Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010

A Review of Spun Bond Process*

Hosun Lim, Ph.D.
NCSU College of Textiles
North Carolina State University
2401 Research Drive
Raleigh, N.C. 27695-8301

*A paper submitted as a partial fulfillment of Ph.D. in Textile Technology Management

ABSTRACT

The spun bond process is widely used to produce nonwoven fabrics. Components of a spunbond
process typically include a polymer feed, an extruder, a metering pump, a die assembly, a
filament spinning, a drawing and deposition system, a web formation, a bonding zone, and a
winding. Spunbond products are variously used in disposable and medical applications,
automotive industry, filtration, civil engineering, packaging applications, carpet backing
applications, geotextiles, durable papers, bedding, pillows, furnishings, etc. In the future, the
consumption of spunbond fabrics is expected to continue to grow in both durable and disposable
products. Spunbond products will also continue to rapidly increase its market share and
penetrate new markets. The purpose of this paper is to have a comprehensive of spunbond
technology, processes, markets, and the producers.

Keywords: Spunbond process, Nonwoven fabrics, Spinning, and Web formation

1. Introduction 1.1. History of Spunbond Technology

Spunbond process is widely Spunbonding process was attempted

used to produce nonwoven fabrics. The to be commercialized through 1940’s and
nonwoven products made by the spunbond 1950’s. The spunbond process was patented
process are expected to rapidly increase in by Slather and Thomas of Corning Company
market share. The spunbond process is a for the production of glass wool (US Patent
nonwoven manufacturing system which 2206058). In 1945, Callender patented
combines the spinning process with the similar spunbond processes for the
sheet formation process by placing the production of mineral wool (US Patent
bonding device in the same continuous line 2382290).
(Dahiya, Kamath, & Hegde, 2004). Spunbonded nonwovens made of
This paper will discuss the spunbond widely synthetic polymers were commercialized by
used of producing nonwoven fabrics by the technology of Freudenberg (Germany)
reviewing the history of spunbond and Du Pont (USA) in the 1950’s and
technology, processes and their applications. 1960’s (Hill, 1990). After that, various spun
bond processing technologies such as
Article Designation: Scholarly 1 JTATM
Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
Lutravil® (1965, Freudenberg Company), Polyethylene (PE) has good
Dacron® (1971, Lurgi Kohle & Mineral chemical resistance and hydrophobicity, and
öltechnik GmbH), Reicofil® (1984, excellent electrical insulation properties and
Reifenhäuser), REX® (Amoco Fibers and it is one of the important polymers for
Textiles), and S-TEX® (Sodoca) have been nonwovens (Editorial Staff, 1992a).
introduced. But all of them are similar in Polyamide including nylon 6 and
technology. They integrate filament nylo6,6 has the properties which are highly
extrusion (spinning), drawing, deposition energy intensive than PET or PP and is used
(lay-down), and bonding and winding into to spunbonded nonwovens for packaging
roll goods (McCulloch, Pourdeyhimi, & materials (Editorial Staff, 1992a; Smorada,
Zamfir, 2003). 2004).
In 1990’s equipment suppliers Polyurethane (PUR) has an elastic
including Kobelco, Nordson, Hills, and property and it is also used in spunbonded
others offered complete spunbond lines. In nonwovens for the applications such as
2000’s Reifenhauser, the main turkey disposable wear, diaper, mask, medical tape,
supplier of PP spunbond, offered bico- and elastic stuffing materials. However, it
spunbond and meltblown using Hills has a disadvantage of high price (Editorial
technology. Staff, 1992a).
Spunbonded production was
originally limited to Western Europe, the 3. Spun Bond Process
United States, and Japan, but has since
spread to virtually all areas of the world. The spunbond process consists of
Production lines, mainly nonproprietary, several integrated steps; a polymer feed, an
have been installed throughout Asia, South extruder, a metering pump, a die assembly, a
America, and the Middle East, areas and filament spinning, a drawing and deposition
countries that previously did not participate system, a collecting belt, a bonding zone,
in the technology (INDA, 2004). and a winding (see Figure 1). Figure 1
shows the schematic diagram of Hills’
1.2. Raw Materials spunbond process.

