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Yanda Irrigation Agronomy Feasibility Study Final Report (Revised Latest - Busha)

This document presents the final feasibility report for the Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project in Ethiopia. It contains 6 volumes that cover various studies conducted as part of the feasibility analysis, including hydrology and climate, geology and geotechnical investigations, sectorial studies, dam design, and irrigation and drainage design. The sectorial studies volume includes an agricultural planning and irrigation agronomy study, which is the focus of this specific report. It details the objectives, methodology, description of the study area, review of relevant policies and strategies, and findings of the agricultural study to inform the feasibility of the irrigation project.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)

481 views148 pages

Yanda Irrigation Agronomy Feasibility Study Final Report (Revised Latest - Busha)

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mulalem dereje

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SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes

Administration Agency
Hawassa

FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN

OF YANDA DAM AND IRRIGATION PROJECT
(Part of 7 Dams Project)

VOLUME III- PART I

AGRICULTURAL PLANNING AND

IRRIGATION AGRONOMY
FINAL REPORT

May, 2021

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation

Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
P.O. Box 2561, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel :(+ 251)-11- 661-01-01, 011 – 6 – 61- 53 - 72
Fax :( +251) -11-661-53-71
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.ecdswc.com.
Former Imperial Hotel Avenue,
Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
SNNPRS Irrigation Development and Scheme Administration, HAWASA Volume III-Part I
Yanda Irrigation Development Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes

Administration Agency
Hawassa

Feasibility Study

Volume III - Part I : Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy

Final Report

May, 2021

Issue and Revision Records

Issue Rev.Date Originator Checked by Approved by Description

Solomon T.
1 Nov, 2019 Busha A. Yared M. Zelalem B. Draft report
Dagmawi K.
Solomon T.
2 June, 2020 Assem T. Yared M. Zelalem B. Draft report
Dagmawi K.

Solomon T.
3 May, 2021 Busha A. Yared M. Teshome S. Final report
Dagmawi K.

This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or
used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written
authority of Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector (WEDSWS) being obtained. WEDSWS
accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequence of this document being used for a purpose other than
the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person using or relying on the document for such other
purpose agrees, and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm his agreement to indemnify WEDSWS for

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation i May, 2021

Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS Irrigation Development and Scheme Administration, HAWASA Volume III-Part I
Yanda Irrigation Development Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

all loss or damage resulting there from. WEDSWS accepts no responsibility or liability for this document to any
party other than the person by whom it was commissioned.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation ii May, 2021

YANDA DAM AND IRRIGATION PROJECT

FINAL FEASIBILITY REPORT

VOLUME – I Hydrology and Climate Study Report

VOLUME – II Geological and Geotechnical Investigation Reports
Part I Geological and Geotechnical Report
Part II Geophysical Investigation Report
Part III Geological & Geomorphological Report
Part IV Seismic Hazard Assessment
VOLUME – III Sectorial Studies
Part I Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Part II Soil Survey and Land Suitability
Part III Watershed Management
Part IV Socio-economy
Part V Environmental Impact Assessment
Part VI Fishery
Part VII RAP
VOLUME – V Dam and Appurtenant Structures
Part I Feasibility Design Report
Part II Design Drawings
VOLUME – VI Irrigation and Drainage System
Part I Feasibility Design Report
Part II Design Drawings

