DEP SPECIFICATION

TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

DEP 32.71.00.31-Gen.

February 2013

DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE

© 2013 Shell Group of companies

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, published or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner or Shell Global Solutions International BV.
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PREFACE

DEP (Design and Engineering Practice) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication, of Shell Global Solutions
International B.V. (Shell GSI) and, in some cases, of other Shell Companies.

These views are based on the experience acquired during involvement with the design, construction, operation and
maintenance of processing units and facilities. Where deemed appropriate DEPs are based on, or reference international,
regional, national and industry standards.

The objective is to set the standard for good design and engineering practice to be applied by Shell companies in oil and
gas production, oil refining, gas handling, gasification, chemical processing, or any other such facility, and thereby to help
achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from standardization.

The information set forth in these publications is provided to Shell companies for their consideration and decision to
implement. This is of particular importance where DEPs may not cover every requirement or diversity of condition at each
locality. The system of DEPs is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual Operating Units to adapt the
information set forth in DEPs to their own environment and requirements.

When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use DEPs, they shall be solely responsible for such use, including the
quality of their work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those
requirements not specifically covered, the Principal will typically expect them to follow those design and engineering
practices that will achieve at least the same level of integrity as reflected in the DEPs. If in doubt, the Contractor or
Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the Principal.

The right to obtain and to use DEPs is restricted, and is typically granted by Shell GSI (and in some cases by other Shell
Companies) under a Service Agreement or a License Agreement. This right is granted primarily to Shell companies and
other companies receiving technical advice and services from Shell GSI or another Shell Company. Consequently, three
categories of users of DEPs can be distinguished:

1) Operating Units having a Service Agreement with Shell GSI or another Shell Company. The use of DEPs by these
Operating Units is subject in all respects to the terms and conditions of the relevant Service Agreement.

2) Other parties who are authorised to use DEPs subject to appropriate contractual arrangements (whether as part of
a Service Agreement or otherwise).

3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users referred to under 1) or 2)

which requires that tenders for projects, materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said
users comply with the relevant standards.

Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users, Shell GSI disclaims
any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death) suffered by any company or person
whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or implementation of any DEP, combination of DEPs
or any part thereof, even if it is wholly or partly caused by negligence on the part of Shell GSI or other Shell Company. The
benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to Shell GSI and/or any Shell Company, or companies affiliated to these
companies, that may issue DEPs or advise or require the use of DEPs.

Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements, DEPs shall
not, without the prior written consent of Shell GSI, be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever and the
DEPs shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after
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GSI may at any time require information satisfactory to them in order to ascertain how users implement this requirement.

All administrative queries should be directed to the DEP Administrator in Shell GSI.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 4
1.1 SCOPE...................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS..........4
1.3 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................ 4
1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES............................................................................................ 6
1.5 SUMMARY OF MAIN CHANGES..............................................................................6
1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP......................................................................................6
1.7 DUAL UNITS............................................................................................................. 6
2. GENERAL................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 TYPES OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM..........................7
2.2 TELECOMMUNICATION AUTHORITY.....................................................................8
2.3 TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS.................................................................8
2.4 CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNOLOGIES USED..................................8
2.5 USE IN HAZARDOUS AREAS..................................................................................8
3. TELECOMMUNICATION TRANSMISSION GROUP................................................8
3.1 MICROWAVE SYSTEMS.......................................................................................... 8
3.2 TRANS-HORIZON RADIO-RELAY SYSTEM..........................................................13
3.3 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM............................................................14
3.4 OPTICAL SYSTEM.................................................................................................. 16
4. POWER SUPPLIES................................................................................................18
4.1 POWER SOURCES................................................................................................18
5. REFERENCES........................................................................................................ 19
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE
This DEP specifies requirements and gives recommendations for telecommunication
transmission equipment and systems.
This DEP is a revision of the DEP of the same number; dated December 1997; see (1.5)
regarding the changes.

1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

Unless otherwise authorised by Shell GSI, the distribution of this DEP is confined to Shell
companies and, where necessary, to Contractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers nominated
by them. Any authorised access to DEPs does not for that reason constitute an
authorisation to any documents, data or information to which the DEPs may refer.
This DEP is intended for use in facilities related to oil and gas production, gas handling, oil
refining, chemical processing, gasification, distribution and supply/marketing. This DEP
may also be applied in other similar facilities.
When DEPs are applied, a Management of Change (MOC) process shall be implemented;
this is of particular importance when existing facilities are to be modified.
If national and/or local regulations exist in which some of the requirements could be more
stringent than in this DEP, the Contractor shall determine by careful scrutiny which of the
requirements are the more stringent and which combination of requirements will be
acceptable with regards to the safety, environmental, economic and legal aspects. In all
cases, the Contractor shall inform the Principal of any deviation from the requirements of
this DEP which is considered to be necessary in order to comply with national and/or local
regulations. The Principal may then negotiate with the Authorities concerned, the objective
being to obtain agreement to follow this DEP as closely as possible.