Many polymers including

polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene,
polyamide, polyurethane, etc. are used in the
spunbond process. Among various
polymers, isotactic polypropylene (PP) is the
most widely used polymer for spun bond
nonwovens production, because
polypropylene is relatively inexpensive and
provides the highest yield (fiber per
kilogram) (Wilhelm, Hilmer, & Walter,
2002). Also, it has the lowest specific
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the
gravity and the highest versatility for the
nonwovens (Editorial Staff, 1992a). spunbond process
Polyester (PET) has fabric property From Fedorova, N. (2006). Investigation of
(tensile strength, modulus, and heat the utility of islands-in-the-sea bicomponent.
p. 36.
stability) superior to those of polypropylene
fabrics is used in almost every nonwoven
process technology. However, polyester is 3.1. Extruder
more expensive and difficult to process than
polypropylene (Editorial Staff, 1992a; A polymer is melted by heating and
Brenk, 2004). mechanical action when it is conveyed to an

Article Designation: Scholarly 2 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
extruder. It is mixed with stabilizers, 3.3. Spin Pack
additives, color master-batch, resin
modifiers, or other additives in the extruder The die block assembly (spin pack) is
(Nanjundappa & Bhat, 2005). Figure 2 one of the most important part in the
shows the schematic of the extruder. The extrusion unit and consists of a polymer feed
polymer mixture conveys through the screw distribution and a spinneret. The polymer
and it is melted through the heated screw. feed distribution needs to control uniform
Then, the molten polymer moves through polymer distribution and uniform
the screen (Aipma, 2009). temperature to keep a balance of the molten
polymer flow and the residence time across
the die assembly. The molten polymer is
conveyed from the feed distributor to the
spinneret (Fedorova, 2006).
The spinneret is a single block of
metal having thousands of drilled orifices or
holes on it, and the designing and fabrication
of this part affect web uniformity (see
Figure 2. Screw plasticizing extruder Figure 3).
From Aipma. (2009). Plastic Process.
Retrieved from
http://www.aipma.net/info/plasticprocess.ht
m
The extruder needs to have a
progressive heating and the melt pressure
and temperature need to be controlled.
Operation pressures and temperatures
depend on resin material (Fourné, 1992).

3.2. Metering Pump Figure 3. Die block assembly

From Kasen Nozzle Mfg. Co., Ltd. (2007).
The molten polymer is conveyed to a Spunbond Spinnerette. Retrieved from
filter and foreign particles such as metals, http://www.kasen.co.jp/english/product/line/
solid polymer particles, and others are spanbond.html
separated from the molten polymer. The To produce a wide web, several
filtering is very important, because the grouping of spinnerets called a block or
unfiltered polymer may cause problems such bank is placed side by side to generate
as blocking the spinneret holes or creating sufficient fibers across the total width. In
filament breaks. Then it is conveyed to a commercial production two or more blocks
metering pump which plays an important are used in tandem in order to increase the
role in a precise volumetric flow rate of the coverage of fibers (Kasen Nozzle Mfg. Co.,
molten polymer. The important thing is that L., 2007). When processing two different
once the polymer is melted and liquefied blends of fibers with different melting
uniform temperature must be maintained to points, they must be melted separately and
a die block assembly (Wilhelm, Hilmer, & joined in the spin pack or metering pump
Walter, 2002). (Smorada, 2004). The spin pack is normally
The metering pumps need to be
designed to withstand 300℃ and 400℃ bar
insulated on all sides. The heated
temperature is usually in the range of 40kg/h inner pressure over the entire die plate and
to 100 kg/h and the speed is generally its temperature needs to be uniformly
between 10rpm and 40 rpm (Fourné, 1992). (Fourné, 1992).