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation iii May, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................... I
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................... V
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF ANNEXES................................................................................................................................... VI
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................... VII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................................... VIII
1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1.1 General objective..................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.2 Specific objectives.................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 PROJECT RATIONAL....................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 FOOD, NUTRITIONAL SECURITY AND LIVELIHOOD STATUS IN THE TARGET AREA................................4
1.5 CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE FOR GDP....................................................................................5
2 REVIEW OF SECTOR POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND RELATED PREVIOUS STUDIES...................7
2.1 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS REPORT ON SEGEN AND YANDA RIVER.........................................................7
2.2 REVIEW OF IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN RIFT VALLEY RIVER BASIN OF THE KONSO AREA..............7
2.3 REVIEW OF POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT POLICY......8
3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY..........................................................................9
3.1 PRE-FIELD WORK.......................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION.......................................................................................................... 9
3.3 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION................................................................................................... 10
3.4 POST FIELD WORK...................................................................................................................... 11
3.4.1 Data organization and analysis.............................................................................................. 11
3.4.2 Data interpretation and report write-up...................................................................................11
4 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA...............................................................................................12
4.1 LOCATION OF THE AREA............................................................................................................... 12
4.2 AGRO-ECOLOGY.......................................................................................................................... 12
4.3 CLIMATE CONDITION OF THE TARGET AREA...................................................................................13
4.3.1 Rainfall Distribution of the Target Project Area.......................................................................13
4.3.2 Temperature........................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.3 Relative Humidity................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.4 Sunshine hour........................................................................................................................ 16
4.3.5 Wind speed............................................................................................................................ 16
4.4 WATER RESOURCE...................................................................................................................... 16
4.5 TOPOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION................................................................................................... 17
4.6 SOIL OF THE PROJECT AREA........................................................................................................ 17
4.7 LENGTH OF GROWING PERIODS................................................................................................... 18
4.8 LAND USE OF TARGET AREAS...................................................................................................... 19
4.9 LAND HOLDING SIZE OF THE TARGET AREA HOUSEHOLDS.............................................................20
4.10 LIVELIHOODS OF TARGET AREAS.................................................................................................. 20
5 PRESENT AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND CROPPING PATTERN...........................................21
5.1 EXISTING AGRONOMIC PRACTICES OF RAINFED AND IRRIGATED CROPS PRODUCTION....................21

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation i May, 2021

Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

5.1.1 Site selection.......................................................................................................................... 21

5.1.2 Land clearing.......................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.3 Land preparation and planting................................................................................................21
5.1.4 Crop Production under Rainfed and Supplementary Irrigation...............................................22
5.1.5 Existing farming systems and practice...................................................................................26
5.1.6 Existing agricultural inputs and supporting services...............................................................26
5.1.7 Crop Protection...................................................................................................................... 28
5.1.7.1 Insect pests...................................................................................................................... 28
5.1.7.2 Diseases.......................................................................................................................... 29
5.1.7.3 Weeds.............................................................................................................................. 30
5.1.7.4 Storage Pests.................................................................................................................. 31
5.1.8. Livestock Husbandry and Their Feed Status...........................................................................31
5.1.9 Institutional support services in the program target areas......................................................32
5.1.9.1 Agricultural extension communication..............................................................................32
5.1.9.2 Agricultural research support........................................................................................... 33
5.1.9.3 Agricultural Cooperatives and Unions..............................................................................33
5.1.9.4 Market Conditions............................................................................................................ 33
5.1.9.5 Roads and Transportation Facilities.................................................................................34
6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS IN THE PROJECT AREA....................................35
6.1 DROUGHT................................................................................................................................... 35
6.2 LOW SOIL FERTILITY AND RELATED PROBLEMS..............................................................................35
6.3 LIMITED UTILIZATION OF IMPROVED CROP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES........................................35
6.4 PEST PROBLEM........................................................................................................................... 36
7 EXISTING OPPORTUNITIES AND COMMUNITY FEED-BACK.........................................................37
8 CROP PRODUCTION WITH PROJECT CONDITION.........................................................................38
8.1 CROP SELECTION CRITERIA......................................................................................................... 38
8.2 PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN.................................................................................................. 39
8.3 PROPOSED CROPPING INTENSITY.................................................................................................40
8.4 PROPOSED OPERATIONAL CROP CALENDAR WITH PROJECT..........................................................41
8.5 ESTIMATING AGRICULTURAL INPUTS REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................43
8.5.1 Seeds and planting material requirements.............................................................................43
8.5.2 Seasonal and annual fertilizer requirements..........................................................................43
8.5.3 Seasonal and annual agro-chemicals requirements...............................................................44
8.5.4 Labour requirement................................................................................................................ 45
9 YIELD AND PRODUCTION PROJECTION.........................................................................................46
9.1 YIELD BUILD-UP ASSUMPTION...................................................................................................... 46
9.2 YIELD BUILD-UP.......................................................................................................................... 46
10 IMPROVED AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND CROP MANAGEMENT..............................................47
10.1 CROP MANAGEMENT OF THE PROPOSED CROPS...........................................................................47
10.1.1 Maize (Zea mays L.)............................................................................................................... 47
10.1.2 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)................................................................................................... 50
10.1.3 Haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgare).......................................................................................... 52
10.1.4 Mung bean (Vigna radiate L.)................................................................................................. 54
10.1.5 Onion (Allium cepa L.)............................................................................................................ 54
10.1.6 Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum .Mill)...............................................................................57
10.1.7 Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)............................................................................................59
10.1.8 Mango (Mangifera indica L.)................................................................................................... 61

