SURGERY
1. THE SMA LIES TO THE LEFT OF THE SMV
AS IT CROSSES OVER THE THIRD PORTION
OF THE DUODENUM. ( CLINICAL
IMPORTANCE : TO CHECK MALROTATION )
2. MOST COMMON HEART TUMOR - ATRIAL
MYXOMAS
3. RHABDOMYOMA (BENIGN CARDIAC
TUMOR) IS ASSOCIATED WITH TUBEROUS
SCLEROSIS.
4. TYPE I THYROPLASTY IS USED FOR
MEDIALIZATION OF CORD.
5. SEVERE PANCREATITIS IS SAID TO BE
PRESENT IF THERE IS NECROSIS WITHIN
THE PANCREAS. HENCE IT IS ALSO KNOWN
AS NECROTIZING PANCREATITIS.
6. ADENOCARCINOMAS DO NOT CALCIFY.
7. MOST COMMON SITE OF IATROGENIC
ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION IS
CRICOPHARYNX ( AS ITS THE NARROWEST
PART OF GIT , WITH EXCEPTION OF
VERMIFORM APPENDIX )
8. IMPORTANT 25 CM STRUCTURES :
● OESOPHAGUS
● DUODENUM
● THORACIC DUCT
● URETER.
9. ACCORDION SIGN IS SEEN WITH
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS.
10. MOST COMMON CONGENITAL
ANOMALY OF URINARY TRACT IS DUPLEX
COLLECTING SYSTEM.
11. CENTRAL DOT SIGN IS SEEN IN CAROLI
DISEASE.
12. THE BEAR'S PAW SIGN IS SEEN IN
XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS
PYELONEPHRITIS.
13. PORTOMESENTERIC VEIN GAS IS MOST
COMMONLY CAUSED BY MESENTERIC
ISCHEMIA.
14. 211. GARLAND'S TRIAD (ALSO KNOWN
AS THE 1-2-3 SIGN) IS SUGGESTIVE OF
THORACIC SARCOIDOSIS.
15. BALL ON TEE SIGN - SEEN IN
PAPILLARY NECROSIS ON IVU.
16. HIDEBOUND BOWEL SIGN OR THE
STACK OF COINS - SEEN ON BARIUM STUDY
OF SMALL BOWEL IN SCLERODERMA
17. WHEEL WITHIN A WHEEL AND BULL’S
EYE LESION IS SEEN IN HEPATIC
ULTRASOUND OF - LIVER CANDIDIASIS.
18. CHIEF ARTERY SUPPLYING BREAST -
LATERAL THORACIC ARTERY
19. BERGER'S HERNIA - HERNIA IN POUCH
OF DOUGLAS
20. PETIT'S HERNIA - HERNIA THROUGH
PETIT'S TRIANGLE = INFERIOR LUMBAR
TRIANGLE
21. GRYNFELTT'S HERNIA - HERNIA
THROUGH GRYNFELTT-LESSHAFT
TRIANGLE =SUPERIOR LUMBAR TRIANGLE
22. DURING MUSCLE CONTRACTION H
ZONE DISAPPEARS, WIDTH OF I BAND
REDUCED ,A BAND REMAINS UNCHANGED.
23. MAXIMUM POTASSIUM ION
CONCENTRATION IN COLONIC FLUID.
MAXIMUM POTASSIUM SECRETION IS BY
SALIVA.
24. GANTZER'S MUSCLE IS ACCESSORY
BELLY OF THE FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS
MUSCLE.
25. CELLA MEDIA INDEX > 4 IS NORMAL
26. DISTAL PART OF THE TENDON OF
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS DETACHES AND
BECOMES THE MEDIAL COLLATERAL
LIGAMENT (TIBIAL COLLATERAL
LIGAMENT) OF THE KNEE.
27. LYTIC EXPANSILE BONE METASTASES
FROM - KIDNEY & THYROID
MALIGNANCIES.