Article Designation: Scholarly 3 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
3.4. Quench Air/Attenuation licensed this technique from the
Reifenhauser GmbH for commercial
The molten polymer is emitted production (Russell, 2007; Vargas, 1988).
through the spinneret holes. When the Lutravil system was first developed
emitted filaments pass through quench by Carl Freudenberg Company of Germany
chambers, cool air is directed across the in 1965. In the system, the filaments
filament bundle to cool the molten filaments continuously cooled with conditioned air.
sufficiently to cause solidification. The There are the individual flows of air
quenching can be done by blowing air with including primary, secondary, and tertiary
either a one sided system or a two sided air. The primary air and secondary air serve
system. But, with a two-sided inflow quench to cool and draw the filaments, while tertiary
air supply box, the fabrics can be cooled in a air serves to take down the filaments in
shorter distance than that of one-sided cross bunches. This system is not available for
flow quench box (Wilhelm, Hilmer, & commercial licensing (Wilhelm, Hilmer, &
Walter, 2002). Walter, 2002; Russell, 2007).
In the attenuation the filaments are Doncan system was been developed
led into a tapered conduit by high velocity by Lurgi Kohle & Mineral-Oltechnik GmbH
air, causing acceleration and accompanying of Germany in 1970.
attenuation or stretching of the individual This system is based on a long
filaments. The attenuation leads to a spinning with a high speed and it requires
polymer molecular orientation making up four floors for production equipment
the continuous filament and a modification (Russell, 2007; Malkan & Wadsworth,
of fiber diameter (Editorial Staff, 1992a; 1992). Many companies have been licensed
Wilhelm, Hilmer, & Walter, 2002). The by Lurgi GmbH and practice this technique
spinning speeds of the process range from (Russell, 2007).
1,000 to 8,000 m/min, depending on the
polymer characteristics, process 3.5. Web Formation
productivity, etc. For example,
polypropylene (PP) usually spins at about The filaments are deposited on a
2,000 m/min, polyamide spins at about moving belt. High pressure air through a
4,000 m/min, and polyester (PET) usually pneumatic gun is used to move the filaments
spins at about 6,000 m/min (Fedorova, and a vacuum under the belt helps in
2006). forming the filament web on the forming
When quenching using air, other belt. The filaments are separated by
parameters like temperature and humidity mechanical force, aerodynamic force, or
must be controlled (Vargas, 1989). The air is electrostatic charge before reaching the belt,
the most common method of the attenuation to achieve maximum uniformity and cover
and the take-up rolls or electrostatic method (Editorial Staff, 1992a). There are some
is also used to the attenuation (Fedorova, processes: mechanical oscillation,
2006). electrostatic charging, slot attenuators, air
There are generally three spinning foils, full-width draw rolls, and centrifugal
methods including melt, dry, and wet foaming used for separation and lay down
spinning for spunbonding. The melt (Gilmor, 1992).
spinning is widely used to spunbonding and In the mechanical oscillation
there are several systems. method, the filaments are separated by
Reicofil system was been developed mechanical or aerodynamic forces. Figure 4
by Reifenhauser GmbH of Germany. The shows a method and apparatus for producing
system is based on the short spin with nonwoven webs patented by Du Pont
considerably lower production speeds and Company in 1967 and Figure 5 shows a
lower line capacity. This system is closed process and device for the manufacture of
system. Many nonwoven companies have non woven webs from filamentspatented by

Article Designation: Scholarly 4 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
Hoechst in 1979.
To uniformly separate the filaments,
the filament stream is oscillated by
mechanical or pneumatic oscillation of
attenuator gun or the filament bundle itself
as shown in Figure 4 and 5. Figure 5
illustrates a method that utilizes a rotating
deflector plane to separate the filaments by
depositing them in overlapping loops;
suction holds the fiber mass in place.

Figure 6. Triboelectric filament charging

Figure 4. Mechanical and pneumatic From Kinney, G.A. (1967). Process for
filament bundle oscillators forming non-woven filamentary structures
From Bundy, R.W. (1967). Method and from fiber-forming synthetic organic
apparatus for producing nonwoven webs. polymers. P.2.
p.5. Figure 7 shows a method for corona
filament charging patented by Monsato in
1977.
In the corona charging, the filament
bundle passes through a corona developed
between high voltage electrodes (Sternberg,
1977).

Figure 5. Rotating deflector distribution

device
From Semjonow, V. & Foedrowits, J.
(1979). Process and device for the
manufacture of non woven webs from
filaments. p. 4.
The electrostatic charging is one
method to spread and separate filaments.
Figure 6 shows a method for
triboelectric filament charging patented by
Du Pont Company in 1967.
The triboelectric charging is the Figure 7. Corona filament charging
most common and it is charging via rubbing From Sternberg, E.M. (1977). Method for
contact of the filaments with a suitable forwarding and charging a bundle of
dielectric material (Kinney, 1967). filaments. P.2.
In the slot attenuators, the filaments
are put in the moving lay down belt.

Article Designation: Scholarly 5 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
 Figure 8 shows the slot attenuators needles are rapidly passed through the plane
patented by Du Pont Company in 1976. of moving spun web (Smorada, 2004).
Debbes used two rows of narrow slot Thermal bonding is more common
attenuators covering the full width of the and economical than chemical binder
machine. As shown in Figure 8, one row of bonding. Area-thermal bonding bonds large
attenuators had the slots lined up across the regions and is based primarily on
web, while the other row had the slots lined temperature. Point-thermal bonding,
up in the machine direction. The two slots however, bonds small regions and makes
are oscillated in the different directions and use of both temperature and pressure to
the filaments are put on the surface of the effect fiber fusion. It is more flexible, since
moving belt in a zig-zag pattern. The result the fibers between the point bonds
was the fabric with balanced properties in remaining relatively free (Dahiya, Kamath,
the two directions (Debbes, 1976). & Hegde, 2004).
Chemical binder bonding is used less
frequently for spunbond process (Smorada,
2004).