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation ii May, 2021

10.1.9 Banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapiertum)............................................................................62

10.1.10 Cotton (Gossipium hirsutem)................................................................................................ 67
10.2 FORAGE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT..................................................................................69
10.2.1 Improved Grasses.................................................................................................................. 69
11 POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY........................................................................................................ 71
11.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................................... 71
11.2 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY....................................................71
11.2.1 Harvesting and Threshing...................................................................................................... 71
11.2.2 Drying..................................................................................................................................... 71
11.2.3 Seed Processing.................................................................................................................... 72
11.2.4 Quality Control........................................................................................................................ 72
11.2.5 Weighing and packing............................................................................................................ 72
11.2.6 Storage................................................................................................................................... 72
11.2.7 Marketing................................................................................................................................ 73
12 AGRICULTURAL SUPPORTING SERVICES......................................................................................74
12.1 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION.......................................................................................................... 74
12.2 SUPPLY OF AGRICULTURAL INPUTS...............................................................................................74
12.3 CREDITS AND MARKETING............................................................................................................ 75
13 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT.......................................................................................................... 77
13.1 REFERENCE CROP EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION (ETO)........................................................................77
13.2 LENGTH OF CROP GROWING STAGE............................................................................................. 79
13.3 CROP COEFFICIENT (KC)............................................................................................................. 79
13.4 EFFECTIVE RAINFALL................................................................................................................... 80
13.5 IRRIGATION DEPTH (D)................................................................................................................. 82
13.6 IRRIGATION INTERVAL.................................................................................................................. 82
13.7 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY (E)......................................................................................................... 82
13.7.1 Water application efficiency (Ea)............................................................................................83
13.7.2 Conveyance efficiency (Ec).................................................................................................... 83
13.7.3 Project efficiency (Ep)............................................................................................................ 83
13.7.4 Net and Gross Irrigation Requirements..................................................................................83
13.7.4.1 Net irrigation requirement (IRn)........................................................................................ 83
13.7.4.2 Gross irrigation requirement............................................................................................. 84
13.8 SCHEME SUPPLY OF THE PROJECT............................................................................................... 84
13.9 PROPOSED METHOD OF IRRIGATION.............................................................................................86
14 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN..........................................................................................88
14.1 INTEGRATED SOIL AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT...........................................................................88
14.2 AGRONOMIC PRACTICES.............................................................................................................. 89
14.3 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION.......................................................................................................... 91
14.4 RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION................................................................................................91
14.5 EXTENSION DELIVERY ALTERNATIVES...........................................................................................91
14.6 CREDIT AND FINANCIAL SERVICE.................................................................................................. 92
14.7 PREPARING COMPOSTING............................................................................................................ 92
14.8 ESTABLISHMENT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT...................................................................93
14.9 ESTABLISHMENT OF NURSERY PLAN.............................................................................................94
14.9.1 Seed production and demonstration.......................................................................................94
14.9.2 Training.................................................................................................................................. 94
14.10 ESTABLISHMENT OF FRG............................................................................................................. 95
14.11 STAGES OF INFORMING AND OPERATION......................................................................................95

14.12 COMPOSITION OF FRG................................................................................................................ 95

14.13 SIZE OF FRG.............................................................................................................................. 96
14.14 FUNCTION OF FRG...................................................................................................................... 96
14.15 TIMING OF FRG MEETING............................................................................................................ 97
15 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................98
15.1 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................. 98
15.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................... 98
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................ 102

