1

RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL DRUG

THERAPY

Assignment submitted to
OPTHALMIC DEPARTMENT
P V POLYTECHNIC, SNDTW UNIVERSITY JUHU

BY
NAME : Huda Fatima Mirza
Roll No : 14
Semester :06
Subject: Binocular Vision
Under the guidance of
Deep Udaiveer
2

COVER PAGE

DATED: , 2021

Rational Drugs

IR-Rational Drugs

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3

Dr. Sachin Ladha

Principle of PVP Polytechnic.

Dr. Nita Jarmarwala

In-charge Dept. of Ophthalmic Technology
Course coordinator degree Optometry
M.B.B.S., D.O.M.S.,D.H.A

Ms. Rumy Shah

Dip In Ophthalmic technology, B.Optometry,
M.Optometry

Dr. Deepa Udaiver

Lecturer subject Practice Management.

We are profusely thankful to Dr, Nita, Ms.Rumy Shah and

other PVP Ophthalmic department faculty.I would like to
thank Law and Optometry Madam Dr. Deepa Udaiver for
teaching us the Management theories of Rational &
Irrational Drug ,and Other Analysis,Which help us in
understanding the importance of Use of Drugs, that is to
gain knowledge I appreciate the valuable guidance of
Deepa udaiveer mam and We also appreciate the
encouragement about teaching us such important subject
of law & Optometry received with allowance from our
director Dr. Nita & Dr. Sachin Ladha & University.
CONTENT
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Srno. Content(index.). Pageno.

1 List of exhibit 05
2 List of tables 06
3 Executive Summary 07
4 Historical Background 09
5 Introduction 13
6 Vision 15
7 Mission 16
8 Objective 17
9 Catchment Area 20
10 Types of Service 22
11 Planning & Design 29
12 Human resources 30
13 Statistics &Data Analysis 33

14 Data interpretation 37
15 Findings 38
16 Recommendations 39
17 Conclusion 40
18 Appendices/Reference 42
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LIST OF EXHIBITS

Sr. Exhibit’s Page No

No
1 Book page 1

2 Cover page 2

3 Historical Background 9

4 Introduction of 13
Henri fayol
5 Catchment area 20

6 Types of services 22

7 List of Machines 26

8 Machines pictures 27

9 Planning and design 29

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LISTS OF TABLES

Sr.N Table’s Page

o No.
1 Table of Content 04

2 Table of Exhibit 05

3 List of Tables 06

4 Henri fayol’s principles 17

5 Human Resource 30

6 Human resource 31
Management

7 Manpower 31

8 Statistics and data analysis 32

9 Table of Price 35

10 Data Interpretation 36

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In order to promote rational drug use in developing countries,
assessment of drug use pattern using the World Health
Organization drug use indicators is important. The aim of this
study was to assess the drug prescription patterns at
8

Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, using some

of the World Health Organization core drug use indicators.
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out
in order to determine current prescribing trends at Kathmandu
Medical College Teaching Hospital. A total of 605
prescriptions were collected and analyzed in the study.
Results: The average number of drugs per prescription was
5.85 considering the total amount of prescriptions.
Furthermore, assuming each prescription as an individual
patient, 64.1% of patients received antibiotics, and 71% of
patients received injectable form of drugs. Among antibiotics
the most common antibiotics prescribed were Ceftriaxone,
Amoxicillin/Cloxacillin, Azithromycin, Cefixime, and
Cloxacillin. Only 16.94% of the medicines were prescribed in
generic names with the rest 83.06% of the medicines being
prescribed in brand names and 47.55% of medicines
prescribed were from the National List of Essential
Medicines-Nepal. Conclusions: The current study revealed
that polypharmacy and prescription writing using brand
names were common. Prescriptions writing in generic
nameneeds to be promoted and encouraged. There appears to
be a crucial need for the development of prescribing
guidelines when it comes to antibiotics.

INTRODUCTION

Medicines play an important role in healthcare

delivery, and when used properly, can help cure diseases,
relieve symptoms, and alleviate patient suffering.
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Nonetheless, irrational use of medicines remains a major issue

facing most health systems across the world.

The World health organization (WHO) estimates that more

than half of all medicines are inappropriately prescribed,
dispensed, or sold. Additionally, around 50% of patients fail
to take their medicines correctly .

 Irrationaluse of medicines is a major challenge facing many

health systems across the world. Such practices are likely to
lead to poor health delivery that may put patients at risk and
result in wastage of scarce resources that could have been
used to tackle other pressing health needs.