3.7. Winding

After the fabrics are bonded, they

encounter treatments such as embossing,
resin treatment, flame retardancy, rewet
agent, dyeing, printing, antistat agent
(Editorial Staff, 1992a). In a slitting section,
the fabrics are slit to provide the fabric rolls
with precise dimensions. Then, the fabrics
are rolled and they are wrapped and shipped
(Editorial Staff, 1992a).
Figure 8. Slot attenuators From Debbes, S.C.
(1976). Nonwoven polypropylene fabric. p.3. 4. Spunbond Composites

The spunbond technology can be

3.6. Bonding
widely used in conjunction with various
technologies for nonwoven product.
Many bonding methods can be used
to bond the filaments in the spunbond
4.1. SMS (Spunbon/Meltblown/Spunbond)
process. These include hydroentangle
bonding, needlepunching bonding, thermal
The spunbonded nonwovens provide
bonding, chemical bonding, etc.
the manufacturer to make nonwoven
The hydroentangle bonding is more
composites in a continuous process. The
complex and expensive, but this technology
nonwoven composites combining several
can produce very different continuous
processes are made depending on the
filament structures. This technology helps
nonwoven products such as the geotextiles,
the tensile strength of the fabrics is
filtration textiles and in protective textiles
improved and the fabrics can be processed at
which require the special fabric properties
higher line speeds with a higher efficiency
(Wehamann, 1992).
(Editorial Staff, 1992a; Smorada, 2004).
Figure 9 shows an example of the
The needlepunching bonding
combination of SMS
provides more comfortable and bulky
(spunbond/meltblown/spunbond) which is
fabrics than thermal or chemical binder
known as multidenier processes.
bonding. In the technology, the barbed

Article Designation: Scholarly 6 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
 Otherwise, there are many varieties of laid down on a conveyor belt.
multilayer such as multilayer spun bond Homogenously mixed with the short fibers,
nonwovens (SS, SSS) and multilayer they are distributed into the void volumes of
spunbond and melt blown nonwovens (SM, the filaments matrix (Wilhelm, Hilmer, &
SMS, SMMS).The air volume in the Walter, 2002).
meltblown process is much greater than that Spinforming structure, coming out of
in the spunbond process, because the the machine without further treatment such
meltblown process has the high velocity. as bonding, is used to the excellent
The fiber length of the meltblown process is absorbent layers for hygiene products. The
relatively shorter than the spunbond process, unique structure of spun bond web
for example, that of the spunbond process is contributes to keep the skin of the user to
generally in the range of 10,000 to 15,000 stay dry and comfortable (Smorada, 1992;
fiber/m die, while that of the meltblown Wilhelm, Hilmer, & Walter, 2002). Figure
process is in one single row with 10 shows the spinforming called
approximately 1,000 or 2,000 fiber/m die VAPORWEB process. In this process, the
(Wehanmann, 1992). composite is coated and biaxially drawn,
after thermal bonding of the spun bonded
nonwoven.

Figure 10. VAPORWEB process

Figure 9. SMS spunbond technology From Wilhelm, A., Hilmer, F., & Walter, K.
(Zimmer AG) (2002). Nonwoven Fabrics. p.220.
From Wilhelm, A., Hilmer, F., & Walter, K.
(2002). Nonwoven Fabrics. p.211. 6. Test Methods

4.2. Spinforming Process A standard test method describes a

definitive procedure which produces a test
The spinforming process is a process result. It may involve making a careful
developed to form a new group of personal observation or conducting a highly
nonwovens with fluff pulp for hygienics. technical measurement. A number of
Using this spinforming process, national and international standards
superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and endless organizations are involved in drawing up
filaments are spun and bonded together. The standards relating to usage and testing on the
spinforming technology combines the air- basis of the latest state of technology
laid process for short fibers with spun bond (Wilhelm, Hilmer, & Walter, 2002).
technology. The filaments are drawn to Standards organizations include ISO
enhance strength and sucked into a blending (International Organization for
chamber. They are blended with defiberized Standardization), ASTM (American Society
short fibers and powder is intermingled in for Testing and Materials), and DIN
this blending chamber. Then, the mixture is (Deutsches Institut für Normung). Within

Article Designation: Scholarly 7 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
the nonwovens industry, several groups are of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry),
concerned with developing, refining, EDANA (European Disposables and
evaluating, approving, and disseminating Nonwovens Association), and TAPPI
test methods. These groups include the (Technical Association of the pulp & Paper
following organizations: INDA (Association Industry).
Table 1. INDA test methods for nonwoven
From Editorial Staff. (1992b). Standard Test Methods. p. 264.