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation iv May, 2021

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 4-1: SUMMARY OF CLIMATIC CONDITION AND CLIMATIC ELEMENTS OF THE PROJECT AREA........................................13
TABLE 4-2: RAINFALL AND RESPECTIVE EFFECTIVE RAINFALL IN PROGRAM AREAS (KONSO)................................................14
TABLE 4-3: MONTHLY MINIMUM, MAXIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE DATA (OC) OF STATION........................................15
TABLE 4-4: RELATIVE HUMIDITY DATA AT KONSO METEOROLOGICAL STATION....................................................................16
TABLE 4-5: SUNSHINE DATA AT KONSO METEOROLOGY STATION.......................................................................................16
TABLE 4-6: WIND SPEED DATA AT KONSO METEOROLOGICAL STATION..............................................................................16
TABLE 4-7: LAND USE TYPE AND AREA OF THE TARGET PROJECT WEREDA AND KEBELES..................................................19
TABLE 5-1: EXISTING MAJOR CROP CALENDAR CULTIVATED DURING LONG RAINY SEASONS (KIREMIT/MEHER RAINFIED)......22
TABLE 5-2: EXISTING MAJOR CROP CALENDAR CULTIVATED DURING SHORT RAINY SEASONS (BELG RAINFIED).....................22
TABLE 5-3: MAJOR RAINFED CROPS (MEHER) HARVESTED IN THE LAST THREE YEARS WITH THEIR AREA AND TOTAL YIELD OF
THE TARGET WEREDA............................................................................................................................................. 23
TABLE 5-4: MAJOR RAINFED CROPS (BELG) AND SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION HARVESTED IN THE LAST THREE YEARS WITH
THEIR AREA AND TOTAL YIELD OF THE TARGET WEREDA...........................................................................................23
TABLE 5-5: MAJOR RAINFED CROPS (MEHER) HARVESTED IN THE LAST THREE YEARS WITH THEIR AREA AND TOTAL YIELD OF
THE JARSO KEBELE................................................................................................................................................. 24
TABLE 5-6: MAJOR RAINFED CROPS (BELG) AND SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION HARVESTED IN THE LAST THREE YEARS WITH
THEIR AREA AND TOTAL YIELD OF THE JARSO KEBELE...............................................................................................24
TABLE 5-7: MAJOR RAINFED CROPS (MEHER) HARVESTED IN THE LAST THREE YEARS WITH THEIR AREA AND TOTAL YIELD OF
THE BIRBIRSA KEBELE............................................................................................................................................. 24
TABLE 5-8: MAJOR RAINFED CROPS (BELG) AND SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION HARVESTED IN THE LAST THREE YEARS WITH
THEIR AREA AND TOTAL YIELD OF THE BIRBIRSA KEBELE...........................................................................................25
TABLE 5-9: MAJOR EXISTING RAINFED (MEHER) AND “BELG”/SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATED CROPS AND CROPPING
PATTERN/INTENSITY AT WEREDA AND KEBELE LEVEL (2009/2010 E.C)....................................................................25
TABLE 5-10: EXISTING AGRICULTURAL INPUTS UTILIZATION EXPERIENCES IN LAST THREE YEARS IN THE PROJECT WEREDA
FOR “MEHER” SEASON............................................................................................................................................ 28
TABLE 5-11: EXISTING AGRICULTURAL INPUTS UTILIZATION EXPERIENCES IN THE PROJECT WEREDA (2008-2009 E.C) FOR
BELG RAINFED AND SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION.....................................................................................................28
TABLE 5-12: EXISTING FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT AND SEED RATE FOR BOTH RAINFED AND IRRIGATED CROPS....................28
TABLE 5-13: COMMON INSECT PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES..............................................................................29
TABLE 5-14: COMMON DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES IN THE PROJECT AREAS.................................................30
TABLE 5-15: COMMON WEED PESTS IN THE PROJECT AREA...............................................................................................30
TABLE 5-16: NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK BY TYPE, WOREDA AND COMMAND KEBELE...............................................................31
TABLE 8-1: PROPOSED CROP ROTATION SCHEME UNDER BOTH SEASONS OVER THE PROJECT PERIODS..............................39
TABLE 8-2: PROPOSED CROP PATTERN WITH THE PROJECT CONDITION.............................................................................40
TABLE 8-3: SUMMARY OF THE CROPPING INTENSITY UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS IN THE FIRST & SECOND CROPPING SEASONS
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 40
TABLE 8-4: PROPOSED CROPPING CALENDAR WITH THE PROJECT CONDITION..................................................................41
TABLE 8-5: CROPS VARIETIES SELECTED FOR PROJECT COMMAND AREAS........................................................................41
TABLE 8-6: PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN IN (%) OF THE COMMAND AREA BY SEASON....................................................42
TABLE 8-7: PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN IN (HA) OF THE COMMAND AREA BY SEASON...................................................42
TABLE 8-8: SEED AND SEEDLING REQUIREMENT OF THE PROJECT.....................................................................................43
TABLE 8-9: SEASONAL AND ANNUAL FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................44
TABLE 8-10: CROP PESTS AND RECOMMENDED AGRO-CHEMICALS.....................................................................................44
TABLE 9-1: YIELD BUILD-UP WITH PROGRESSIVE YIELD INCREMENT QT/HA..........................................................................46
TABLE 13-1: MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, WIND SPEED, SUN SHINE HOURS AND EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION IN
PROJECT COMMAND WEREDAS AND KEBELES.........................................................................................................78
TABLE 13-2: MEAN MONTHLY RAIN-FALL AND DEPENDABLE RAIN-FALL IN THE PROJECT COMMAND WEREDAS AND KEBELES
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 78
TABLE 13-3: THE LENGTH OF THE GROWING STAGES OF THE PROPOSED CROPS................................................................79
TABLE 13-4: CROP COEFFICIENTS (KC) FOR THE PROPOSED CROPS..................................................................................79
TABLE 13-5: SOIL DATA USED IN CROP WATER REQUIREMENT COMPUTATION....................................................................81
TABLE 13-6: YANDA DAM AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT COMMAND SCHEME SUPPLY......................................85
TABLE 13-7: AVERAGE IRRIGATION INTERVAL IN DAYS AND IRRIGATION DEPTH IN (MM)OF DRY SEASON CROPS....................86
TABLE 13-8: AVERAGE IRRIGATION INTERVAL IN DAYS AND IRRIGATION DEPTH IN (MM) OF WET SEASON CROPS..................86

