Solid Waste Management
The collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that
is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no
longer useful.
• However, humans produce an additional flow of
material residues that would overload the capacity of
natural recycling processes, so these wastes must be
managed in order to reduce their effect on our
aesthetics, health, or the environment.
Wastes
A natural part of the life cycle, waste occurs
when any organism returns substances to the
environment.
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Kinds of waste
Solid and fluid, hazardous and non-toxic wastes are generated in our households, offices, schools, hospitals, and industries.
No society is immune from day-to-day issues associated with waste disposal. How waste is handled often depends on its
source and characteristics, as well as any local, state, and federal regulations that govern its management.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Waste collected from residences, commercial buildings, institutions such as hospitals and schools, and light industrial
operations is most often categorized as municipal solid waste. MSW consists primarily of paper, containers and packaging,
food wastes, yard trimmings, and other inorganic wastes. Municipal solid waste can also include industrial sludge, classified
as hazardous or non-hazardous, resulting from a wide array of mining, construction, and manufacturing processes.
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Hazardous Waste
Waste material that is flammable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic—which can be in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas—is
defined as hazardous waste. Although the term often evokes an image of items marked with skull and crossbones, many
hazardous wastes include products used every day, including paint, used oil from cars, batteries, shoe polish, and even
laundry detergent. In addition, many of the items that we rely upon generate hazardous waste during the process of their
production.
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Various Sources of Solid Waste
Residential Industrial Agriculture Commercial Institutional Construction
Residences and They include light and Crop farms, orchards, Commercial facilities The institutional and Demolition
homes. heavy manufacturing dairies, vineyards and and buildings are yet centers like schools, Areas
industries, fabrication feedlots are also another source of colleges, prisons, Construction sites
plants, canning sources of solid solid waste today. military barracks and include new
plants, power and wastes. Commercial buildings other government construction sites
chemical plants. and facilities, in this centers also produce for buildings and
case, refer to hotels, solid waste.
markets, restaurants,
roads, road repair
stores and office sites, building
buildings. renovation sites
and building
demolition sites.
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Municipal Services Treatment Plants Biomedical
Some of the solid waste and Sites
brought about by the Heavy and light This refers to hospitals
municipal services include manufacturing plants also and biomedical
street cleaning, wastes produce solid waste. They equipment and chemical
from parks and beaches, include refineries, power manufacturing firms. In
landscaping wastes and plants, processing plants, hospitals, there are
wastes from recreational mineral extraction plants different types of solid
areas, including sludge. and chemical plants. wastes produced.
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Effects of Poor Solid
Waste Management
Impact on Human Health
Give rise to disease-causing
pests
Environments become
harmful
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Status of Solid Waste
in the Philippines
• The Philippines’ waste generation continues to rise with the increase in population, improvement of living standards, rapid economic
growth, and industrialization especially in the urban areas. The NSWMC calculated that from 37,427.46 tons per day in 2012, the country’s
waste generation steadily increased to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with an estimated average per capita waste generation of 0.40 kilograms per
day for both urban and rural.
• The National Capital Region (NCR), as expected, generated the biggest volume of wastes for the past five years due to its population size,
bigger number of establishments and modernized lifestyle. With an estimated population of 12 million people, Metropolitan Manila
generated 9,212.92 tons per day of wastes in 2016. It is followed by Region 4A with waste generation of 4,440.15 tons per day (11.08%)
and Region 3 with 3,890.12 tons per day (9.70 %) (NSWC)
• The World Bank (2012)2 , on the other hand, estimates that solid waste being produced by Philippine cities will go up by 165 percent to
77,776 tons per day from 29,315 tons as a consequence of a projected 47.3-percent hike in urban population by 2025 and a projected
doubling of municipal solid waste (MSW)3 generation per capita at 0.9 kilogram per day by 2025 from the current 0.5 kilogram4 ,
presenting a direct correlation between the per capita level of income in cities and the amount of waste per capita that is generated. This
also indicates that the Philippines is at the low end of waste generation in the region and among countries in its income bracket.
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Waste Sources.
Solid wastes are generated from residential,
commercial, industrial and institutional sources.
Residential wastes accounts for more than half
(57%) of the total solid wastes (e.g. kitchen
scraps, yard waste, paper and cardboards, glass
bottles, etc.) Wastes from commercial sources,
which include commercial establishments and
public/private markets, accounts for 27 percent.
Wastes from institutional sources such as
government offices, educational and medical
institutions accounts for about 12 percent while
the remaining 4 percent is waste coming from
the industrial or manufacturing sector
(NSWMC).
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Waste Composition.
The country’s solid wastes typically contain
more organic components than other materials.
