INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10113
Second edition
2006-09-01
Metallic materials — Sheet and strip —
Determination of plastic strain ratio
Matériaux métalliques — Tôles et bandes — Détermination du
coefficient d'anisotropie plastique
Reference number
ISO 10113:2006(E)
© ISO 2006
ISO 10113:2006(E)
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ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
ISO 10113:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols ................................................................................................................................................. 3
5 Principle ................................................................................................................................................. 4
6 Test equipment ..................................................................................................................................... 4
7 Test piece .............................................................................................................................................. 4
8 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................. 4
9 Expression of results ........................................................................................................................... 6
10 Test report ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Annex A (informative) International comparison of symbols used in the determination of plastic
strain ratio ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii
ISO 10113:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10113 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of metals, Subcommittee
SC 2, Ductility testing.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10113:1991), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10113:2006(E)
Metallic materials — Sheet and strip — Determination of plastic
strain ratio
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for determining the plastic strain ratio of flat products (sheet
and strip) made of metallic materials.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6892:1998, Metallic materials — Tensile testing at ambient temperature
ISO 9513:1999, Metallic materials — Calibration of extensometers used in uniaxial testing
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
plastic strain ratio
r
ratio of the true width strain to the true thickness strain in a test piece that has been subjected to uniaxial
tensile stress
εb
r= (1)
εa
where
ε a is the true plastic thickness strain;
ε b is the true plastic width strain.
NOTE 1 The above expression using a single point is only valid in the region where the plastic strain is homogeneous.
NOTE 2 Since it is easier and more precise to measure changes in length than in thickness, the following relationship
derived from the law of constancy of volume is used to up to the percentage plastic extension at maximum force, Ag, to
calculate the plastic strain ratio, r.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 1
ISO 10113:2006(E)
⎛ b ⎞
ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
r= ⎝ bo ⎠ (2)
⎛L b ⎞
ln ⎜ o o ⎟
⎝ Lb ⎠
NOTE 3 Because the value r depends on the orientation of the test piece relative to the rolling direction, as well as on
the strain level, the symbol r may be supplemented by the angle which characterises this orientation and the strain level.
For example r45/20 (see Table 1).
NOTE 4 For some materials exhibiting a phase change during plastic deformation, the volume of the measured section
cannot always be assumed to be constant. In such cases, the procedure should be defined and agreed between the
parties involved.
3.2
weighted average plastic strain ratio
r
weighted average of the rx/y values for different test-piece orientations as calculated using the formula1)
r0 + r90 + 2r45
r = (3)
4
NOTE All tests should be performed at the same strain/strain range, if r is determined.
3.3
degree of planar anisotropy
∆r
value calculated using the following formula1)
( r0 + r90 − 2r45 )
∆r = (4)
2
NOTE All tests should be performed at the same strain/strain range, if ∆r is determined.
1) For some materials, other test-piece orientations may be chosen, in which case formulae other than those given in 3.2
and 3.3 should be used.
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
ISO 10113:2006(E)
4 Symbols
The designations of the symbols used in this International Standard are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols and designations
Symbol Designation Unit
ao Original thickness of the test piece mm
bo Original gauge width of the test piece mm
Lo Original gauge length mm
Le Extensometer gauge length mm
∆L Instantaneous elongation/extension of the measurement base mm
∆b Instantaneous width extension mm
L Gauge length after straining to a specified plastic elongation/extension mm
a Thickness after straining to a specified plastic elongation/extension mm
Gauge width of the test piece after straining to a specified mm
b
elongation/extension
Specified plastic strain at which the plastic strain ratio should be determined
e %
(single data point method)
Specified plastic strain range at which the plastic strain ratio should be
eα − β determined (linear regression method, α = lower limit of the plastic strain in %
percent, β = upper limit of the plastic strain in percent)
r Plastic strain ratio —
Plastic strain ratio in x-direction (in degrees) relative to the rolling direction
rx/y —
at plastic strain/plastic strain range of y %
r a Weighted average of rx/y values —
∆r Degree of planar anisotropy —
εa True plastic thickness strain —
εb True plastic width strain —
εl True plastic length strain —
F Force N
So Original cross-sectional area of the parallel length mm2
S True cross-sectional area mm2
ν Poisson´s ratio —
Slope of the elastic part of the stress/percentage-extension curve multiplied
mE MPa
by 100 %
Slope of the corresponding straight line of the true plastic width strain vs.
mr —
true plastic length strain curve
Ag Percentage plastic extension at maximum force %
α, β, x, y Variables used as subscripts
NOTE 1 In the literature, the readers may encounter other symbols: for an international comparison of symbols, see Annex A.