The concept of “rational use of medicine” can at times be

confusing and not easily appreciated by patients, healthcare
providers, policy makers, or the public, all of whom need to
collaborate effectively to address this challenge.

Here, we summarize basic concepts such as rational medicine

use, good prescribing and dispensing, and explore some of the
factors that contribute to irrational use of medicines as well as
potential impacts of such practices. This has been written with
the intention of offering a clear, concise, and easy to
understand explanation of basic medicine use concepts for
health professionals, patients, policy makers, and the public.

The problem of irrational medicine use is known to be worse

in developing countries with weak health systems, where
mechanisms for routine monitoring of medicine use are often
not well developed or are at times non-existent.
10

Promoting the rational use of medicines requires effective

policies as well as efficient collaboration between health
professionals, patients, and entire communities.

Adequate understanding regarding the relevant aspects of

medicine use on the part of all stakeholders is essential to
drive collaborative efforts towards addressing the problem of
irrational medicine use.

Tackling the issue of irrational medicine use is considered to

be essential not only to improve healthcare delivery towards
ensuring patient safety, but also to allow for optimal
utilization of resources. This stems from the fact that as much
as 25%–70% of overall health expenditure in developing
countries is spent on medicines whereas, around 10% of
health expenditure in most high-income countries is
consumed by medicines.

Rational Drugs

What is Rational Therapy?

Rational drug therapy means the use of drugs, which are efficient, safe, low-cost and
easy to administer. It requires that health practitioners have adequate medical
knowledge and appropriate skill for correct diagnosis and treatment. They would also be
required to have time and concern for their patients.
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Rational drug therapy thus is only part of the larger issue of rational treatment – which
in turn is a subset of the large issue of rational health services. Rational health care
implies rational diagnosis and treatment. Rational diagnosis means ordering the
appropriate amount of procedures, laboratory test, X-ray, etc., not more, not less.
Rational treatment also assumes rational behaviour by the patient after a medicine is
prescribed provided he/she can afford it.

Rational means also appropriate

The Oxford English Dictionary defines “rational” as that which is based on reason, which
is sensible, sane or moderate. Rational drug therapy may be used interchangeably with
the concept of appropriate therapy, which may be described as ordering the appropriate
right medicine for the right / appropriate indication, for the appropriate / right patent at
the right time and in the right dose, route and duration, with due consideration of costs.
12

Vision

Patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical

needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements
for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them
and their community.

Availability of essential & Adequate quality control life

saving drugs and unbiased drug information with generic
name. & Withdrawal of hazardous drug control. &
Irrational drugs.
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Vision without execution is a day dreaming....

Mission
14

 Pharmacists can establish a common approach to the rational

use of drugs by giving advice and information to patient
regarding the proper use of drugs.

Pharmacist has more opportunity to interact closely with the

prescriber and therefore, to promote the rational prescribing
and use of drugs. By having access to medicinal records the
pharmacist is in a position to influence the selection of drugs,
dosage regimens, to monitor patient compliance and
therapeutics, response to drugs and to recognize and report
adverse drug reactions. They can control hospital manufacture
and procurement of drugs to ensure the supplyof high quality
products. 

Objectives of Rational drug Therapy

Adequate diagnosis
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For a correct diagnosis to be made, the prescriber must have

adequate knowledge and motivation, private examination
facilities, and sufficient time to take a history, perform an
examination, and explain to the patient the diagnosis and
treatment.

Correct prescribing
To prescribe correctly, the prescriber must know which drug
to prescribe for which diagnosis or complaint and when
treatment without drugs is appropriate.

Appropriate dispensing
For correct dispensing to occur, the dispenser must be
trained, have adequate time, have the necessary materials
(containers, labels), and have a dispensary where it is possible
to communicate with patients.

Patient adherence to treatment (compliance)

Patient adherence to treatment is dependent on understanding
and acceptance of the treatment; this results from effective
communication between prescriber, dispenser and patient.
Measuring drug use In any situation
Measurement of present practices, followed by investigation
of the underlying reasons for practices that represent
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problems, should precede the development of interventions.

Other methods may utilize aggregated information combining
drug procurement and morbidity data to calculate
consumption/morbidity ratios. Computers are increasingly
used to exchange drug utilization data, there is a need to
standardize coding systems, for example for health problems,
dosage forms, and the description of adverse drug reactions.
Once the priority problem has been identified, further
investigations utilizing qualitative techniques such as
observation, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews,
questionnaires and simulated patients are required.

