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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND SETTING

INTRODUCTION

Public awareness of natural hazards and their potential impact on the lives

and livelihood of vulnerable population is an all-time high. Disaster preparedness refers

to activities and resources taken in advance to ensure effective response to the impact

of disaster, including the issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the

temporary removal of people and property from a threatened location. this provides the

platform needed to design effective, realistic and coordinated planning while reducing

duplication of efforts and increasing the overall effectiveness of national societies,

household and community members ' disaster preparedness and response efforts.

Thus, a study on disaster preparedness of Tandag City on community-based disaster

risk reduction program is important to be able to know how disaster affects their

respective community. Preparedness in times of calamity is important to achieve a safe

environment and is necessary to support community development.

According to the Philippine management Handbook (March 2018), the

Philippines has a high vulnerability to natural hazards which are attributed to the

nation's geographic positions on Southeast Asia. Natural disaster such as typhoons,

earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides and fires affect the country. Julie
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Den kens (International Centre for Integrated Mountains Development (ICIMOD)

Kathmandu, Nepal June 2007), on a study about local knowledge in disaster

preparedness believed that since the 1970's evidence that local knowledge practices

can help implementing organizations to improve disaster preparedness activities;

notwithstanding this evidence, the marginalization of local knowledge and practices by

mainstream literature and institution involved with disaster management continues.

According to this study a local knowledge system is composed of different knowledge

types, practices and belief, values and worldviews such system change constantly

under the influence of power relations and cross-scale linkages both within and outside

the community.as such, local knowledge and practices need to be understood as

adaptive Reponses to internal and external changes which result (or, not) in disaster

preparedness at local level. In order to identify local knowledge on disaster

preparedness, one should focus on four key aspects: people's ability to observe their

local surroundings, people's anticipation of environmental indicators, peoples'

adaptation strategies, and people’s ability to communicate about natural hazards within

the community and between generations. Overall, the ability a community has to

prepare has to prepare itself for disaster preparedness needs to be understood within

the broader context of livelihood security and sustainability and building up community

resilience in the long term.

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Theoretical Framework

Based on the above discussion SCLT is a learning theory which has come out

on the ideas that people learn by watching what others do, and that human thought

processes are central to understanding personality. The study is anchored on Social

Cognitive Theory (SCT) that holes that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition

can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions,

experiences, and outside media influences. This study utilizes the social cognitive

perspective that posits that a person's behavior can be explained in terms of individual

and environmental factors rather than just being controlled by external stimuli or inner

forces (Bandura, 1978.) It assumes that factors such as person's cognitive, affective

and physiological aspects, behavioral patterns, as well as environmental events operate

as interacting determinants and influence one another (Bandura, 1999). Thus, it

presents a framework that highlights the interactive dynamic relationship of personal

and environmental factors, which determines an individual's behavior (Wood & Bandura,

1989)

A study that SCT in the context of disaster preparedness showed that

people's motivation to prepare for disasters is a function of the cognitive and affective

reactions to a natural hazard (Lee & Lemyre, 2009). When individuals are motivated,

intentions to prepare are formed on the basis of their outcome expectancies and self-
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efficacy. However, translating these intentions to actions depends on whether or not

they transfer responsibility of preparedness to others have a strong sense of

community, trust the source of disaster information, and perceive that the hazard occurs

infrequently (Lee & Lemyre, 2009). The findings of the said study support the idea that

individual and community factors contribute to an individual's intention to prepare for

disasters (Mclvor, Paton & Johnston, 2009).

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Conceptual Framework

- Socio Demographic

Profile of the
Indices of
Participant Recommended
Disaster
Intervention
Preparedness

Strategies
-Disaster

Preparedness

Program

R.A No. 10121

Figure 1

Schematic Diagram of the Study

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study seeks to assess the disaster preparedness of the participants along the flood

prone areas in Tandag City Surigao Del Sur. This specifically answered the following

questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondent's terms of:

1.1 ages

1.2 sex

1.3 civil status

1.4 education attainment

1.5 occupations

1.6 no. of household members

1.7 monthly income levels

1.8 previous flood experiences

1.9 residential risk locations

2. What are public readiness index scores of the participants in terms of?

2.1 Core readiness

2.2 Disaster preparedness behavior

3. Is there a significant relationship between problem 1 and problem 2?

4. Is there significant difference among the preparedness of the different participants?

5. Based on the findings of the study, what recommended interventions strategies will
be proposed?
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SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

This study hopes to be beneficial to the following individuals:

COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPANTS. They are the main beneficiary of this study.