NOTE 2 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2.
a In some countries, rm is used instead of r .
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 3
ISO 10113:2006(E)
5 Principle
A test piece is subjected to a tensile test to a specified plastic strain level and the plastic strain ratio, r, is
calculated from measurements of the changes in length and width. The orientation of the test piece relative to
the rolling direction, and the plastic strain level for which the values of r are determined, are as specified in the
relevant product standard. As a rule, the strain level shall be lower than the plastic extension at maximum
force.
6 Test equipment
The tensile testing machine used shall comply with the requirements of ISO 6892.
For the manual method, the device for the measurement of the changes in gauge length shall be capable of
measuring to within ± 0,01 mm. The device used for determining the changes in gauge width shall be capable
of measuring to within ± 0,005 mm.
For the automatic method (see Clause 8), extensometers defined in ISO 9513:1999, of class 1 or better, shall
be used.
NOTE When a long gauge length and large elongation are applied, the maximum relative error of the class 1
extensometer may be greater than ± 0,01 mm.
The method of gripping the test piece shall be as specified in ISO 6892.
7 Test piece
7.1 The test piece shall be taken in accordance with the requirements of the relevant product standard or, if
not specified therein, as agreed between the interested parties.
The type of the test piece and its preparation, including machining tolerances, the tolerances on shape and
the marking of the original gauge length, shall be as defined in ISO 6892:1998, Annex A, but within the gauge
length the edges shall be sufficiently parallel that two width measurements do not differ by more than 0,1 % of
the mean of all the width measurements.
7.2 The test piece thickness shall be the full sheet thickness, unless otherwise specified.
7.3 The surface of the test piece shall not be damaged, e.g. by scratches.
8 Procedure
8.1 In general, tests are carried out at ambient temperature between 10 °C and 35 °C. Tests carried out
under controlled conditions, where required, shall be made at a temperature of (23 ± 5) °C.
8.2 If the measurements are made manually, the original width of the test piece shall be measured at a
minimum of three points evenly distributed along the gauge length, including one measurement at each end of
the gauge length. The mean value of these width measurements shall be used in calculating the plastic strain
ratio.
8.3 If the measurements are made automatically, the extension and the change of width, at least at one
measurement point, shall be measured using an extensometer, as specified in Clause 6.
8.4 In the plastic range, the strain rate of the parallel length shall not exceed 0,008/s.
4 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
ISO 10113:2006(E)
8.5 Mount the test piece in the grips of the testing machine and, keeping the test rate within the limit
specified in 8.4, apply the required deformation:
a) either to achieve the plastic strain level specified in the relevant product standard (manual determination);
b) or to determine width values at the plastic strain level specified in the relevant product standard
(automatic determination).
8.6 In the case of manual determination, after unloading, measure the gauge length L and the gauge width
b in the same manner and to the same tolerances as for the original gauge length and width.
8.7 In the case of automatic determination, the measurements of length and width at the specified plastic
strain level shall be made using an extensometer as specified in Clause 6.
8.8 If the test piece shows transverse bow (see Figure 1) which could influence the test results, the test
shall be considered invalid and a new test shall be carried out.
8.9 If the plastic strain is not homogeneous, a manual determination of the r-value is not possible. With
continuously measured data for the width change against extension and using statistical methods, as
specified in 9.2, it is possible to determine a reproducible r-value.
8.10 In the case of coated material (e.g. galvanised or with organic coatings), the r-values obtained may
differ from those of base material without coating.
Key
a transverse bow
b thickness after straining to a specified plastic elongation/extension
c gauge width of the test piece after straining to a specified elongation/extension
Figure 1 — Schematic illustration of transverse bow in a test piece cross-section
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 5
ISO 10113:2006(E)
9 Expression of results
9.1 For a manual determination, calculate the plastic strain ratio, the weighted average of the plastic strain
ratio for different test piece orientations and the degree of planar anisotropy using the Formulae (2), (3) and
(4). When formulae other than (3) and (4) are used, they shall be indicated in the test report.
9.2 For materials with homogeneous deforming behaviour, a single data point method can be used. For a
better reproducibility, a determined range should be used.
For materials with inhomogeneous deforming behaviour, the following method shall be used to give
reproducible results.
The true plastic length strain shall be calculated using Equation (5).