IST
Property Description
Number
absorbency amt of liquid absorbed and speed of absorption 10.1–3
abrasion
resistance of nonwovens to being worn away 20.1–5
bursting strength force to rupture nonwoven under water pressure 30.1
electrostatic properties amt of charge that can build up on a sample 40.1–2
optical properties opacity: resistance to light being passed brightness:
60.1–2
whiteness
permeability ease of air or water vapor passage under pressure 70.1–2
resistance of nonwovens to wetting and penetration after
repellency exposure to water, salt solutions, alcohol, and 80.1–9
hydrocarbon solvents and oils
bacterial resistance of a nonwoven to penetration by bacteria in a
salt solution under water pressure
stiffness
tendency for a nonlimp nonwoven to droop as it is
cantilever 90.1
pushed over the edge of a surface
ability of a heavy, stiff nonwoven to push a pendulum
curly 90.2
aside as it is moved past it
ability of a soft, lightweight nonwoven to flex and not
handle-O-Meter 90.3
drag as it is pushed through an opening
resistance of a nonwoven to continue to tear after being
tear 100.1–3
cut and pulled from both sides
breaking load and force to break a nonwoven when it is pulled from both
110.1–4
elongation ends; extent of stretching before breaking
force needed to break a seam holding two pieces of
seam breaking nonwoven together when the sample is pulled from both
ends
bond strength of force to separate a nonwoven from another material
laminates after they have been laminated together
internal bond strength force to pull a nonwoven fabric into two plies
how thick a nonwoven is when it is held between a
thickness 120.1–2
weight and a surface
drag when a nonwoven is slid over itself or over a
coefficient of friction 140.1
polished surface
dry cleaning and shrinkage, loss of strength, ability to be peeled apart
150.1
laundering experienced by a single fabric or laminate
linting extent of particles loosened from nonwoven as it is bent
160.1
and flexed in air stream
amt of material leached out of nonwoven after exposure
extraction 190.1
to hot solvents