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation v May, 2021

TABLE 13-9: SAMPLE VALUES OF MAXIMUM FURROW LENGTHS (M) BASED ON SLOPE, SOIL TYPE, STREAM SIZE AND NET
IRRIGATION DEPTH.................................................................................................................................................. 87

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 3-1: EXEMPLIFYING WHILE PARTICIPATORY DISCUSSING WITH THE BENEFICIARY OF THE PROJECT COMMAND..........10
FIGURE 4-1: LOCATION MAP OF THE PROJECT..................................................................................................................12
FIGURE 4-2: 80% DEPENDAPBLE RAINFALL AND EFFECTIVE RAINFALL OF THE TARGET AREA..............................................14
FIGURE 4-3: RAINFALL, EFFECTIVE RAINFALL AND LGP OF THE AREA...............................................................................15
FIGURE 5-1: SAMPLE CROPS AND SEEDBED TYPES PRODUCED WITH TRADITIONAL IRRIGATION METHOD..............................26
FIGURE 5-2: SAMPLE INVASIVE GRASS WEEDS IN THE PROJECT COMMANDS.......................................................................31
FIGURE 5-3: TRADITIONAL STORAGE STRUCTURE IN THE PROJECT SITE.............................................................................32

LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL OF THE COMMAND AREA...........................................103
ANNEX 2: TRAINING FOR CONCERNED STAFF AND FRG..................................................................................................117
ANNEX 3: EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR COMMAND AREA......................................................................................................117
ANNEX 4: CROP BUDGET FOR THE EXISTING CROPS UNDER PRE-PROJECT CONDITION OF THE YANDA DAM AND IRRIGATION
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT COMMAND...................................................................................................................... 119
ANNEX 5: CROP BUDGET FOR THE PROPOSED CROPS UNDER POST PROJECT CONDITION OF YANDA DAM AND IRRIGATION
PROJECT.............................................................................................................................................................. 122
ANNEX 6: CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL DRY SEASON AND PERENNIAL CROPS........................................125
ANNEX 7: CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL WET (SECOND) SEASON CROPS.................................................130
ANNEX 8: CURRENT LAND SUITABILITY OF SURFACE IRRIGATION AND PROPOSED CROPS..................................................132
ANNEX 9: POTENTIAL LAND SUITABILITY OF SURFACE IRRIGATION AND PROPOSED CROPS................................................133

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation vi May, 2021

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ADLI Agricultural Development Led Industrialization

ETO Reference Evapotranspiration

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FRG Farmers Research Group

FTC Farmers’ Training Center

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GTP Growth and transformation plan

KII Key Informant Interview

LGP Length of the growing period

MLND Maize lethal necrosis disease

RPSNP Rural Productive Safety Net Program

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation vii May, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Yanda Dam and Irrigation Development Project is located in Karat Zuria and Segen Zuria
Wereda, Konso Zone of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) Regional State
at a distance of 658km from Addis Ababa, 383km from regional city, Hawassa and 20-45km
from Konso Zone, Karat town.

The Project aims to establish different types of multipurpose water infrastructures on net
command area of 4,500 ha of land for ensuring sustainable irrigation water supply for the
communities and propose measures and technologies in order to address irrigation water
demand and thereby promote increased and sustainable production of high value and market
oriented crops, which in due course of time could be linked to agro processing industries for
value added chains.