ε l = ln ⎡⎣( Lo + ∆L ) Lo − F ( S o × mE ) ⎤⎦ (5)
The true plastic width strain shall be calculated using Equation (6).
⎡⎛ bo ×ν × F ⎞ ⎤
ε b = ln ⎢⎜ bo − ∆b + ⎟ bo ⎥ (6)
⎣⎢⎝ S o × mE ⎠ ⎥⎦
where ν is Poisson's ratio ( e.g. 0,30 for steel, 0,33 for aluminium).
The plastic strain (at a given moment during the test) shall be calculated using Equation (7).
e = ⎡⎣ ∆L Lo − F ( S o × mE ) ⎤⎦ × 100 % (7)
For an explanation, see Figure 2.
If the automatic method is used, in Equations (5) and (7) Lo should be replaced by Le .
From a strictly physical standpoint, in Equations (5), (6) and (7) the true cross-sectional area S according to
Equation (8) should be used instead of the original cross-sectional area So, to calculate the true plastic length
strain ε l, the true plastic width strain ε b and the plastic strain e. Practice has proved that the results obtained
with So or S are not significantly different. Hence, the original cross-sectional area So should be used in
Equations (5), (6) and (7).
S = So × Lo/(Lo + ∆L) (8)
6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
ISO 10113:2006(E)
Key
X True plastic length strain, εI
Y True plastic width strain, εb
1 lower limit: e. g. 8 % plastic strain
2 upper limit: e. g. 12 % plastic strain
3 origin
4 linear regression between the lower limit and upper limit through the origin:
εb = mr × εl
mr = − 0,39833
r8-12 = 0,662
Figure 2 — Relationship between true plastic width strain and true plastic length strain
The linear regression of Equation (6) vs. Equation (5) shall be fitted in the selected range through the origin.
The slope mr of this linear regression is equal to [−r/(1 + r)]. The r-value shall be calculated by using
Equation (9):
r = − mr/(1 + mr) (9)
9.3 The calculated values of the plastic strain ratio shall be reported to the nearest 0,05.
9.4 If there is a difference in the result of automatic and manual determination on the same test piece, the
origin of this difference shall be evaluated.
NOTE The differences in results of automatic and manual r-value determination can be caused by non-homogeneous
deformation.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 7
ISO 10113:2006(E)
10 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this International Standard;
b) identification of the material tested;
c) the method used (manual or automatic);
d) the type of test piece used;
e) the orientation of the test piece relative to the rolling direction;
f) the plastic strain/plastic strain range at which the measurements were made, e.g.:
⎯ r45/8-12 (linear regression between 8 % and 12 % plastic strain),
⎯ r45/10 (single data point method at 10 % plastic strain);
g) test results;
h) the formulae used to calculate r, r and ∆r, if different from Formulae (3) and (4).
8 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
ISO 10113:2006(E)
Annex A
(informative)
International comparison of symbols used in the determination of plastic
strain ratio
German Anglo-American
English French German Unit
symbol symbol
Engineering strain Allongement Dehnung ε E %
Spannung
Engineering stress Contrainte conventionnelle σ S MPa
or Nennspannung
True strain Wahre Dehnung
Déformation vraie ϕ ε —
(logarithmic strain) or Umformgrad
True stress Contrainte vraie Wahre Spannung kf σ or R MPa
Senkrechte
Plastic strain ratio Coefficient d’anisotropie, r
Anisotropie r R —
(r-value) plastique
(r-Wert)
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 9
ISO 10113:2006(E)
Bibliography
[1] Stahl – Eisen – Prüfblatt 1126; 1984-11, Ermittlung der senkrechten Anisotropie (r-Wert) von
Feinblech im Zugversuch, 1. Ausgabe, Verlag Stahleisen GmbH, Düsseldorf
[2] AEGERTER, J. Optimierung der Bestimmung des Verfestigungsexponenten und der senkrechten
Anisotropie (n- und r-Wert) beim rechnergesteuerten Zugversuch, Internal Memorandum, VAW
Aluminium AG, 1993-06
[3] AEGERTER, J., KELLER, S. and W IESER, D. Prüfvorschrift zur Durchführung und Auswertung des
Zugversuches für Al-Werkstoffe (Test Procedure for the Accomplishment and Evaluation of the Tensile
Test for Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys), Conference transcript of the conference “Werkstoffprüfung
2003”, Verlag Stahleisen GmbH, Düsseldorf (2003), pp. 139-150, ISBN 3-514-00703-9
10 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
ISO 10113:2006(E)
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