Article Designation: Scholarly 8 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
 Spunbond fabrics are characterized by Nonwoven products made by using
standardized test procedures originally the spunbond process are variously used in
developed for textile fabrics and paper disposable and medical applications,
products. INDA has published procedures automotive industry, filtration, civil
(see Table 1) that are routinely used to engineering, packaging applications, carpet
determine specific physical characteristics of backing applications, geotextiles, durable
nonwoven and spunbonded fabrics papers, bedding, pillows, furnishings, and
(Smorada, 2004). Many tests are established others (Editorial Staff, 1992a).
for the evaluation of properties such as The spunbond process has been
washability, stiffness, and softness. used for diapers and incontinence products.
Advances permit the quantitative evaluation It has been used in medical applications
of the hand of materials for textile such as disposable operating room gowns,
applications such as clothing (Kawabata, shoe covers and sterilization packaging,
1980) because it has the particular properties
including breath ability, resistance to fluid
7. Spunbond Market penetration, sterilizability, and
impermeability to bacteria (Wilhelm,
The worldwide nonwovens market in Hilmer, & Walter, 2002).
2007 reached 5,751 million tones equivalent In automotive industry, the spunbond
to $20.9 billion dollars. The volume was webs are used for tufted automobile floor
about 144 billion square meters. Spunbond carpets, for trim parts, trunk liners, interior
volume in 2007 was about 45.6% of the total door panel, and seat covers (Smorada ,
output or 2.621 million tons. Spunbond 1992).
includes spunbonded polypropylene (SBPP), In filtration industry, the spunbond
spunbonded polyester (SBPET), spunbonded webs are used in various applications
polyethylene (SBPE), spunbonded nylon including pool and spa, air particulate,
and melt blown technologies. As a group, coolant, milk and sediment for household
spunbond is growing about 9% per year water (Smorada, 2004). The SMS/ SMMS
worldwide and is forecast to reach 4.04 structures which are the combination of
million tons by the end of 2012. It share of spunbond and meltblown are widely used as
nonwoven production will be about 48% of air filters in the industry (Smorada, 2004).
the world's total nonwovens (INDA, 2007). In civil engineering, they are used in
The area of largest growth for erosion control, revetment protection,
spunbonded fabrics continues to be railroad bed stabilization, canal and
disposable diaper coverstock accounting for reservoir lining protection, highway and
70% of the U.S. coverstock market. airfield black top cracking prevention, and
Forecasts for the future growth of roofing, because it has the particular
spunbonded fabrics continue to be favorable properties including chemical and physical
as consumption in both durable and stability, high strength, and their highly
disposable areas continues to grow (INDA, controllable structure properties (Wilhelm,
2006). Growth is forecast to generally Hilmer, & Walter, 2002).
exceed the growth of all other nonwovens,
which itself is expected to grow at 3~6% per 8. Spunbond Technology Suppliers
annum. In addition to diaper coverstock and
hygiene, growth is anticipated in geotextiles, Many companies have engaged in
roofing, carpet backing, medical wrap, and spunbond nonwoven technology around the
durable paper applications (INDA, 2004). world (see Table 2).
According to INDA (2006), the Reemay polyester spunbond was
spunbond products are expected to rapidly produced by Du Pont Co. and Cerex and
increase in market share and penetrate new PBN-II nylon spunbond were produced by
markets including some portions of the Mansato. Many spunbond nonwoven
apparel market in the future. technologies have been adopted by
Article Designation: Scholarly 9 JTATM
Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
Freudenberg, Fiberweb, Veratec Canada, technology, for example, Docan process of
etc. Lurgi GmbH, Recicofil process of
Spunbond technologies acquired Reifenhäuser, and STP Impianti SpA
through licensing have proliferated by many process (Editorial Staff, 1992c).
companies including Kimberly-Clark Corp., As shown Table 2, the spunbond
Novatex Brazil, Augul Israel, Corovin, nonwoven suppliers are mostly in North
Bonlan Mexico, Veratec Canada, Kami America (Sanblue Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.,
Brazil, Amoco Germany, etc. There are 2009).
generally three kinds of license spunbond
Table 2. International spunbond suppliers
From Sanblue Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. (2009). Spunbond. Retrieved from
http://www.nonwovensupplier.com/Nonwoven-Fabric/spunbond.aspx
Company Country Company Country
Airlaid Corporacion Industrial Freudenberg Far Eastern
Argentina Taiwan
S.A. Spunweb Co. Ltd.
Softbond S.A. Argentina Shinih Enterprise Company, Ltd. Taiwan
Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
Excel Nonwovens Australia Taiwan
Plastics
CNC International Co., Ltd., A
Geofabrics Australasia Pty Ltd Australia Thailand
BBA Joint Venture Company
Kimberly-Clark Australia Pty. Australia Mogul nonwoven Turkey
Multapex Pty Ltd Australia Mogul Nonwovens Turkey
PGI-Yuexin International Mogul Spunbond - Meltblown
Australia Turkey
(Australia) Pty. LTd. Nonwovens
Sioen Nordifa Sa Belgium Branova Ltd. U.K.
Nolar Industries Ltd. Canada Freshsign Ltd. U.K.
Junqi Nonwovens Enterprise Co.,
China ABC Wiping Cloth Inc. U.S.A.
Ltd.
Qingdao Yihe Packing Plant China Air Filter Service Company Inc. U.S.A.
China Worldbest Group Co., Ltd. China Bro-tex, Inc. U.S.A.
Nhjinlong China Bruce J. Morris & Co., Inc. U.S.A.
Shandong Kangjie Nonwovens
China Cerex Advanced Fabrics, Inc. U.S.A.
Co.,Ltd.
Sunshine Nonwoven Fabric
China Convermat Corporation U.S.A.
Company Ltd.
Fibertex A/S Denmark Crystal Filtration Co. U.S.A.
Dounor S.A. France Fabric Sources International U.S.A.
BECO Bermuller & Co. GmbH Germany First Quality Nonwovens, Inc. U.S.A.
Freudenberg Nonwovens Limited
Johns Manville Sales GmbH Germany U.S.A.
Partnership
Sachsisches
Textilforschungsinstitut Germany Gem Tex Sales Corporation U.S.A.
E.V.STFI
Saehan Industries (Deutschland)
Germany Harodite Industries, Inc. U.S.A.
Gmbh
Freudenberg Vliesstoffe KG Germany Kimberly-Clark Corporation U.S.A.
Material Connections
Avion Group Company Limited Hong Kong U.S.A.
Incorporated
U.S. Pacific Nonwovens Industry
Hong Kong Monarch Textiles, Inc. U.S.A.
Ltd.
Alpha Foam Limited India N. Newman Associates U.S.A.
Karan Polypack Pvt Ltd India National Wire Fabric Inc. U.S.A.