28. PARADUODENAL HERNIAS - THE MOST
COMMON TYPE OF INTERNAL HERNIAS.
29. HEPATOPORTOENTEROSTOMY, OR
KASAI PORTOENTEROSTOMY IS A
SURGICAL TREATMENT PERFORMED ON
INFANTS WITH BILIARY ATRESIA TO
ALLOW FOR BILE DRAINAGE
30. KILLIAN’S DEHISCENCE (ALSO KNOWN
AS GATEWAY OF TEARS) - BETWEEN
THYROPHARYNGEUS AND
CRICOPHARYNGEUS
31. ABDOMINAL COCOON = SCLEROSING
ENCAPSULATING PERITONITIS.
32. APPLE CORE SIGN - ON BARIUM
STUDIES OF CIRCUMFERENTIAL GROWTH
IN COLON CANCERS.
33. ULCERATIVE COLITIS CAUSES
INFLAMMATORY DIARRHOEA
PANCREATIC EXOCRINE INSUFFICIENCY
CAUSES STEATORRHEAL DIARRHOEA
34. METASTASES -
● MC INTRACRANIAL METASTASIS FROM
CARCINOMA LUNG
● MC HEPATIC METASTASIS (OVERALL)
FROM BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
● MC HEPATIC METS FROM GIT FROM
COLONIC CARCINOMA
35. BISMUTH-CORLETTE CLASSIFICATION
- PERIHILAR CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA
36. 4TH VENTRICLE EPENDYMOMA VS
MEDULOBLASTOMA
● EPENDYMOMA - USUALLY FROM FLOOR
OF 4TH VENTRICLE (MNEMONIC -
ALPHABETIC ORDER EF)
● MEDULOBLASTOMA - USUALLY FROM
ROOF OF 4TH VENTRICLE
37. MOST COMMON TUMOR OF
MEDIASTINUM - NEUROGENIC TUMOR.
38. MASAOKA STAGING SYSTEM IS USED
FOR - THYMOMAS.
STAGE II AND ABOVE - THYMIC
CARCINOMA.
39. FAT RING SIGN OR FAT HALO SIGN IN
MESSENTRY IS SEEN IN - MESSENTERIC
PANNICULITIS
40. MOST COMMON SOFT TISSUE
SARCOMA
● MIDDLE AGE AND ELDERLY - MALIGNANT
FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA > LIPOSARCOMA
> LEIOMYOSARCOMA >MALIGNANT
PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH
TUMORS(MPNST).
● YOUNGER INDIVIDUALS - FIBROSARCOMA
> RHABDOMYOSARCOMA > SYNOVIAL
SARCOMA > MPNST
41. BILATERAL POSTERIOR ILIAC HORNS
ARE CONSIDERED PATHOGNOMONIC FOR
FONG'S DISEASE = NAIL PATELLA
SYNDROME.
42. BOCHDALEK'S HERNIA IS MOSTLY
LEFT SIDED BECAUSE OF PROTECTIVE
EFFECT FROM LIVER ON THE RIGHT.
43. INTRA RENAL CALCULI ARE USUALLY
ASYMPTOMATIC. BUT AN INTRA RENAL
CALCULUS CAN OBSTRUCT AT THE LEVEL
OF INFUNDIBULUM AND PRESENT WITH
PAIN.
44. PORENCEPHALIC CYST IS LINED BY
WHITE MATTER WHEREAS ARACHNOID
CYST IS LINED BY GREY MATTER
45. CAUSES OF APPLE CORE SIGN FEMUR
● SYNOVIAL CHONDROMATOSIS (MOST
COMMON)
● PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS
● AMYLOIDOSIS
● RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
46. MOST COMMON PRIMARY MALIGNANT
TUMOR OF PAROTID GLAND -
MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
47. MOREL LAVALLE LESION -
DEGLOVING INJURY IN SEVERE TRAUMA
RESULTING IN ABRUPT SEPARATION OF
THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS FATTY
TISSUE FROM THE UNDERLYING FASCIA.