According to NSWMC, disposed waste is
dominated by biodegradable waste with 52
percent, followed by recyclable waste which
accounts for 28 percent and residuals at 18
percent. Biodegradable wastes come mostly
from food waste and yard waste while
recyclable wastes include plastic packaging
wastes, metals, glass, textile, leather and
rubber. The significant shares of biodegradables
and recyclables indicate that composting and
recycling have great potential in reducing solid
wastes.
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Methods of Solid Waste
Management
Sanitary Landfill
Incineration
Recovery and Recycling
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Composting
Pyrolysis
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“Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000”
Republic Act No. 9003
13
It aims to address the growing problem on solid
wastes in the country.It provides the legal framework
for the country’s systematic,comprehensive,and
ecological solid waste management program that
shall ensure protection of public health and the
environment.
It also provides for the necessary institutional
mechanisms with the creation of the National
Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC)
which shall oversee the implementation of solid
waste management plans and prescribe policies
as well as incentives to achieve objectives of the
Act.
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• Under RA 9003, collection, transport and disposal of
solid wastes are the responsibilities of the local
government units (LGUs). At present, most LGUs
administer their own collection systems or contract
out this service to private contractors. In Metro
Manila, the common types of collection vehicles are
open dump trucks and compactor trucks. Nationwide,
about 40 to 85 percent of the solid wastes generated
is collected while in Metro Manila it is 85 percent. The
poorer areas of cities, municipalities, and rural
barangays are typically unserved or under-served.
Uncollected waste ends up mostly in rivers, esteros
and other water bodies, thus, polluting major water
Current Solid Waste
bodies and clogging the drainage systems, which
results to flooding during heavy rains (NSWMC). It is
interesting to note, however, that the 85 percent
Management collection rate of Metro Manila is above the average
collection rate of other countries in the Philippines’
income bracket (around 69%) and among East Asia
and Pacific countries (around 72%).
Collection
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• Open dumping remains the general practice of waste
disposal in the country as controlled dumpsites5 and
sanitary landfills (SLFs)6 are very limited (NSWC). RA
9003 requires LGUs to close their existing open
dumpsites by year 2006 and to establish controlled
disposal facilities or SLFs. As of 2016, there are still 403
open dumpsites and 108 controlled dumpsites in
operation. The number of SLFs is also insufficient to
service all LGUs. While SLFs increase from 48 in 2010
to 118 in 2016, LGUs with access to SLFs remain below
15 percent. It is interesting to note that the DENR is
now pushing for the establishment of cluster sanitary
landfills or common sanitary landfills in the country to
address waste disposal problems. Through cluster
Current Solid Waste sanitary landfills, local government units (LGUs) may
share funds in establishing sanitary landfills and
Management consolidate efforts on solid waste management
efforts. Through cost-sharing, LGUs can save financial
resources and services. Section 13 of the Philippine
Constitution provides that LGUs may group
Waste Disposal themselves, consolidate or coordinate their efforts,
services, and resources for purposes commonly
beneficial to them in accordance with law.
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• As of 2015, solid waste diversion rate in Metro Manila
is 48 percent while outside Metro Manila the rate is 46
percent. RA 9003 requires at least 25 percent of all
solid wastes from waste-disposal facilities is diverted
or recovered through reuse, recycling, composting,
and other resource-recovery activities. LGUs are also
mandated to put up or establish several waste facilities
such as materials-recovery facilities (MRFs)8 for
processing recyclable and biodegradable waste. As of
2016, about 9,883 MRFs are in operation in the
country serving 13,155 barangays (31.3% of the
42,000 barangays in the country). The NSWMC claims
that LGUs are on the right direction in the compliance
of waste reduction program being implemented in
Current Solid Waste their respective jurisdictions.
Management
Diversion and
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• To date, there are 55 active provincial boards, 614
active city/municipal SWM Boards and 5,549 active
Barangay SWM Committees. The Cordillera
Administrative Region (CAR) had the highest number
of active local SWM Boards followed by Region 4B. The
local SWM Boards are tasked to prepare, submit and
implement a plan for the safe and sanitary
management of solid wastes generated in areas under
its geographic and political coverage. The Barangay
SWM Committees, on the other hand, are tasked to
formulate SWM programs consistent with the
City/Municipal SWM plan that is to segregate and
Current Solid Waste
collect biodegradable, compostable, reusable wastes,
and to establish a MRF.
Management
Local Solid Waste
Management (SWM)
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Thank You
https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/AAG_Philippine%2
0Solid%20Wastes_Nov2017.pdf
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effects-methods-
of-solid-waste-management.php
https://enviroliteracy.org/environment-society/waste-
management/what-is-waste/
https://www.britannica.com/technology/solid-waste-
management#ref72377