Article Designation: Scholarly 10 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
R.K. Synthetics & Fibres Pvt.
India Nu-Tex Styles, Inc. U.S.A.
Ltd.
Sonaa Impex India Overseas Nonwovens, Ltd. U.S.A.
SONAA TEX India PGI U.S.A.
Swabs Tapes India Pvt. Ltd. India Prairiefire Fibers And Resources U.S.A.
Texbond Nonwovens India Precision Converters, Inc. U.S.A.
Concord Nonwoven Industries
India Precision Fabrics Group Inc. U.S.A.
Private Ltd.
Macropact India W. G. Steve Company, Inc. U.S.A.
Avgol Nonwovens Industries Israel Wendell Textiles Inc. U.S.A.
Fiberweb Italy Xamax Industries, Inc. U.S.A.
Nowotec srl Nonwovens Systems Italy Ahlstrom Filtration LLC U.S.A.
Tessiture Pietro Radici S.P.A. Italy BWF America Inc. U.S.A.
Texbond Nonwovens Italy Chisso America Inc. U.S.A.
Union Industries SpA Italy Chivic Trading Company U.S.A.
ATEX S.r.l. Italy Colbond Inc. U.S.A.
G. Sistemi S.r.l. Italy Deitsch Nonwovens U.S.A.
O.R.V. SpA Italy Essen Polymers Inc. U.S.A.
Nippon Kodoshi Corporation Japan Fiber Associates U.S.A.
Shinwa Corporation Japan Impak Corporation U.S.A.
Toyobo Company Ltd. Japan Madison Polymer Engineering U.S.A.
Kolon Chemical Co., Ltd. Korea Meyers Brothers Kalicka PC U.S.A.
Geo-Productos Mexicanos S.A.
Mexico New Avenue, Inc. U.S.A.
De C.V.
Joint International B.V. Netherlands Nonwoven Marketing U.S.A.
Phoenix Elastic Nonwovens
Erintra Netherlands U.S.A.
Development, Inc.
Lantor BV Netherlands Primafab International U.S.A.
Vanotex B.V. Netherlands Purolator Air Filtration U.S.A.
South
Spunchem Africa (PTY) Ltd. RKW US, Inc. U.S.A.
Africa
Nietos De Miguel Martinez
Spain Saehan America Inc. U.S.A.
Ramirez
Cell International S.A. Switzerland Target Marketing Worldwide U.S.A.

7. Conclusion 8. References
Aipma. (2009). Plastic Process. The All
Typical spunbond process
India Plastics Manufacturers’
components are a polymer feed, an extruder,
Association. Retrieved from
a metering system, a spin-pack, a quenching
http://www.aipma.net/info/plasticproces
system, a drawing and deposition system, a
s.htm
web formation, a bonding, and a winding.
The nonwoven products produced by using Brenk, J. (2004, Febuary 26). Higher added
spunbond process are used in various values for PET staple fibers and
applications. The usage of the spunbond spunbonds. Chemical Fibers
nonwoven has continually been growing. International, 54(1) , 37-40.
Many companies have engaged in spunbond Bundy, R. W. (1967). Method and apparatus
nonwoven technology around the world. In for producing nonwoven webs. US
the future spunbond products will continue Patent 3296678. Du Pont Co.
to rapidly increase market share and
penetrate new markets including some Callander, M. E. (1945). Manufacture of
portions of the apparel market. mineral wool. US Patent 2382290.