Objectives of IRRational drug Therapy

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CATCHMENT AREA
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LOCATION

Lonavala so it has an easy access to both worlds so to

speak. Moreover to manufacture a world class product
like this we have the infrastructure of an Industrialized
Estate.
Additionally our Company is located just 2 km from the
Railway Station and Bus Stand respectively. The
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manufacturing Unit is located in an ideal climate most

suitable for food industry.
This product will not retain the same its original taste &
aroma if manufactured in a city like Mumbai. The factory
has a sufficient convenient working space with a sizable
area of 6500 sq. ft.

Why Lonavala?
The clean air and pollution free atmosphere of a Hill
Station like Lonavala, which is at an altitude of 620 meters
above sea level, proves to be just the ideal place for
manufacturing a splendid product like Chikki. In the past
Lonavala proved to be just the ideal place for making ‘gud
dani’ and today it still retains the reputation for being the
best place for manufacturing these energy bars / Chikki.
Lonavala has a population of about 6 lakhs with more
than 50 different manufacturers of Chikki, each operating
under a different brand name; we being the largest.
Lonavala offers tremendous sale potential to this product.

TYPES OF SERVICES
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Delighting the taste buds of customers around the nation,

we are Maganlal Chikki Products Pvt. Ltd.,- A name that
is trusted in markets for serving various types of sweets
and namkeens. We are a business firm that is inheriting to
its generations since the year of its inceptions, 1880. Our
legacy has been continuing since such a long period of
time, which consequently makes our customers believe in
us with their eyes closed. We are a company that wills to
see a smile on customers face, rather than earning profits.
Our belief in delighting the customers by serving mouth
watering foods makes us work with undying
determination to remain the best in the market, in every
aspect. So, we maintain 15 types of Chikki, 5 Types of
Fudges, and 7 Types of soft Chikki, in our portfolio so that
those who have varying taste requirements, can come to us
without thinking twice. We are expanding our wings to
newer dimensions by making relations with distributors
established PAN-India queries
Qualities being the most vital criteria for any food
product, we assure that our final products have rich taste,
authenticity, freshness and purity. We strictly abide by the
norms and conditions that are necessary for maintaining
quality in our manufacturing process. Further, our
products are manufactured in hygienically controlled and
closely monitored manner. We also take care that not to
use artificial preservatives, colors, flavors and other toxic
elements, thereby ensuring do not hold any health risk for
21

the end user. The proportions of ingredients used are

carefully formulated to bring out the perfect taste and
flavours.

Chikki:
Dry Fruit Chikki
Groundnut Chikki
Chocolate Chikki
Coconut Chikki
Mix Chikki
Crush Cashunuts Chikki
Kaju Mix Chikki
Crushed Groundnut With Chocolate Chikki
Chana Chikki
Popular Mix Chikki
Shengdanachikki
Almond chikki
Cashu almond chikki
Sesame chikki

Fudges:
Dry Fruit Fudges
Strawbarry Fudges
Mango Fudges
Chocolate Fudges
WallnutChoclate Fudge
Wallnut Fudge
Cashu Fudges

Namkeens (Salties):
Garlik Save
Plane Namkeen
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Dry Fruits Chiwda

SpinashShaue
Potato Shave
Tomato Shave
CheezeShaue
Gathiya
Mathura
Mung Daal
Chana Daal
Tomato Wafers
Wafers
Salted Bundi
Dry Fruits

Sweet:
All Types Of Bengali & Desi Sweets

BadamKatliKajuKatli
Pista Roll
Kaju Role
Khajuri
Balushahi
Palak Sweet
Ladoo
Karachi Halwa
Plane Mava
GulabJamun
Jalebies
Malai Barfi
Saffron Pedha
MalaiPedha
Imported Chocolate
Fruit Jams & Jellies
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LIST OF MACHINES
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All the above images of Machines used in the making Chikki at

maganlal factory.
Burners, Electric Roaster, Excruder,Sheare, Crusher Ganging
Roll, Gang Cutter,Floor Wrapper
25

The machinery are all custom made by reputed internationally

recognized company.

HOW IT’S MADE

For the adventurous cooks who want to try making Chikki at
home, here is the recipe from trusted Ganpat, albeit scaled down
to home proportions:
Ingredients:

1/2 cup groundnuts

1/3 cup jaggery
1.5 tsp ghee
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METHOD:

Roast the groundnuts till they are light golden in colour. Cool and
peel the skin. Keep some aside, and grind the rest to a coarse
powder.
Heat ghee in a pan and add jaggery. Simmer over a slow flame,
and wait for it to caramelise. Add the groundnut powder and mix
it thoroughly with the melted jaggery. You may need to put out
the flame during this process.