1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.3.1 General definitions
The Contractor is the party that carries out all or part of the design, engineering,
procurement, construction, commissioning or management of a project or operation of a
facility. The Principal may undertake all or part of the duties of the Contractor.
The Manufacturer/Supplier is the party that manufactures or supplies equipment and
services to perform the duties specified by the Contractor.
The Principal is the party that initiates the project and ultimately pays for it. The Principal
may also include an agent or consultant authorised to act for, and on behalf of, the
Principal.
The word shall indicates a requirement.
The word should indicates a recommendation.
1.3.2 Specific definitions

Term Definition
Natural Natural barrier such as hills and mountains that shield the receiver
blockage antenna from reflected signal
Last mile End part of the communication network where the customer premises
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Term Definition
able to connect directly.
Trans-horizon Beyond line-of-sight communication link
Nearfield Broadband network connectivity that extended to few kilometres radius,
wireless connecting directly to customer premises or user equipment.
communication
Fresnel zone Volume around the line of sight signal that the radio waves spread out
into once they leave the transmitting antenna. It has an ellipsoidal shape
and the volume need to be clear from any obstruction in order to avoid
signal attenuation.

1.3.3 Abbreviations

Term Definition
3GPP 3rd generation partnership project
4G Fourth generation mobile service [hold]
AR Availability rate
BGAN Broadband global area network
DMR Digital microwave radio
EMB Effective modal bandwidth
EMI Electromagnetic interference
FSO Free space optics
GEO Geostationary satellite service
Gbps Gigabit per second
IMT- International mobile telecommunications-advanced
Advanced
INMARSAT International maritime satellite organization
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-R Radio communications sector of the ITU
ITU-T Telecommunications sector of the ITU
LED Light emitting diode
LEO Low earth orbit satellite service
LoS Line-of-sight
LTE Long term evolution
MHz Megahertz
MIMO Multiple input multiple output
MTBF Mean time between failures
OFDMA Orthogonal frequency division multiple access
OFL Overfilled launch
OPGW Optical power ground wire
PAPR Peak to average power ratio
PtM Point to multipoint
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PtP Point to point

QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
RFI Radio frequency interference
SC-FDMA Single carrier frequency division multiple access
SCPC Single channel per carrier
SMS Short messaging system
UE User equipment
UHF Ultra high frequency
UPS Uninterruptable power supply
UR Unavailability rate
VSAT Very small aperture terminal
WIMAX Worldwide interoperability for microwave access

1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES
Where cross-references to other parts of this DEP are made, the referenced section
number is shown in brackets ( ). Other documents referenced by this DEP are listed in (5).

1.5 SUMMARY OF MAIN CHANGES

This DEP is a revision of the DEP of the same number dated December 1997. The
following are the main, non-editorial changes.

Section Change
Complete document This DEP is now titled “Telecommunication Transmission
including the title System”. Previously, it was titled “Microwave Systems”.
To reflect the new title, the complete contents of the DEP have
been revised.

1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP

Comments on this DEP may be submitted to the Administrator using one of the following
options:

Shell DEPs Online Enter the Shell DEPs Online system at

https://www.shelldeps.com
(Users with access to
Shell DEPs Online) Select a DEP and then go to the details screen for
that DEP.
Click on the “Give feedback” link, fill in the online
form and submit.

DEP Feedback System Enter comments directly in the DEP Feedback

(Users with access to System which is accessible from the Technical
Shell Wide Web) Standards Portal http://sww.shell.com/standards.
Select “Submit DEP Feedback”, fill in the online form
and submit.

DEP Standard Form Use DEP Standard Form 00.00.05.80-Gen. to record

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(Other users) feedback and email the form to the Administrator at

[email protected].

Feedback that has been registered in the DEP Feedback System by using one of the above
options will be reviewed by the DEP Custodian for potential improvements to the DEP.

1.7 DUAL UNITS

This DEP contains both the International System (SI) units, as well as the corresponding
US Customary (USC) units, which are given following the SI units in brackets. When
agreed by the Principal, the indicated USC values/units may be used.
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2. GENERAL

2.1 TYPES OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Telecommunication transmission system is comprised of the following systems:
a. Microwave systems;
b. Trans-horizon systems;
c. Satellite systems;
d. PtM systems;
e. Optical systems.
2.1.1 Microwave systems
Microwave systems propagate an electromagnetic signal travelling in a straight line from a
transmitter to a receiver where the wavelength is short and measured in centimeters. The
electromagnetic signal, traversing through free space medium, experiences reflection,
diffraction and absorption.
The technology includes point-to-point systems such as digital microwave radio (DMR),
which is widely used in the oil and gas industry, and point-to-multipoint systems, which
cover mainly the broadband connectivity for nearfield wireless communication for either the
customer premises or the user equipment. The systems serve as one-to-many
communication links with shared capacity among the users.
The technology has evolved from conventional TDM-based DMR into hybrid (TDM and IP
based) DMR and Full IP-based DMR. All these are grouped into microwave systems and
are governed by the same design requirements. The selection of different radio types
depends on the overall system requirement.
2.1.2 Trans-horizon systems
Trans-horizon systems extend communication coverage beyond normal line-of-sight (LoS),
up to few hundred kilometers. The systems utilise scattering phenomena from the upper
layer of troposphere.
Trans-horizon systems mainly utilise a high power transmitter and a high gain antenna due
to the fact that the systems are used for long distance and most of the energy is lost. Only a
fraction of the energy is captured by the receiving antenna.
Trans-horizon systems work effectively in a frequency range of 2 GHz to 4 GHz.
Due to the systems high transmit power and range of frequencies which are mainly
allocated to other terrestrial and satellite systems, getting approval from the local authorities
might be an issue in some locations.
Usage of trans-horizon systems should be evaluated based, not only on the technical
requirements but most importantly on the local requirements as well. Despite all the
challenges, trans-horizon systems are still preferred over satellite systems for long range
onshore and offshore requirement.
2.1.3 Satellite systems
Satellites are classified as geostationary satellites (GEO), medium earth orbit satellites
(MEO) and low earth orbit satellites (LEO), depending on their distance from the surface of
the earth.
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LEOs and GEOs are used for communications while MEOs are used mainly for navigation
systems.
Due to latency issue and potentially high operating cost, a satellite system is the least
preferred telecommunications system. This technology should be selected only when all
other technologies are not suitable. When deployed, best practice should be followed to
minimise the latency effect.
2.1.4 Optical systems
Optical systems are preferred for permanent installations that will be in operation more than
fifteen (15) years. The final decision, however, depends on several factors such as
economics, geography, environmental, legislative and political constraint.
Optical systems are an alternative to wireless communication links. Obvious benefits of
optical systems are they are not susceptible to electromagnetic or radio frequency
interference and they have a very high capacity. Some disadvantages, however, include
high investment cost and a long time to restore in case of failure. This is especially true in
the case of subsea optic fibre.