48. .LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS
(LAM) IS INDISTINGUISHABLE TO LUNG
INVOLVEMENT IN TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
BUT CHYLOTHORAX AND
CHYLOPERITONEUM ARE COMMON IN
LAM.MOST COMMON LOCATION OF
BRONCHOGENIC CYST IS : MEDIASTINAL -
CARINAL.
49. MOST COMMON LOCATION FOR
INTRALOBAR PULMONARY
SEQUESTRATION : MEDIAL LEFT LOWER
LOBE.
50. LEIOMYOMA OF OESOPHAGUS
AFFECTS LOWER 2/3RD AS THIS PART HAS
SMOOTH MUSCLE.
51. DOUBLE PYLORIC CANAL - SEEN WHEN
GASTRIC ANTRAL ULCER FISTULATE TO
THE DUODENAL CAP.
52. METASTASES TO THYROID GLAND IS
RARE. MOST COMMON METASTASES TO
THYROID IS FROM MELANOMA.
53. MOST IMPORTANT POINT OF
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN
EXTRADURAL HEMATOMA (EDH) AND
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA (SDH) - IS THE
ABILITY OF SDH TO CROSS THE SUTURE
LINES WHEREAS EDH DOES NOT CROSS
SUTURE LINE.
54. THOUGH EDH IS USUALLY BICONVEX
AND SDH IS USUALLY CONCAVO-CONVEX
BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
THAT EVEN SDH CAN BE BICONVEX.
55. MOST COMMON SITE OF
GASTROINTESTINAL LYMPHOMA -
STOMACH.
56. PRIMARY EXTRA-GASTROINTESTINAL
STROMAL TUMORS - MOSTLY FOUND IN -
OMENTUM AND MESENTERY.
57. PSAMMOMA BODY ASSOCIATIONS :
● PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
● MESOTHELIOMA
● PAPILLARY RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
● SEROUS PAPILLARY OVARIAN
ADENOCARCINOMA
● ENDOMETRIAL ADENOCARCINOMAS
(PAPILLARY SEROUS CARCINOMA)
● MENINGIOMA
58. GOLDBLATT KIDNEY - CONSTRICTION
OF THE RENAL ARTERY - RENAL ISCHEMIA
- RELEASE OF RENIN - HYPERTENSION.
59. THE SUPERIOR ANASTOMOTIC VEIN
OR VEIN OF TROLARD DRAINS THE
SUPERFICIAL MIDDLE CEREBRAL VEIN
INTO SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS.
60. THE INFERIOR ANASTOMOTIC VEIN OR
VEIN OF LABBE DRAINS THE SUPERFICIAL
MIDDLE CEREBRAL VEIN INTO
TRANSVERSE SINUS.
61. CHANG’S SIGN - SEEN IN PULMONARY
EMBOLISM - ABRUPT CHANGE IN
DIAMETER OF PULMONARY ARTERY.
62. BOUQUET OF FLOWERS APPEARANCE
= PAINTBRUSH APPEARANCE - SEEN IN
MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY ON IVP.
63. GALLBLADDER GHOST TRIAD - SEEN
SONOGRAPHICALLY IN BILIARY ATRESIA
● ATRETIC GALLBLADDER LENGTH <19 MM,
● THIN OR ABSENT MUCOSAL LINING OR
INDISTINCT WALL,
● IRREGULAR GALLBLADDER CONTOUR
64. TRIANGULAR CORD SIGN :
SONOGRAPHIC SIGN SHOWING > 4MM
THICKNESS OF ECHOGENIC ANTERIOR
WALL OF THE RIGHT PORTAL VEIN
(EARPV) IN CASES OF BILIARY ATRESIA.
65. OMENTAL CAKE CAN BE SEEN IN
METASTASES (MOST COMMON) FROM
OVARIAN, GASTRIC OR COLON CANCER,
TUBERCULOUS PERITONITIS AND
LYMPHOMA.