They are the key resource and frontline in Community Based Disaster Risk

Management (CBDRM) implementation which priority is given to the community's most

vulnerable people, families and groups. Local people are the main participants and

prime movers to reduce disaster risk in the community through multi-stakeholder

involvement and participation to implementation of the community-based disaster risk

reduction program. The community manages processes by outside facilitators from a

non-governmental organization (NGOs) or government agencies. The community will be

able to know their functions by solving problems and decides on the disaster risk

reduction program and takes control of future plans and actions on prevention and

mitigation, as well as recovery.

Barangay Officials. The results of the study give insights as to how disaster

preparedness can be developed and improved. It can provide empirical inputs for

reviewing and formulating disaster managements related policies or decisions, project

and activities towards making their barangays resilient to disasters.

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Parents. The study is essential to the parents since their children will be given a

reliable environment through disaster preparedness, mitigation, and recovery. They are

the partner to the community in incorporating a safe environment for the children to

learn even when there are disaster and hazards in the community.

Student. This study is better for students to learn the environment through

disaster preparedness, and to let them know how to be safe and alert on hazards and

anything else.

The National Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)

Will come up with a framework for disaster risk reduction and management

(DRRM), as well as will be able to know how to supervise preparations for, and

responses to, natural calamities and human-induced disasters.

Local Government Unit (LGU)

Will highly benefit through the study since the LGU's are expected to be at the

frontline of emergency measures in the aftermath of disasters to ensure the general

welfares of its constituents, this is according to the Local Government Code of 1991. As

first responders, they should be proactive in performing disaster related activities, from

preemptive evacuation to the restoration of people's livelihood. Local Government Units

(LGU) should also know how to create a Local Risk Reduction and Management Plan
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(LDRRMP) covering 4 aspects of Disaster Risk Management (DRRM) as specified,

mitigation, rehabilitation and cover.

Scope and Limitation

This study will be limited to Disaster preparedness in Tandag City Surigao Del

Sur. The study will be conducted for academic year 2018-2019. This will be conducted

in the three (3) barangays of Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur, namely; Barangay

Dagocdoc, Telaje and Bongtod. This study further assesses the socio-demographic

profile of the participants. The natural and manmade hazards will be recalled and

assessed to gain knowledge of the preventive measures, mitigation, preparedness and

recovery of the school and community.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally and conceptually to promote a

better understanding of the study.

Public Readiness Index. A barometer that measures how prepared individuals

and families in a given community are, and provide a practical ''score'' that assesses

their readiness for an emergency.

Core Readiness- Index. This refers to the three elements measured in terms of

the participant’s knowledge/awareness of their local government's disaster plan, the

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radio emergency broadcast channel/alert system in their area, and preparedness

campaign efforts in their community.

Community-Based are organization, public or private nonprofit that include

religious institutions as significant segment of a community or a reprehensive of a

community engaged in environmental , education, human or public safety community

needs. community is the key resource and frontline CBDRM implementation which

priority is given to be the most vulnerable people in the community.

Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) . It consists of action taken similar to DRR

to increase resilience to weather-related hazards made by climate change.

Disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a

society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses, which

exceed the ability of the affected community/society to cope using its own resources. it

defines disaster as those events that displace the structural, economic, organizational,

cultural and spiritual well-being of communities by destroying their means of existence.

Disaster could either be human- induced or natural occurrence. Disasters are natural if

they just happen without being induced by human like tsunamis, volcanoes,

earthquakes, storms and floods

Disaster Preparedness Behavior. This refers to the seven elements that are

based and measurement that can mitigate the adverse consequences of disasters.
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Disaster Risk Reduction is defined as the systematic development and

application of policies, and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risk

throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness)

adverse impact of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development.