2.2 TELECOMMUNICATION AUTHORITY

Contact with the Telecommunication Authority shall be made by the Principal for each
project in which telecommunication is included. See DEP 32.71.00.10-Gen., Section 2.2.

2.3 TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS

International telecommunication standards shall be used wherever possible to satisfy
regulatory authorities, to allow interconnection with other systems, and to help
Manufacturers meet the requirements. See DEP 32.71.00.11-Gen.

2.4 CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNOLOGIES USED

The telecommunications capacity required shall be considered carefully since it has a major
impact on the cost and may limit the choice of technologies that can be used. Consideration
shall be given to new technologies and techniques for dynamically assigning timeslots (or
bandwidth) between voice and data to further utilise the available capacity more efficiently.

2.5 USE IN HAZARDOUS AREAS

Electrical equipment located in a hazardous area shall be certified for use in that area.
Reference shall be made to DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen., Section 2.3.1 and
DEP 33.64.20.10-Gen., Section 2.4 for further information on the requirement for electrical
equipment located in a hazardous area.

3. TELECOMMUNICATION TRANSMISSION GROUP

There are many transmission technologies available in the market ready to cater to different
user requirements in terms of location, distance and capacity. There are a mixture of legacy
technologies, such as digital microwave radio and troposcatter radio and new emerging
technologies, such as 4G LTE and WIMAX.
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3.1 MICROWAVE SYSTEMS

3.1.1 Digital microwave radio systems
The main purpose of system planning is to achieve a reliable transmission system that
meets the specified error performance and availability objectives. Performance and
unavailability due to propagation effects, precipitation, interference problems and
equipment failure shall be evaluated.
Availability of radio relay systems is a function of both propagation effects and equipment
failures. For the equipment, the availability is based on its MTBF. Practical experience
shows that unavailability due to power failures, for example, may often dominate the total
unavailability of the system. Therefore, the microwave systems shall be powered from a
UPS.
For UPS requirement, reference shall be made to Section 2.1 in both
DEP 33.65.50.31-Gen. and DEP 33.65.50.32-Gen.
For propagation effects, basic parameters such as diffraction fading, attenuation due to
atmospheric gases, multipath fading, attenuation due to precipitation and signal distortion
caused by frequency selective fading shall be analysed.
3.1.1.1 Availability objective
Availability rate (AR) is the amount of time that a path is in the available state during an
observation period while unavailability rate (UR) is the amount of time that an end-to-end
path is in the unavailable state during an observation period. The period for observation
should usually be one (1) year.
AR + UR  1
Reference shall be made to the ITU-R F.1703 in order to derive the final availability figure
for a digital microwave radio link. Typically, for a radio hop with a distance less than, or
equal to, 50 km (30 mi) should have corresponding AR of 99.95 % or better.
Therefore, to meet the strict safety and daily operational requirement, the Availability Rate
per link shall be equivalent to, or better than, 99.99 %. This is possible by optimising all the
design parameters. This is applicable for both onshore and offshore links.
For a typical radio with QAM modulation, with maximum antenna size of 4.5 m (15 ft) and
Fresnel zone clearance of 100 % (1 st Fresnel) and 60% (2nd Fresnel), operating in one of
the worst regions, i.e., region P, the total availability of 99.99 % gives maximum distance of
around 50 km (30 mi). Note that, it is always recommended to use frequency bands from
6 GHz to 8 GHz in order to reduce the effect of rain attenuation which has significant effect
at higher frequencies.
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3.1.1.2 Propagation effects