66. ABSENCE OF SWALLOW TAIL SIGN -
PARKINSON'S DISEASE.
67. APHTHOUS ULCERS ARE SEEN IN
CROHN'S DISEASE. THEY ARE NEVER SEEN
IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS.
68. COOPER'S HERNIA A FEMORAL
HERNIA WITH TWO SACS,THE FIRST BEING
IN THE FEMORAL CANAL,AND THE
SECOND PASSING THROUGH A DEFECT IN
THE SUPERFICIAL FASCIA AND APPEARING
IMMEDIATELY BENEATH THE SKIN.
69. MAMMOGRAPHY
ALL PATIENT OF BREAST LUMP
SHOULD UNDERGO TRIPLE
ASSESSMENT AS IT HAS VERY HIGH
PPV(POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE).
THE FIRST STEP IS CLINICAL
EXAMINATION- AND DETERMINE IF THE
LUMP IS LIKELY TO BE BENIGN OR
MALIGNANT (CLINICAL SUSPICION).
THE NEXT SHOULD BE RADIOLOGY,
BEFORE PROCEEDING TO TISSUE
DIAGNOSIS. OPTIONS ARE MAMMOGRAM
IF THE AGE IS >30YRS AND USG FOR
YOUNGER PATIENTS OF <30 YRS OF AGE.
70. EXTRA DURAL HAEMORRHAGE -
MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY
71. SUB ARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE -
RUPTURE ON BERRY ANEURSYM
72. TENNIS BAL INJURY TO EYE - CIRCULIS
IRIDIS MAJOR
73. KOCHER’S INCISION
AN OBLIQUE INCISION MADE IN THE
RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT OF THE
ABDOMEN, CLASSIALLY USED FOR OPEN
CHOLECYSTECTOMY . NAMED AFTER
EMIL THEODOR KOCHER . IT IS
APPROPRIATE FOR CERTAIN
OPERATIONS ON THE LIVER ,
GALLBLADDER AND BILIARY TRACT
.THIS SHARES A NAME WITH THE
KOCHER INCISION USED FOR THYROID
SURGERY: A TRANSVERSE, SLIGHTLY
CURVED INCISION ABOUT 2 CM ABOVE
THE STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINTS;
74. GALL BLADDER STONES
🔹PRIMARY CBD STONE - FORMED WITHIN
THE BILIARY TRACT, ASSOCIATED WITH
BILIARY STASIS & INFECTION. THE ARE
SOFT, FRIABLE, LIGHT-BROWN STONES OR
SLUDGE IN THE COMMON BILE DUCT.
🔹SECONDARY CBD STONE - FORMED
INITIALLY IN THE GB, THEY MIGRATE
THROUGH THE CYSTIC DUCT INTO CBD &
ARE USUALLY CHOLESTEROL STONES.
75. FIVE COMMON TYPES OF ULCER EDGE
ARE SEEN IN SURGICAL PRACTICE.
● UNDERMINED EDGE-IS MOSTLY SEEN IN
TUBERCULOSIS.
● PUNCHED OUT EDGE-IS MOSTLY SEEN IN A
GUMMATOUS ULCER OR IN A DEEP
TROPHIC ULCER.
● SLOPING EDGE IS SEEN MOSTLY IN
HEALING TRAUMATIC OR VENOUS ULCER.
● RAISED AND PEARLY-WHITE BEADED
EDGE-IS A FEATURE OF RODENT ULCER.
● ROLLED OUT (EVERTED) EDGE-IS A
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.
76. MC TUMOUR OF THE APPENDIX :
CARCINOID
77. MC TUMOUR OF THE OESOPHAGUS :
LEIOMYOMAS
78. MC TUMOUR
OF THE MINOR
SALIVARY
GLANDS :
ADENOID CYSTIC
CARCINOMA MC
TYPE OF
ABDOMINAL
WALL HERNIA :
INGUINAL
HERNIA
79. MC TYPE OF ODONTOGENIC TUMOR :
AMELOBLASTOMA.