Disaster prevention refers to those activities that provide outright avoidance and

biological disasters.

Disaster Management. This refers to the activities related to disaster and the
management of the different phases of disaster cycle such as short-term in relief and
long-term in recovery management.

Early Warning System is a set of capacities needed to enable individuals;

school and communities disseminate timely warning information to reduce the possibility
of hazards.

Hazard is defined as a potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or

human activity, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and
economic disruption or environmental degradation.
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CHAPTER 2

This chapter will provide the related literatures and related studies that are used

in proving significant data for the advocacy.

Related Literature

Foreign

The Typhoon Prapiroon (Florita) a low-pressure area west of Okinotorishima

developed into a tropical depression on June 28. Prapiroon became a low-pressure

area on the next day, though the JMA still tracked its remnants until July 10, when it

finally dissipated. As of July 2018, only 1 person was killed by the storm, which was

from South Korea. On 25 April 2015, a major earthquake struck central Nepal, killing

more than 8,000 people and destroying a quarter of a million homes. Global disasters

data from 2013 (Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2013 - D. Guha -Sapir, P. Hoyois

and R. Below), the most recent annual analysis to be published, shows that there were

330 reported disasters triggered by geophysical, meteorological and climatological

hazards in that year, affecting 108 countries, resulting in more than 21,600 deaths,

affecting 96.5 million people and causing damage and losses to the value of $118.6

billion. in fact, 2013 was much quieter than many previous years: the average annual

death toll from such disasters in the decade 2003-12 was 106,654; the average annual

number affected was 216m and average annual losses were $157.UNISDR, Global
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Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction of 2013 defines disaster as a major

problem worldwide and a serious threat to sustainable development. Their impacts are

diverse: as well as loss of life, injury and disease and the destruction of property and

other assets, disasters can also cause social and economic disruption, loss of

infrastructure and other services and damage to the environment. In an increasingly

integrated world economy built on networks of global supply chains, disasters in one

country can easily affect others, and a shocks or disruption to one part of the supply

chain, such as a production plant or distribution center, can have a ripple effect

throughout the whole chain. This was illustrated well by two disasters in 2011, an

earthquake and tsunami in Japan and extensive flooding in Thailand. Both countries are

important suppliers of parts, components and finished products to industries and

markets worldwide. In both cases, production of a range of export products was

severely disrupted, with a knock-on impact on producers and consumers in many other

countries.

This Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015), According to John Twig (Good Practice

Review) Vulnerability is the result of the whole range of economic, social, cultural,

intuitional and political factors that shape people's lives and create the environments

that they live and work in. Development processes play a key role in exposing people to

hazards, as well as shaping their vulnerability to potential disasters. For example, the

fact that large number of people live in flimsy houses in hazardous locations could result
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from a combination of several factors: poverty (itself a symptom of local, national and

even global economic forces), population growth, displacement due to economic

development (e.g. loss of smallholdings to commercial agriculture), migration to towns

and cities (which has a variety of socioeconomic causes, including livelihood

opportunities), legal and political issues, such as lack of land rights, government macro-

economic and other policies and other political features, including weak government

and civil society institutions.

The global Assessment Report on 2009 Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and

Poverty in society that suffer worst from disasters, principally the poor, the very young

and the very old, women, the disabled, migrants and displaced people and people

marginalized by race, caste or other socio-economic or cultural characteristics (see

chapter 5: inclusion). Those who are already at an economic or social disadvantage

because of one or more of these characteristics tend to be more likely to suffer during

disasters. Vulnerability is not just about poverty, but poverty is a fundamental factors.

Disasters' impact on society is uneven and unequal: poor and socially marginalized

households tend to be much more vulnerable to losses than wealthier households; they

are pushed deeper into poverty as a result; and they find it more difficult to recover.

Germany, Austria, Hungary and the Czech Republic were badly affected by

flooding in June 2013. Flood protection and water storage structures, such as levees,
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water diversion channels, dams and lakes and restored floodplains (many of which had

been created following devastating floods in Central Europe in 2002), generally proved

effective in preventing flooding, especially in major towns and cities, but in some places

they were overwhelmed by the exceptionally high water levels, or there were gaps in the

defenses' that allowed floodwater through. Although the death toll was relatively low (25

people were killed), estimates of economic losses ranged from (16.5bn) to 16bn

($22bn). In Germany alone an estimated 52,500 people along the Danube and Elbe

rivers were forced to leave their homes.