There are several propagation effects that need to be analysed when designing a digital
microwave radio link. Below are some of the important effects:
 Fading;
i. due to obstruction of path by terrain obstacles
ii. due to multipath or beam spreading
iii. due to frequency selective fading
 Attenuation;
i. due to atmospheric gases
ii. due to precipitation
iii. due to sand and dust storm
Each of these effects changes as a function of frequency, path length and geographic
location.
There are techniques to reduce the effect of propagation losses. The most common is
Diversity Technique. The common types of Diversity Technique are Space Diversity with or
without Angle Diversity, Frequency Diversity and a combination of these.
Space Diversity is useful to reduce the effect of multipath fading where two identical signals
are transmitted over separate paths before they are combined at the receiving end, hence,
reducing the fading effect. It is important to ensure that optimum antenna separation is
achieved at both receiving ends to ensure the diversity works properly. This diversity
technique shall be used for a link equivalent to, or more than, 8 km (5 mi).
In the situation where optimum antenna separation for Space Diversity is not possible due
to space constraint or to fulfil the requirement to reduce the overall tower height, the
technique known as Angle Diversity can be used. This diversity technique should
complement the Space Diversity technique when they are used together. The technique is
achieved by tilting both receiving antennas slightly at different upward angles while doing
antenna alignment. This method will increase overall system robustness. By doing this, the
receive signal level might be slightly dropped, but it will be traded off by having a more
robust system that is less susceptible to multipath fading.
In Frequency Diversity, the bigger the frequency spacing of the two frequencies the better
the system is. This is due to the fact that the correlation of deep fading between the two
frequencies is smaller with increase in spacing.
In the situation where Space Diversity provides sufficient diversity improvement, Frequency
Diversity should be avoided in order to conserve spectrum.
Therefore, for a microwave link that is 8 km (5 mi), or more, away, Space Diversity shall
always be preferred, followed by the combination of Space Diversity with Angle Diversity.
Space Diversity with Frequency Diversity should be used only in cases where significant
diversity improvement will be achieved to ensure the system performs well within required
design target.
In the case where the diversity technique is not possible due to some constraint, there are
other techniques that can be used to reduce the fading effect on a digital microwave radio
link without diversity. This is achievable by implementing one or combination of the
following techniques:
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a. To plan the path where natural (hills and mountains) or man-made structure
(buildings or platform structure) can be used as ‘natural blockage’ to the reflected
waves along the path (from water surface, smooth hilltops, etc.).
For onshore-to-onshore link, it is important to study the terrain type of where the
antennas of the two different sites are going to be installed. It is equally important to
ensure the terrain in between the two sites is of a hilly or mountainous type. These
types of terrain ensure that the reflected signal is naturally blocked due to different
height of the terrain long before it can reach the receiving antenna. This is, however,
impractical in the area where the terrain is mostly flat. Hence, geographical factors
need to be considered whenever this technique is implemented.
For onshore-to-offshore or offshore-to-offshore links, it is recommended not to mount
the antenna too near to the edge of the installation structure. Wherever possible, it is
recommended to mount the receiving antenna 40° or less calculated from the height
of the receiving antenna to the distance between the antenna and the edge of the
offshore installation. For example, the receiving antenna mounting pole of
approximately 3 m (10 ft) height is to be located not less than 3.5 m (11.5 ft) from the
edge of the installation structure. This is to ensure that the installation structure will
act as natural blockage for the incoming reflected signal. This technique, however, is
not recommend for small offshore installations where space to accommodate the
recommended distance for the receiving antenna is an issue.
b. To plan the antenna height (path inclination) on one or both locations where the
reflection point will be moved to rougher terrain or vegetation surface, rather than
water surface where the reflected signal is the greatest. The movement of the
reflection point depends on the height of the antenna. As the height changes, the
reflection point changes as well.
This method is more practical for onshore-to-onshore link where the height of the
antenna can be varied depending on the terrain of where the antenna is mounted.
This method is impractical for onshore-to-offshore link, since the reflection point can
be moved towards the land surface rather than on water surface only by ensuring
that the average height of the antenna onshore is much lower compared to antenna
height mounted offshore. This can be achieved by having a tall telecommunication
tower on the offshore installation. However, due to safety reasons, it is not always
possible to fulfill this requirement. Therefore, this technique is not recommended for
onshore-to-offshore link.
For offshore-to-offshore link, this method is also not recommended as it does not
give any significant improvement.
Reference shall be made to ITU-R P.530-14 and other related standards and
recommendations on availability objective in order to have a robust and cost effective digital
microwave radio link. Reference shall also be made to the local authority or governing body
on which frequency bands are allowed to be used.
3.1.2 Free space optics system
Free space optics (FSO) system offers reliable and rapid deployment for a short range link,
typically around 2 km (1.2 mi). The system provides high capacity link up to multi-gigabits
per second. The system is best used where laying optical fibre is too expensive or
impractical and where other microwave systems do not provide enough bandwidth. It is a
good system to be deployed in places that have a high level of electromagnetic
interference. The system is most suitable to be deployed as a ‘last mile’ solution.
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FSO system requires a clear line of sight to work properly. Since it operates mostly in the
unlicensed bands, interference is the major issue. The system is highly attenuated by
atmospheric effects. On a sunny day, the system margin is useful to overcome fades
caused by turbulence. On a foggy day, the margin is used to overcome signal attenuation.
Hence, it is of the utmost importance to have excess system margin to overcome all the
atmospheric effects. Scattering and absorption is the main cause of signal attenuation. Rain
and snow cause attenuation up to approximately 40dB/km and 100dB/km, respectively. Fog