80. MC TYPE OF BENIGN MANDIBULAR
TUMOR : AMELOBLASTOMA
81. MC TYPE OF
LYMPHOMA
INVOLVING THE
HEAD AND NECK
REGION : DIFFUSE
LARGE B-CELL
LYMPHOMA MC
TUMOR OF THE
MINOR SALIVARY
GLANDS :
ADENOID CYSTIC
CARCINOMA
82. MC
VASCULA
R TUMOR
OF ORBIT
IN
CHILDREN
:
CAPILLAR
Y
HEMANGI
OMA. MC
INTRAOCU
LAR
MALIGNA
NT
NEOPLAS
M IN
CHILDHO
OD :
RETINOBL
ASTOMA
83. MC ORBITAL MALIGNANT NEOPLASM
OF CHILDHOOD : RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
84. TUMORS OF THE MEDIASTINUM:
● # ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM: THYMOMA
● MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM: PERICARDIAL
CYST
● POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM:
NEUROFIBROMA
● SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM: LYMPHOMA
● OVERALL MOST COMMON MEDIASTINAL
TUMOR IS: NEUROFIBROMA
85. HALLS CRITERIA: DOWNS SYNDROME
86. DUKE'S CRITERIA:
ENDOCARDITIS/HEART FAILURE
87. BUTCHERS CRITERIA:
MESOTHELIOMA
88. ANN ARBOR'S CLASSIFICATION:
HODGKINS LYMPHOMA
89. BISMUTH-CORLETTE
CLASSIFICATION: TUMORS OF HEPATIC
DUCTAL SYSTEM
90. ROBSONS CLASSIFICATION IS USED IN
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
91. RANSONS CRITERIA IS USED IN
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
92. MOST BLADDER CALCULI ARE
FORMED DE NOVO WITHIN THE BLADDER,
BUT SOME INITIALLY MAY HAVE FORMED
WITHIN THE KIDNEY
93. GRIDSONS INCISON : AN OBLIQUE
INCISION MADE IN THE RIGHT
LOWER QUADRANT OF THE ABDOMEN,
CLASSICALLY USED FOR
APPENDECTOMY INCISION IS PLACED
PERPENDICULAR TO THE
SPINOUMBLICAL LINE AT MCBURNEY'S
POINT, I.E. AT THE JUNCTION OF
LATERAL ONE-THIRD AND MEDIAL
TWO-THIRD OF SPINO-UMBLICAL LINE.
94. THE PARKLAND FORMULA FOR THE
TOTAL FLUID REQUIREMENT IN 24
HOURS IS AS FOLLOWS: 4ML X TBSA (%)
X BODY WEIGHT (KG); 50% GIVEN IN
FIRST EIGHT HOURS; 50% GIVEN IN
NEXT 16 HOURS- FOR BURNS
95. DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA -
BOCHDALEK - MORGAGNI MOST COM-
LEFT POSTERIOR - LEAST COMMON-
RIGHT ANTERIOR
96. EPIGASTRIC HERNIA HERNIA
THROUGH THE LINEA ALBA ABOVE THE
UMBILICUS
97. GEROTA'S FASCIA RENAL FASCIA
98. GIBBON'S HERNIA :HERNIA WITH
HYDROCELE
99. HERNIA EN GLISSADE SLIDING
HERNIA- DUE TO SLIPPING OF POSTERIOR
PARIETAL PERITONEUM ON UNDERLYING
RETROPERITONEAL STRUCTURES.
100. HOWSHIP HERNIAPAIN OR
PARAESTHESIA IN THE OBTURATOR
HERNIA ON THE INNER ASPECT OF THE
THIGH DOWN TO AND OFTEN MOST
SEVERE AT THE KNEE DUE TO
COMPRESSION OF N. OBTURATORIUS