Article Designation: Scholarly 11 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
Dahiya, A., Kamath, M. G., & Hegde, R. R. INDA. (2006). The Absorbent Hygiene
(2004, April). Materials Science & Industry in North America 2006-2011,
Engineering 554, University of tenesse. Cary, NC, USA.
Retrieved from Nonwovens science and
INDA. (2007). Worldwide Outlook for the
technology II:
Nonwovens Industry: 2007-2012, Cary,
http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/Textiles/i
NC, USA.
ndex.html
Kasen Nozzle Mfg. Co., L. (2007).
Debbes, S. C. (1976). Nonwoven
Spunbond Spinnerette. Retrieved from
polypropylene fabric. US Patent
http://www.kasen.co.jp/english/product/
3991244. Du Pont Co.
line/spanbond.html
Editorial Staff. (1992a). Spunbond Process.
Kawabata, S. (1980). The Standardization
In Spunbond technology today 2:
and Analysis of Hand Evaluation,
Onstream in the 90's (pp. 11-16). San
2nded. Osaka, Japan: Textile Machinery
Francisco, California: Miller Freeman,
Society of Japan.
Inc.
Kinney, G. A. (1967). Process for forming
Editorial Staff. (1992b). Standard Test
non-woven filamentary structures from
Methods. In Spunbond technology today
fiber-forming synthetic organic
2: Onstream in the 90's (pp. 261-268).
polymers. US Patent 3338992. Du Pont
San Francisco, California: Miller
Co.
Freeman, Inc.
Malkan, S. R., & Wadsworth, L. C. (1992).
Editorial Staff. (1992c). Major
A review on spunbond technology: Part
Producer/Suppliers. In Spunbond
I. INB, Nonwovens,3 , 4-14.
technology today 2: Onstream in the
90's (pp. 201-205). San Francisco, McCulloch, J., Pourdeyhimi, B., & Zamfir,
California: Miller Freeman, Inc. M. (2003, June 1). Recent
developments in spunbonding and
Fedorova, N. (2006). Investigation of the
meltblowing. Nonwoven Industry, 34,
utility of islands-in-the-sea
48-52.
bicomponent. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, North Carolina State Nanjundappa, R., & Bhat, G. S. (2005).
University, Raleigh, NC, USA. Effect of Processing Conditions on the
Structure and Properties of
Fourné, F. (1992). New processes for
Polypropylene Spunbond Fabrics.
spunbond fabric production. In
Applied Polymer Science, 98, 2355-
Spunbond technology today 2:
2364.
Onstream in the 90's (pp. 169-174). San
Francisco, California: Miller Freeman, Russell, S. J. (2007). Handbook of
Inc. nonwovens. Cambridge : Boca Raton,
Fla.: CRC Press.
Gilmor, T. F. (1992). Spunbond Web
Formation Processes: A critical Review. Sanblue Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. (2009).
In Spunbond technology today 2: Spunbond. Nonwoven Supplier.com.
Onstream in the 90's (pp. 139-145). San Retrieved from
Francisco, California: Miller Freeman, http://www.nonwovensupplier.com/Non
Inc. woven-Fabric/spunbond.aspx
Hill, R. G. (1990). Book of papers. Fiber Semjonow, V. & Foedrowits, J. (1979).
Production Conference, Greenville, SC, Process and device for the manufacture
USA. of non woven webs from filaments. US
Patent 4163305. Hoechst
INDA. (2004). Worldwide Outlook for the
Nonwovens Industry: 2004-2009, Cary, Slater, G. & Thomas, J. H. (1940).
NC, USA. Manufacture of glass wool. US Patent

Article Designation: Scholarly 12 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010
 2206058. Owens-Corning Fiberglass Vargas, E. (1989). Meltblown technology
Corporation. today : An overview of raw materials,
processes, products, markets, and
Smorada, R. (1992). Spunbonding:
emerging end uses. San Francisco,
Characteristics, Applications,
Calif: Miller Freeman.
Technologies. In Spunbond technology
today 2: Onstream in the 90's (pp. 17- Wehamann, M. (1992). Production of
33). San Francisco, California: Miller Nonwovens According to the Spunbond
Freeman, Inc. and Meltblown System. In Spunbond
technology today 2: Onstream in the
Smorada, R. L. (2004, February 13).
90's (pp. 149-152). San Francisco,
Nonwoven Fabrics, Spunbonded. Kirk
California: Miller Freeman, Inc.
Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology . Wilhelm, A., Hilmer, F., & Walter, K.
(2002, November). Nonwoven Fabrics;
Sternberg, E. M. (1977). Method for
Raw Materials, Manufacture,
forwarding and charging a bundle of
Applications, Characteristics, Testing
filaments. US Patent 4009508.
Processes. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Monsato.
Vargas, E. (1988). Spunbond technology
today. San Francisco, California: Miller
Freeman, Inc.

Article Designation: Scholarly 13 JTATM

Volume 6, Issue 3, Spring2010