can attenuate the signal up to 300dB/km. It is therefore important to consider the link
distance and the link availability when using an FSO system.
Alignment between the transmitter and the receiver is very important. If the transceiver is
located on the roof top of a building, building sway can contribute to pointing error as well
as small vibration caused by other mechanical equipment installed on the roof top. Some
roof tops are not very solid and can deform due to temperature changes. This causes the
mounting pole of the system to move slightly over time. Strong wind can cause the pole to
vibrate and eventually impact the system. Reference shall be made to ITU-R P.1814 for a
detailed explanation on designing a good FSO system.
An FSO system shall not be used if the link is more than 3 km (1.6 mi). A digital microwave
system is preferred.
3.1.3 UHF radio link
A UHF radio link should be used as a ‘last mile’ solution and should be selected only if no
other technologies can be used. A UHF radio link can be used if point-to-point (PtP) low
data transmission is required. Due to the links range of frequencies, the signal normally
propagates as a direct wave but sometimes it is also influenced by atmospheric ducting
where the signals are bent by atmospheric refraction in the lower layer of the earth’s
troposphere. Hence, sometimes the distance can be extended beyond the LoS.
3.1.4 Point-to-multipoint system
3.1.4.1 LTE and LTE Advanced
LTE and LTE Advanced technology is most suitable to be used as nearfield wireless
communication. It is mainly used as a PtM system even though it can also be used as an
unconventional PtP system.
LTE is a standard defined by 3GPP in their Release 8, where it offers some good
advantages such as (1) high spectral efficiency, with the use of different modulation
techniques for both uplink and downlink, (2) very low latency since its setup, and handover
time is very short, and (3) supports a wide range of bandwidth mainly from 1.4 MHz to
20 MHz.
LTE Advanced is a standard defined by 3GPP in Release 10. It has all the good features of
LTE but is further developed in order to comply with ITU-R’s IMT-Advanced specification,
that is to achieve the requirement of maximum downlink data rate of 1 Gbps for low mobility
and 100 Mbps for high mobility. In commercial term, this is known as 4G.
3GPP defined five categories (Cat 1- Cat 5) of LTE user equipment (UE). The categories
are differentiated in terms of total peak rate for both uplink and downlink, modulation
technique, and multiple antenna configurations. Typically, a downlink rate of 100 Mbps and
uplink rate of 50 Mbps for a Cat 3 UE is possible with the 2x2 MIMO configurations.
OFDMA is a technique to group multiple digital signals on multiple carrier frequencies. The
main advantage provided by the technique over single carrier is its ability to cope with
multipath propagation effect. With the grouping technique, it also uses the spectrum more
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efficiently. In LTE, however, the uplink uses SC-FDMA instead of OFDMA to reduce the
issue of PAPR that could cause system nonlinearity and clipping distortion.
MIMO is a technique used by multiplying the usage of antenna at both the transmitter and
the receiver. This is the method used to improve overall data throughput. Generally, MIMO
reduces the need for additional bandwidth or increase in transmitter power.
The link budget calculation for LTE and LTE Advance will estimate the maximum path loss
between the base stations and the user equipment. This translates into a maximum cell
range that is the maximum distance that can be covered by the base station. The
calculation is influenced by the environment where the value is different for urban, rural,
forest, and sea. It also depends on distance, frequency, atmospheric condition and whether
the system is indoor or outdoor. Typically, a range of 0.6 km to 1.4 km (0.4 mi to 0.8 mi) is
achievable for urban area, while for rural, it is 26 km (16 mi). For open sea, a distance of
7 km to 13 km (4.3 mi to 8 mi) is possible.
Apart from cell range, capacity planning should also be calculated. This gives an indication
on the estimate resource needed to support a specific traffic with a certain level of quality of
service (QoS).
LTE operates in the licensed frequency bands and in most countries the licence is granted
to the local mobile operators. For this reason, this technology is not suitable for private
managed network, unless with the local authority approval.
3.1.4.2 WIMAX and WIMAX 2.0
WIMAX (IEEE 802.16) is an extension of Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11) to metro area
networks (MANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It uses OFDMA in both uplink and
downlink that make it less efficient due to PAPR problem of OFDMA as compared to 3GPP-
LTE. It also supports multiple antenna configuration (MIMO) only in the downlink. Hence, it
gives slight disadvantages over 3GPP-LTE in terms of data rate. It has the downlink
throughput of 75 Mbps whilst the uplink is only 25 Mbps. Starting from IEEE 802.16e-2005,
the standard supports mobility for users and hence caters for mobile, fixed and portable
users.
Latest standard IEEE 802.16m-2011 in what is commercially known as WIMAX 2.0 or
WIMAX-4G improved the data rate to 1 Gbps.
Just like 3GPP-LTE, the WIMAX system is mainly available in PtM. However, the earlier
version of WIMAX, that supports only fixed users, is more suitable for PtP system. WIMAX
operates in licensed and licensed-exempt frequency bands. The licensed bands are from
2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz while licensed-exempt bands are in the range of
5 GHz. However, WIMAX product operating in licensed bands shall always be preferred.
WIMAX products are also governed by a consortium called the WIMAX Forum, which
consists of several multinational companies. WIMAX products shall be certified by the
WIMAX Forum since the interoperability of the systems has been tested and verified.
Despite its technologically advanced development, commercial deployment of WIMAX is
decreasing worldwide making it a less preferred technology going forward. Therefore, this
technology should provide an alternative to LTE whenever there is a need for PtP or PtM.
3.1.4.3 Proprietary wireless broadband radio
Proprietary wireless broadband radio provides low latency, high throughput and long range
radio. It can typically cover up to 60 km (36 miles).
The system is suitable for both PtP and PtM as it consist of several modulation techniques
to cater for both LoS and non LoS.
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This system usually comes with an ingress protected outdoor unit and it provides a variety
of antennas that makes it quick to deploy.
The system operates in the range of frequencies from 3 GHz up to 6 GHz with maximum
data rate of 100 Mbps for PtP and 50 Mbps for PtM.
The selection of this radio should be based on reputable Manufacturers where their product
has been deployed and proven working in the oil and gas industry.
This system can be an alternative to both LTE and WIMAX systems and selection should
be limited to licensed bands only. The unlicensed bands can be used on non-interference
basis.