When the mixture is ready, pour the entire mixture over a

greased plate or a smooth stone surface. Add some more
groundnuts on top. Roll it out into thin sheets using a greased
rolling pin. When cool, cut into square pieces. Store and eat at
leisure.

A fortnightly feature on food and the places that made them

famous.

PLANNING AND DESIGN

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HUMAN RESOURCES

HR MANGEMENT PROCESS:
STAFGINHRCO
29

LABOUR STRENGTH OF HUMAN IN FACTORY

Total labour strength are 40 :19 Skilled labourer

21 Unskilled labourer's

Salaries of the labourer’s are between 2 to 3.5 lakh per annum.

The managers having a salaries approaximately 3-4.5 LPA and also have
Increment’s.

What is Manpower?

The most important Human resource in an organisation

30

So, It is considered the very most important factor & valuable this is
because essential use of other physical resources like Machinery, Land &
Capital is dependent on human factor.

MANPOWER

Sr no Department Manpower
requirements

1 Technical Staff 4

2 Administrative Staff 4

3 Marketing Staff 10

4 Labour 34

5 Total 52

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT:

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The HRM is a Management function, concerned with hiring,

motivating & maintaining people in an organisation it focuses on
people in organization.

MANAGERIAL OF ORGANISATION FUNCTION

Planning Organizing Directing

Coordination Developing, Interpreting,&

Reviewing

STATISTICS AND DATA ANALYSIS

Table1.
Frequency table of Caste
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Caste Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

SC 1 3.3 3.3 3.3

OBC 6 20.0 20.0 23.3
General 20 66.7 66.7 90.0
Unspecified 3 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0

The above table and graph reveal that 3.3, 20, 66.7, 10
percent chikki seller are from SC, OBC, General and
unspecified caste respectively.

Table 2.
Frequency table of loan for investment in business

Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Yes 5 16.7 16.7 16.7

No 25 83.3 83.3 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

The above table and graph reveal that16.7 percent chikki

sellers have taken loan for the investment in chikki shops.

On the other hand, 83.3 percent have invested their own

capital in the thisbusiness.
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Table 3.

Frequency table for other branches of the shop

Valid Freque Percent Valid Percent CumulativePerc

ncy entage

Yes 6 20.0 27.3 27.3

No 16 53.3 72.7 100.0

Total 22 73.3 100.0

Missing System 8 26.7

Total 30 100.0

The above table and graph reveal that 27.3 percent chikki sellers
have other branch of chikki shop. On the other hand, 72.7 do not
have any other branch of it.

MARKET RATE

As the adage goes, If you cannot bring the horse to the water, take
the water to the horse. For their Mumbai-based patrons that are
shying away from visiting Lonavala, chikki manufacturers offer
home delivery anywhere in Mumbai! ‘We charge a nominal cost
of service, about Rs 15 per kilo,’’ as per parakh of National
Chikki. At Maganlal, the price tag is slightly different. They
charge a lump sum of Rs 100 per order for delivery, which is done
34

by ‘Angadiyas’ or agents. Friends chikki too offers doorstep sales,

but prefers to courier the parcel. The Client bears the cost of the
Transport.

Keeping up with the so called diet coke era, sugar free chikki is
the latest offering from the stables of Lonavala’s chikki vendors.

Mumbaiis becoming increasingly fitness conscious.Since majority

of clientele is from the city, we have to modify our chikki
accordingly,’’ where sugar free chikki costs twice as much as its
calorie-laden counterpart.At Maganlal Chikki, the healthy
variety costs Rs 220- Rs 500 per kilo, where Equal is used s a
sugar substitute.

PRICE:

Variety of Chikki Price

rate
Chana Chikki 160/_
Chocolate Peanut 100/_
Coconut Chikki 160/_
Crushed Groundnut 160/_
Chikki
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Dry Fruit Chikki 200/_

Dry Fruit Mix Chikki 240/_
Groundnut Chikki 240/_
Kaju Chikki 180/_
Kaju Crush Chikki 190/_
Kaju Mix Chikki 110/_
Keshari Kaju Chikki 250/_
Plain Mix Chikki 320/_
Popular Mix Chikki 280/_
Rose Dry Fruit Chikki 275/_
Rose Kaju Chikki 470/_
Rose KBP Chikki 200/_
Rose Peanut Chikki 100/_
TIL Chikki 240/_

DATAINTERPRETATION

Almost all the 14 principles of Henri Fayol has been applied for
good and well organized factory.
Following table give you an interpretation of used or not used
principle of Henri Fayol :

14 PRINCIPLES YES NO
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Division of labour √

Authority & Responsibility

√
Discipline
√
Unity of Command
√
Unity of Direction
√
Sub-Ordination of individual
√
Remuneration √
Centralization ×
Scalar Chain √
Order
√
Equity √
Stability of tenure of personal √
Initiative √
√
ESPIRIT-DE-CORPS
(Team spirit)

FINDINGs

Centralisation is found to be missed out as, during the discussion

respondents clearly shared their expectation to get subsidized raw
materials and some tax concession.

