sieve opening size, fine impurity size – 2.50mm
(5) fine grain size-4mm
(6) sieve drum inclination angle -10ᵒ
(7) blower angular velocity – 0-720rpm

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VALIDATION REPORT:
*Dehullers were first compared looking at the average annual
cost per pound to dehull spelt operating at the rated capacity
and estimated optimum efficiency.

*None of the models could operate at capacity for long.

*At top speeds, quality degrades with more hulls and other chaff
or more damage to the grain, sometimes both.

*Most of the dehullers were rated as having an optimal efficiency

of 50% rated capacity, but multipurpose dehullers were rated at
lower efficiency because most were designed primarily for either
oats or rice, and not for spelt.
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*Friction dehullers have several advantages. The operating speed
is easily controlled by adjusting the angular velocity of the rotat-
-ing shafts.
*The equipment can be adjusted to accommodate different types
and sizes of grains. Different friction surfaces can be used to meet
different needs without changing the mechanical system. (Gauth
-ieretal.,2012).
*The main disadvantage of friction dehullers is that parts wear
out fast and need to be replaced regularly.
*Maintenance and repair costs with friction dehullers are potent
-ially higher than the alternatives.
*As the friction surface wears, frequent adjustment is needed to
maintain proper spacing so that the machine can continue to
remove hulls. Critical tolerances need to be maintained for the
machine to function.
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 THANK YOU

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