3.2 TRANS-HORIZON RADIO-RELAY SYSTEM

3.2.1 Tropospheric scatter radio
Tropospheric scatter radio (troposcatter) is a microwave radio propagation that uses the
tropospheric scatter phenomenon where radio waves at certain frequency are randomly
scattered by the troposphere. Troposcatter relies on the irregularity of the refractivity
gradient at such altitudes, resulting in impinging microwave power being scattered forward
in an irregular fashion.
In terms of achievable range performance, smaller troposcatter systems can achieve
100 km to 150 km (60 mi to 90 mi). For systems with antenna diameters larger than 10 m
(33 ft) and kilowatt class transmit powers, range can reach up to 400 km (250 mi) between
a pair of stations. It has maximum bandwidth of 20 Mbps with low latency around 20 msec.
This technology should be considered when long distance link (i.e., more than 50 km
(30 mi) is required. Other factors might include the requirement for low latency system and
relatively cheaper and faster system to deploy. These give this particular technology the
advantages over digital microwave radio, satellite and fibre optics.
3.2.1.1 Transmission loss
Transmission loss is very high compared to a direct LoS System. It is mainly due to fading
effects. A single path shows frequent fading in seconds that lead to diversity through
multiple paths and frequencies.
Signal fading is caused by Long Term Fading and Short Term Fading. Long Term Fading is
caused by seasonal changes in the atmosphere. ITU have defined nine climate regions, in
order to calculate the transmission lost. Short Term Fading is caused by multipath
transmission, which results from continuum path of rays that give spread in signal delay.
Short term fading is seen as rapid and deep changes in the signal level.
Wherever feasible, the antennas should be mounted at a high location in order to reduce
the angle between transmitted and scattered signal back to the receiver. The smaller the
angle, the smaller the transmission loss will be.
3.2.1.2 Channel capacity
Achievable channel capacity for Troposcatter systems are reasonably lower as compared
to direct LoS microwave systems operating in the same bands. One reason for this is that
the forward scattered power levels are relatively low, compared to inverse square law
power levels across the same path length in a direct LOS link. Another reason is a
by-product of the irregularities in the scattering mechanisms, and variations in path length
that take place from the propagation path, both resulting in a strongly dispersive
propagation medium. As with all dispersive media, this weakens the achievable bandwidth
for most conventional signal modulation schemes. As the link range becomes greater,
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there is a reduction in achievable data rates due to the cumulative effects of dispersion and
declining power at the receiver. Multipath fading effects due to ground bounce at the
receiver also impacts the channel capacity.
3.2.1.3 Diversity techniques
Short Term Fading should be countered by deploying diversity techniques. Typical diversity
improvement given by a dual diversity system (space diversity) as compared to a
non-diversity system is around 70 %. With a quad diversity system (space and frequency
diversity), diversity improvement should be 40 % more as compared to a dual diversity
system.
Typically, the antenna separation for a diversity system should be 100λ (where λ is the
wavelength) for horizontal separation and 150λ for vertical separation. Proper link analysis
shall be made to determine the optimum distance.
The transmit frequencies should typically be equal or greater than 50 MHz spacing.
For Long Term Fading that varies due to climatic change, the loss can be reduced by
introducing high gain antenna and high transmits power with adaptive power control.
Reference shall be made to the ITU-R SF.406-8 document or local authority on allowable
transmit power and operating frequency for a troposcatter system.

3.3 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

3.3.1 Very small aperture terminal
A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) supports communication requirements for voice,
data and video conferencing. VSAT is comprised of an indoor unit and an outdoor unit. The
indoor unit includes a modem and baseband Interface to cater to user applications, while
the outdoor unit includes an antenna and radio frequency transceiver. Typical antenna size
is 1.8 m to 3.8 m (5.9 ft to 12.5 ft). Further information regarding VSAT characteristics can
be found in ITU-R S.725.
A VSAT is generally part of a network consisting of a hub or also known as an earth station.
The hub controls network operation, configuration and traffic. It also records the
performance, status and activity levels of each VSAT.
Characteristic of a VSAT are as follows:
a. Reliability - Can typically achieve satellite link availability of 99.9 % and 99.7 % of
total VSAT Network
b. Time-to-deploy - About four weeks to six weeks
c. Coverage - Suitable for remote areas
d. Latency - High latency around 500 ms to 700 ms.
A VSAT system is not operated or self-managed by a private company as it is commercially
available, with dedicated service provider for each region.
Due to the latency issue and potentially high operational cost, this technology should be
chosen only when there are no other suitable technologies available.
3.3.1.1 PtP SCPC network topology
PtP SCPC network topology allows dedicated two-way communications between two VSAT
sites, making it wireless equivalent of conventional leased lines. The two VSAT sites are
not limited by location, as long as they are within the same footprint of the satellite. Typical
bandwidth rates are between 64 kbps up to 2048 kbps.
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An advantage offered by SCPC is high reliability since the link is permanently assigned with
no carrier switching or rerouting over the satellite is required. It is also quick to deploy and
commissioned and provides a transparent transmission medium.
However, since SCPC does not allow sharing of available bandwidth on the satellite among
other VSAT stations, the obvious disadvantage is that the set-up cost can be very high.
Also, bursty type data is not recommended to use with SCPC since it does not fully utilise
the permanent connection provided by the system.
SCPC typically operates in C-band and Ku-band. In C-band, SCPC uses 4 GHz for
downlink and 6 GHz for uplink, while in Ku-band SCPC uses 12 GHz for downlink and
14 GHz for uplink. There are a few factors that need to be considered before deciding
which frequency to use, such as: the region in which the VSAT will be operating,
interference with terrestrial system, antenna size, satellite power requirement and overall
cost.
3.3.1.2 Star network topology
In star network topology, a central hub and several VSATs form a network. The hub
antenna diameter is typically in the range of 6 m to 11 m (20 ft to 36 ft). This topology is
suitable for centralised data application where all the VSATs communicate with the central
hub. The advantage of this topology is the large antenna gain at the hub optimises the use
of space segment and minimises the size of the VSAT. The clear disadvantage is since all
terminals communicate directly to the hub, the communications between terminals double
the latency due to the number of hops that they have to travel.
3.3.1.3 Mesh network topology
Mesh network topology allows all the VSATs to communicate with each other directly
without going through the central hub. The hub performs control and monitoring only. With
this topology, a larger antenna is required by the terminals in order to have sufficient power
and receive sensitivity. Due to improved latency, this topology offers slight advantage over
star network topology and is possible to be used for delay sensitive applications.
3.3.1.4 Hybrid network topology
Hybrid network topology allows a mixture of both star and mesh topologies to co-exist. This
can be implemented for a network that has different traffic demand where those with higher
demand are accommodated on mesh topology, while others on star topology.
3.3.1.5 Operating frequency
VSATs operate mostly on C-Band and KU-Band. C-Band is defined as frequency from
4 GHz to 8 GHz, while KU-Band is defined as frequency from 10 GHz to 14 GHz. VSATs
also operate in Ka-Band, with frequency from 27 GHz to 40 GHz.
3.3.2 Geostationary satellite service
Geostationary satellite service (GEO) is a reliable and quick-to-deploy type of
communication system. GEO is most suitable to use during an emergency or in an area
where telecommunication infrastructure is not available or reliable.
GEO can be a choice for a local or regional emergency coordination team, provided that no
better alternatives are available. One of the main concerns is that the operating cost can be
very high.
INMARSAT and THURAYA provide coverage to almost every part of the world. They
support services like Voice, SMS and internet connection. BGAN provides broadband
connection.
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It is important to ensure that there is a LoS to the satellite whenever there is a need to use
GEO. Latency is an issue with GEO; hence, it is not suitable for real time interactive data.
3.3.3 Medium earth orbit satellite service
Medium earth orbit satellite service (MEO) is used mainly for satellite navigational systems
instead of telecommunication systems.
3.3.4 Low earth orbit satellite service
Low earth orbit satellite service (LEO) provides quick deployment and ease of
maintenance. It can be chosen as an option in the area where telecommunication
infrastructure is not available.
Iridium supports services like Voice, SMS and Internet. The system provides better latency
compared to GEO. However, due to constant moving of its satellites, there is slight service
interruption during handover.