What happened in Central Europe proved that Disasters affect rich as well as

poor countries (see Case Study 1.1: Central Europe floods,2013),but they have a

particularly severe impact on low-income countries, which experience disproportionately

higher mortality and suffer higher levels of economic loss in relation to the size go their

GDP. Disaster events can sometimes set back years of economic and social

developmental damage. Like poor families, low-income countries often lack the

resources and capacities to cope with disasters (see Box 1.2: DRR capacities in richer

and poorer countries).

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Related Literature

Local

The Philippines is one of the top countries in the world at risk of climate-related

disasters. For populations subsisting at the poverty line in particular, but also the nation

as a whole, daily lives and well-being are routinely challenged. as Bert Metz, Ogunlade

Davidson, Rob Swart and Jiahuan Pan concurred that there must be identification and

assessment of mitigation technologies and measures that are required to deviate from

“business-as usual'' in the short term. This should be done to raise the level of resiliency

-and not the tolerance- of nations and communities to all kinds of disaster. Thus, seeing

people who refuse to evacuate their homes in the face of impending danger is no longer

unfamiliar. Some have misunderstood their sense of tolerances as sense of security

and resiliency. From the Philippines star news (Filipino worldview, September 28,2018),

of the 95 fatalities reported as a direct result typhoon ompong that slammed into

northern luzon,16 people perished from the wind and flooding that it brought. the

majority of those who perished were the result of landslide that buried a small

settlement of miners and their families in itogon. The relatively low number of casualties

in other parts of Luzon can be attributed to the pro-active and pre-emptive actions by

the government -at all level - in evacuating residents at risk to safer areas. Conversely,

the high number of casualties in itogon was as a result of the absence of such
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preparedness by the government formal risk assessment is difficult, imprecise and

controversial as it involves determining the type of hazards involved, estimating the

number of people likely to suffer serious consequences and estimating the probability of

each hazard occurring. These was according to G. Tyler Miller, Jr. (1990) who also

explained that one way to improve system reliability is to move more of the potentially

fallible elements from the human side to the technical side, making the system more

fool-proof of "fail-safe".

It is not the landslides' fault that people died. This seems rather harsh to say

but not if you consider that disasters happen when hazards intersect with people

resulting in the loss of lives or and destruction of property. A landslide in a remote,

unpopulated area would be characterized as a natural phenomenon. But the people in

Itogon were working and living in harm's way. They lived on the slopes where they were

engaged in small scale mining as their only or main source of livelihood

Disaster preparedness can be both a condition and a choice. The choice of

capacities to build is directly proportional to the degree of disaster risk reduction which

the researchers may deem acceptable or tolerate to a certain community while the

knowledge of disasters is a condition for learning their eventual management in being

so disaster preparedness may yet prove to be one single factor which finally would

institute the much needed resilience as well as change - internal and external for the
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social development of the City of Manila, or of any other city like Tandag, for that matter.

For the selected barangays of this study, it could well be the framework in its need to

transform its own condition of vulnerability into capability and turn its own choice of

mere self-preservation into managed self-livelihood.

Related Studies

Foreign

There are different types of approach in the scientific research according to a

joint study participated in by Dr. Darcie B. Zoleta-Nantes in 2004 (pre-Hyogo

Framework for Action World Conference), the different types of approach in the

scientific research of hazard-related human behaviors. One such approach mentioned

has directly associated disaster preparedness with age-related demographic variables

(e.g., highest educational attainment, income, home ownership) and psycho-social-

behavioral variables (e.g., training, risk assessment). This validates the direct

relationship between the socio-demographic profiles of the respondents.

A social system is "a complex and dynamic set of relationships among its actor

interacting with one another According to Martires, C.R. (2011), Thus, R.A. No. 10121

acknowledges the need to "adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach

that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated and proactive is lessening the socio-

economic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and

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promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned,

at all levels, especially the local community." Disaster preparedness, aside from being a

multilevel system (global, regional, national, community, individual), becomes also multi-

relational (physical, social, economic, environmental). Within the social system of the

community, there are still various subsystems interdependent with each other.