They also revealed that bargaining and discounts are some

problems for small chikkivendors at the time of selling.

Also,Some time, customers ask a small part of chikkifor tasting it,

eventually, they do not buy it.

Local vendors such as Golden Wadapawand Gupta Sweets are

competitors for them.
37

Lack of raw material, non- availability of skilled labour, parking

place for tourists’ vehicle parking and maintenance are the major
problems for chikkibusiness.
Street chikkivendors who sell near bus station and railway station
are also problems for them.
Load shading used to be a major problem for this business a year
before. As it is a seasonal business (in rainy and winter season),
the revenue is less in summer from this chikkibusiness.
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RECOMMENDATION

The government, banks and corporation should develop this as a

tourist place and make separate provision for tourist vehicle
parking as the vehicle parking is a major problem in weekends.

Development of tourism and other facilities such as parking place

for tourist vehicle play a major role for the development of this
business.
Nearby places of Lonavala and Khandala such as Bhushi dam,
Pawana Dam, Karla Cave, Rajmachi Point, Sun Set point,
Shooting Point, Tiger Point, Lohagad Fort, Amby Valley, Della
Adventures,Wax Museum etc. should be developed as an
attraction for tourist.
Availability of raw material, skilled labour would also help for the
development of chikkiindustry.
Improvement in product quality and variety according is also
important.
Small provision like extending cheap courier facility for
chikkiservice and training for chikkisales man would go a long
way for the development of chikkiindustry in Lonavala and
Khandala.

CONCLUSION
39

Having analyzed the,14 principles of management‟ as proposed

by Henri Fayol. It can be brazenly said that they are needed in an
every organizations as they are being applied in others. It can also
be argued that due to occurrence of diverse managerial styles,
some of this principle have been subject to alteration and
redefining, but with the aim of making them better and more
effective to organisations upon application.

All organizations tend to have something similar amongst

themselves in some way, which is management practice. it doesn‟t
matter whether profit is made or not, the size of the organization
or industry they belong. What makes them differ, is the approach
toward managing such organization.

As chikkiare not much popular in urban areas and are eaten in a

very small quantity that too during winter season. But they are
very popular in semi-urban and rural areas especially amongst
school going children. Low priced chikkiespacked individually in
plastic sheets have large market. Apart from sale through
retailers located near the schools, bus stands, weekly markets,
cinema halls, taxi stands, rural fairs etc. are the places where they
are sold briskly. Thus, the market is scattered.
Open ended questions and answers have helped us to understand
the complexity of chikki business in greater detail.

It helped us to arrive at an objective interpretation and related

suggestion to improve the business processes and need for
40

strategic shift to remodel the historical avenue of chikki

manufacturing and marketing to align with the changing times.

Lonavala, apart from being a hill station and a tourist destination

is more famous for its chikki. A chikki business pays a critical
role in the economy of Lonavala and nearby places in terms of
employment, economic environment, income and expenditure.

APPENDICES/REFERENCES

Chikki Store- Online Shiping, Chikki Store.com., viewed on April 15, 2013.
URL- http://chikkistore.com/

https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/in-search-of-lonavala-
chikki/article3613222.ece

http://maganlal.com/
41

https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/in-search-of-lonavala-
chikki/article3613222.ece

https://maganlalchikki.in/about-us/

https://maganlalchikki.in/

https://sa-chikki-products-pvt-ltd-65272/

http://strayingaround.blogspot.com/2006/06/chikki-at-lonavala_21.html?
m=1

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315747512_Assessment_of_Socio-
Economic_and_Business_Profile_of_Chikki_Trade_Promoters_in_Lonaval
a

IMAGES:

https://images.app.goo.gl/1i6Ni2BpUXuZYhVv5

https://images.app.goo.gl/UEAv3tx66GAf72R46

https://images.app.goo.gl/SA524125k8rtiGyy6

https://images.app.goo.gl/nwJPVTVBdsWpZEcc9
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https://images.app.goo.gl/5DwoshJ4xyBJayfw8

https://images.app.goo.gl/B72CKjWaGkjuqWhc9

https://images.app.goo.gl/Pa71tDVJivRfaZPA8