3.4 OPTICAL SYSTEM

3.4.1 Onshore land fibre optic for office network
The complete reference on designing, installation, testing and commissioning of fibre optic
cables shall be made to ITU-T G.911 and Fibre Optic Association’s Online Reference
Guide to Fibre Optics (http://www.foaguide.org/).
Fibre optic cable has a clear advantage over other transmission systems. In any case,
where transmission of high capacity bandwidth is required over long distance, fibre optic is
the technology of choice.
Fibre optic cable can be buried in the ground, placed in ducts or installed as part of ground
wire on high voltage transmission towers. Optical power ground wire (OPGW) fibre optic is
not susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI).
3.4.1.1 Type of fibre and their losses
Multimode with LED source should be used for short distance transmission, i.e., around
500 m (1600 ft). However, maximum distance of 1100 m (3600 ft) can be achieved by using
‘laser-optimised’ multimode fibre. However, the figure depends very much on the data rate
as the higher data rate, the shorter the distance will be.
With the use of proper laser source, Singlemode fibre can be used up to maximum distance
of 50 km (31 mi). For comparison, with 1300nm Laser source and 10 Gbps data rate, the
Singlemode fibre can cover up to 10 km (6 mi) whilst with the same source and data rate, a
laser-optimised multimode fibre can cover only up to 300 m (980 ft).
Based on ISO/IEC 11801 standard, Multimode and Singlemode fibre are classified as:
a) OM1: For fibre with 200/500 MHz*km overfilled launch (OFL) bandwidth at
850/1300 nm (typically for 62.5/125 µm fibre diameter)
b) OM2: For fibre with 500/500 MHz*km OFL bandwidth at 850/1300nm (typically
50/125µm fibre diameter)
c) OM3: For laser-optimised 50µm fibre having 2000 MHz*km effective modal
bandwidth (EMB, also known as laser bandwidth), designed for 10 Gb/s
transmission.
d) OM4: For laser-optimised 50µm fibre having 4700 MHz*km EMB bandwidth
designed for 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s, and 100 Gb/s transmission.
e) OS1: For Singlemode fibre with 1dB/km attenuation
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Below is the maximum distance for Multimode fibre for different light source and data rate.