The massive effects of disaster have been a problem throughout the whole

world. Several studies had been done and continuous research to address such

phenomenon had been conducted. According to a study on Community Base Disaster

Risk Management in India, Creating awareness is the most challenging, when dealing

with a multi-lingual, multi-cultural population with varying levels of literacy. However in

doing so it's crucial for strengthening the capacity by improving infrastructure and

providing trainings to people, and finally marshaling resources of every kind to cope with

natural or human-induced hazards and to prevent them from turning into disasters. In

the pursuit of this objective, a steering committee was constituted at the national level

by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, with representation of experts

from a diverse stream of communication including advertising and media. Under the

Government of India - United Nation Development Program Disaster Risk Management

Program, the states have evolved specific awareness campaign strategies involving

multiple media. Some of the initiatives have been fairly intensive.

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Research Advisor at ODI, explains why disaster risk reduction efforts should

be incorporated in core national policies, and considers progress made so far towards

that goal. According to Jan Kellet, Senior that he stated that much more work is needed

to make international disaster risk reduction (DRR) efforts long lasting and effective.

This will require a shift in the balances from financing standalone projects towards the

integration of risk at the heart of vulnerable countries' development. This change in

direction is clear in the mid-term review of the Hyogo Framework for Action, the global

community’s blueprint for advancing DRR. The Overseas Development Institute (ODI),

together with the World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, will

launch a report in September that examines how the international community has

contributed of financing DRR, how much has been spent, where, and crucially, for what

reasons. A snapshot of this information was released at the Global Platform for DRR

earlier this year, painting a rather bleak picture of DRR financing as a low priority.

Funding is highly concentrated in a few countries and considerable scrutiny is required

on the adequacy, sustainability and equity of the money spent.

The data suggest a reasonably sustained but modest volume of one billion

dollars a year has gone to DRR in the last three or four years. Modest because it is a

fraction of what the international community commits to other issues; for example, it is

one tenth of that spent on peacekeeping and about one fifth of food aid. It also

highlights the very high volumes spent after a disaster, rather that investment before.
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One reason for such weak financing is that there are actually very few dedicated

financing mechanisms for DRR.

Related Studies

Local

As a country frequented by various natural disasters, the possibility of another

major disaster in the Philippines is not a matter of where, but when. According to the

key findings of qualitative study completed recently by the Institute of Philippine Culture

(IPC) based at the Ateneo de Manila University, many residents in poor communities

that were heavily affected by Typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng in 2009 are still struggling to

recover due to lack of assets and working capital to restore their livelihood lost to the

floods. Using focus group discussions and key information’s and key informant’s

interviews, the study titled "The Social Impact of Tropical Storm Ondoy" probes into the

long-term effects of the disasters that hit the country in 2009.

On an article by Steven Rood, the Asia Foundation's Count Representative for

the Philippine and Pacific Island Nations published on the website of the Asia

Foundation, it is stressed out that the residents of the Philippines are inured to copious

amounts of rain, which can lead to complacency. One theme of post-storm

conversations was that many did not realize the extent of flooding and damage until it

was too late. Certainly the strength of the early morning rain did serve as a warning to
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preemptively charge cell phones and the like, but many ventured out as normal and

became caught in the flooding. Light rail lines operated as normal, so people waded

across avenues turned into rivers in order to reach the mass transit. Traffic jams, on the

other hand, became permanent as vehicles were flooded and unable to move. One

innovation had to with the use of new mapping technologies that aggregated calls for

assistance and reports of flooding into an overall picture of what was happening.

Zooming into a map clearly shows where the prosperous community of provident

village, inside a loop of the Marikina River, was flooded in metro manila it is the area

which suffered the worst damage.