Due to its relatively large core, Multimode is very sensitive to dispersion that leads to
intersymbol interference, which in turn limits the distance and bandwidth of the system.
Singlemode fibre has advantage over multimode since it is less sensitive to dispersion and
it is also possible to incorporate wavelength division multiplexing technique to increase
overall transmission capacity.
Apart from dispersion, fibre optic signal attenuates over a certain wavelength. The system
designed around 1310 nm and 1550 nm has attenuation value of 0.4 dB/km and 0.3 dB/km,
which are relatively small as compared to other transmission systems.
Optical return loss is a condition where a fraction of transmitted optical power from a laser
source reflects back towards the source. Bad splices and fibre damage contribute highly to
this phenomenon. Bending loss is the interruption of light path causing the optical power to
leak into the cladding. A minimum bending radius of 7 cm (3 in) on fibre pigtail is
recommended. When multiple fibres are grouped together, they should not be tied up too
tightly to avoid micro bending or damaging the fibres.
Bad handling of fibre can introduce more loss into the system. All fibre mating surface
should be cleaned before connection. Touching the end of fibre optic should also be
avoided. It is recommended that to reduce the significant loss in fibre optic cable, all the
installation and testing works shall be performed by qualified and skilled technicians.
3.4.1.2 Common types of fibre connectors
Fixed Connector
Fixed Connector (FC) is suitable for Singlemode fibre and is designed to be used in high
vibration environment. It is available only in Simplex configuration and commonly used in
the telecom and networking industries.
Subscriber Connector
Subscriber Connector (SC) is a push-pull type connector with low loss and low cost. It is
available in both simplex and duplex configuration.
Straight Tip Connector
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Straight Tip (ST) connector closely resembles BNC-type connector. It was commonly used
in networking application. However, due to its construction, i.e., spring-loaded type, it is
usually exposed to the risk of misalignment that can cause high loss. Hence, this connector
is no longer recommended to be used.
Lucent Connector
The Lucent Connector (LC) uses a 1.25 mm (0.05 in) ferrule, half the size of the SC/ST.
The LC has good performance and is highly favoured for both multimode and single mode
applications.
3.4.2 Offshore subsea optic cable
Recommendations and governances on how to implement subsea optic cable are
described in the ITU-T G.971-G.978. Reference shall be made to these recommendations.
Subsea optic cable depends on property of pure glass fibres in which light transverse
through internal reflection. The light signal strength reduces along the way and, hence,
repeaters are installed along to boost the signal. Typically, each repeater is located every
50 km to 70 km (30 mi to 45 mi).
The size of the cable for deep water, without the protective armour is about 20 mm (3/4 in),
where, with armoured, it can go up to 50 mm (2 in) in diameter. Due to its relatively small
size, subsea optics are exposed to natural hazards in any water depth. Human activity,
such as fishing and anchoring, provides major contribution to cable fault for a water depth
less than 200 m (650 ft). Natural hazards such as submarine earthquake and density
current, contribute to cable fault for water depth more than 1000 m (3300 ft).
In case of fault, subsea optic cable will take a long time to repair due to the fault location
and availability of resources to rectify the fault. The cost involved can also be very high due
to these factors.
The cable is typically buried around 3 m (10 ft) under the seabed. It can also be buried as
deep as 10 m (33 ft) depending on the area. The cable burial may start from the shore up to
2000 m (1.25 mi) of water depth in order to protect the cable from human activity.
Prior to installing the cable, a few things need to be done such as selection of route,
environmental assessment, full survey of the route and designing cable to comply with
environmental requirement. Once done, follow the cable laying work, notification of cable
position and post lay survey, if necessary.
The cable shall be designed to have a long lifetime and high reliability due to its importance
in transmission network where any interruption could cost significant loss in traffic and
eventually impact safety issues and revenue.

4. POWER SUPPLIES

4.1 POWER SOURCES

For information regarding requirements for the main electrical supply facilities, refer to
DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen., DEP 33.65.50.31-Gen. and DEP 33.65.50.32-Gen.
4.1.1 Alternative power supply
If main power is not available, it may be necessary to provide electrical power solely for
telecommunications. Various technologies that can be used, depending on the amount of
power required, are as follows:
 Primary cells
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 Solar power systems

 Thermoelectric generators

 Wind and wave generators

Because the cost of alternative power depends on the amount of power required,
preference should be given to telecommunication equipment that has low power
consumption.
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5. REFERENCES
In this DEP, reference is made to the following publications:
NOTES: 1. Unless specifically designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used,
together with any amendments/supplements/revisions thereto.

2. The DEPs and most referenced external standards are available to Shell staff on the SWW (Shell
Wide Web) at http://sww.shell.com/standards/.

SHELL STANDARDS
DEP feedback form DEP 00.00.05.80-Gen.
Plant telecommunication DEP 32.71.00.10-Gen.
Telecommunication standards DEP 32.71.00.11-Gen.
Electrical engineering design DEP 33.64.10.10-Gen.
Electrical engineering design for North American application DEP 33.64.20.10-Gen.
Static DC uninterruptible power supply (DC UPS) units DEP 33.65.50.31-Gen.
Static A.C. uninterruptible power supply unit (static A.C. UPS unit) DEP 33.65.50.32-Gen.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Information technology—Telecommunications and information IEEE 802.11
exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks
—Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications
Amendment 2: MAC Enhancements for Robust Audio Video
Streaming - IEEE Computer Society
Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems – IEEE 802.16
IEEE Computer Society
Information technology – Generic cabling for customer premises ISO/IEC 11801
Availability objectives for real digital fixed wireless links used in ITU-R F.1703
27 500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections -
Question ITU-R 102/9
Prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial free-space ITU-R P.1814
optical links
Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of ITU-R P.530-14
terrestrial line-of-sight systems
Technical characteristics for very small aperture terminals (VSATs) ITU-R S.725
- Section 4B1 - Systems aspects
Maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power of radio-relay ITU-R SF.406.8
system transmitters operating in the frequency bands shared with
the fixed-satellite service
Parameters and calculation methodologies for reliability and ITU-T G.911
availability of fibre optic systems - Series G: Transmission systems
and media, digital systems and networks digital transmission
systems - Digital sections and digital line system - Parameters for
optical fibre cable systems - Study Group 15
Characteristics of optically amplified optical fibre submarine cable ITU-T G.971 - G.978
systems, Study Group 15
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