In the,Brgy. Rizal, Makati, it emphasized the challenge of reducing the impacts

of disaster in the urban poor. according to the case study conducted by found

bendimerad, chairman of the board, EMI, Quezon city, Philippines et. Al. yet, the

vulnerability of the urban poor is escalating due to pressure from urbanization, the

competition for scarce resources and weakness in governance structures. in most

cases, vulnerability reduction action resolves to displacing communities from high risk

areas. However, these approaches are not always viable. This project attempts to find

an approach through risk-sensitive urban redevelopment. This approach combines in a

single solution the reduction of risk and the improvements of emergency management

capacity, with the improvement of the socio-economic and the living condition of the

residents.
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In the handbook of Carter (2008) entitled, disaster management: a disaster

manager's handbook, stated that disaster preparedness refers to measures which

enable government, organizations, communities, and individuals to responds rapidly

and effectively to disaster situations. This entails the formulation and maintenance of

counter-disaster plans, special provisions for emergency actions, provision of warning

system, emergency communications, public education and awareness and training

programs. In the case study of de Leon, A. (2014) published by the DOST digest, she

reported that the department of science. Preparation remains best option, unlike storms

and typhoons, earthquakes cannot be - forecasted and can only be predicted by looking

at how often it happens in history.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employed the descriptive method because it was believed to be more

accurate to administer it when it comes to finding factual information. This method being

deemed appropriate in this study would entail the use of a common tool, the

questionnaire.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at the three (3) Barangays of the City of Tandag, Surigao

Del Sur. These Barangays were selected as the research locale because of the fact that

these Barangays belong to the high-risk or disaster prone areas of the city.

Research Participants

The participants of the study are the people of chosen Barangay namely Barangay

Dagocdoc, Telaje, and Bongtud.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers went through the following step-by-step procedure in gathering the

necessary data of the study. First, the researchers commence by sending letter of
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permission to the Principal and other teachers of Tandag National Science High School.

Followed by the notarization of their waivers then sending to the Barangay Captain to

ask permission to conduct the research. Finally, survey questionnaire will be distributed

to the selected participants.

Research Instrument

The tool used by the Researchers to conduct the study was the survey questionnaire

supplemented with the structured guide interview. The questionnaire was adopted with

the title of disaster preparedness assessment along flood prone area in Tago, Surigao

Del Sur created by the author of Aishan May I. Almencion, Laurence Grace M.

Gaudicos, Auxell Bae P. Platitas, and Ronald L. Rubi in the year of March 2017.

In the survey questionnaire, the first part cited the Socio-demographic profile of the

participants such as age, sex and civil status.

However, the second part is about the public readiness index questions of the

participants and the techniques used on how to be aware on disaster preparedness in

Tandag City.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-Tabon, Quezon, Tandag City

HUMANITIES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

Statistical treatment

The following statistical tools were used to treat the data gathered from the Reponses of

the surveys questionnaire.

Purposive random sampling - this method is used in selecting respondents.

Frequency court - this sampling method is used to interpret the respondent's

demographic profile and their means of transportation.

Weighted mean - this statistical treatment used to interpret the respondent's responses

on questions.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-Tabon, Quezon, Tandag City

HUMANITIES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

Reference Cited

Philippine Management Handbook (March 2018)

Julie Dekens (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

Kathmandu, Nepal June 2007), Local Knowledge in Disaster Preparedness

2013 (Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2013 - D Guha-Sapir, P Hoyois and R. Below)

UNISDR, Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction of 2013

According to John Twigg (Good Practice Review - Disaster Risk Reduction 2015)

2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Risk and Poverty in a

Changing Climate

Case Study 1.1: Central European floods, 2013

Philippine Star News (Filipino Worldview, September 28,2018 )

"The social Impact of Tropical Storm Ondoy", Institute of Philippine Culture (IPC) based

at the Ateneo de Manila University

Carter (2008), Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager's Handbook

An article of De Leon, A (2014) published by DOST Digest

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-Tabon, Quezon, Tandag City

HUMANITIES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

INDICES DISASTER PREPAREDNESS IN TANDAG CITY

________________________________________________________

A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty and Staff
of Tandag National Science High School
Tandag City

In Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for Practical Research 1

James Kyle Dones

Hyacinth Gimelga
Cherry Suazo
Marko Joselito Tindugan
Researchers

ELAN M. ELPIDANG Ph. D

Research Adviser