Field study works and production of the final document were accomplished in two stages. The
first stage embarked on preliminary situation analysis of the project area where attempts were
made to identify the general climatic conditions and the status of crop production, identification
of major crop types grown and associated production constraints in general. Data and
information in this regard were collected through review of previous studies and other relevant
documents as well as field assessment in the target area.

In second stage, a more detailed study regarding information on existing farming conditions
and site specific agronomic issues in the command area was performed. The main discussion
issues and data collection were related to existing agricultural activities, their experiences on
farm labor utilization, cropping pattern, existing yield and production, livestock production and
animal feed condition, constraints of agricultural development, potential and suitability of the
command area for irrigated agriculture, community willingness, suggestions on potential
irrigable crops and other issues. Here much emphasis has been given to the selection of
suitable crops based on their adaptation to the general conditions of the target area under
irrigated condition.

The target area has a bimodal rainfall pattern. The “Belg” rainy season extends from Mid-
March to Mid-May. The “Meher” rainy season starts on August and extends until Mid-
November. The mean annual rainfall received in a given season ranges from 600-1200mm
with an average of about 817mm, annual depedable rainfall of 431.8mm and effective rainfall
of 328.1mm. In most cases, the amount and distribution of rainfall in the area is relatively
uneven distribution and duration, erratic and it is not reliable for successful crop production
and therefore full-fledged irrigation water source is highly important.

The project command area lies within altitude ranges of 850-1025 m above sea level and the
topography of the command area is mostly flat with a slope of less than 5 percent in most
places, which makes it suitable for surface irrigation and mechanized farming in general.

In the project Wereda crops are cultivated both with rainfed and irrigation agriculture on small
area of land due to short duration rainfall and absence of modern irrigation infrastructure and
the present farming system is crop-livestock mixed farming. Generally speaking, farmers in

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation viii May, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

the target area are largely depending on livestock production and crop production for their
livelihood.

Among the crops produced in the project area cereals are the most dominant grain crops
grown in crop production system. The major cereal crops grown in the area are maize and
sorghum and followed by pulses (mung bean and haricot bean) and they are usually
intercropped with maize and sorghum and very few and sparse fruit crops like banana,
papaya and mango and also moringa tree.

Drought, low soil fertility, pest and shortage of animal feeds are the major production
problems/constraints in the project area. However, the candidated crops and technical
agricultural practices are proposed based food security purpose, market purpose, industry
inputs and livestock feeds and situation of the area.

Finally, Crop water requirement for Yanda Dam and Irrigation Development Project: is
computed based on meteorological data obtained from Konso Meteorology station. The FAO
modified penman method (CROPWAT software version 8.0) is used to compute reference
crop evapo-transpiration based on meteorological and soil data of the project area obtained
from hydrology and secondary soil survey data report.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation ix May, 2021

1 INTRODUCTION

Agriculture, both crop production and livestock husbandry, is the economic mainstay of the
target project area like many rural areas of Ethiopia. However, its dependency on nature,
rainfall, which is unreliable and erratic, affects the sector. This is worsened by the current
climate change and climate variability and becoming the sole prominent factor for crop failure
and livestock death in the target project area. Yanda irrigation command area is found in
uncertainty of rainfall intensity, distribution and duration where crop failure due to drought is a
frequent phenomenon exposing the farmers for hunger and sometimes famine unless
emergency aid supplied to support basic needs. Moreover, the farming community is trying to
have irrigation crops to fill the wet season production gap but challenged by seasonality of
Yanda River flow.

The Project is located in Jarso and Dera kebele in Karat Zuria Wereda and Birbirsa kebele in
Segen Zuria Wereda, Konso Zone in South Nations and Nationalities Peoples Regional
State.The the majority of the net command area is found in Jarso kebele. The available natural
resources of the target area pertaining to agricultural land, flood coming in Yanda River during
rainy season and a considerable number of working forces have not been properly exploited so
far to meet the increasingly high demand of the area for food, raw material for domestic agro
industries and for export market due to unreliable and erratic rainfall and limited surface water
sources. Considering these facts, concerted efforts are being made at the moment both at
national as well as regional levels to transform the prevailing subsistence production system to
high value and market oriented production system. One of the efforts exerted in this line
embarks on the judicious use of the available irrigation water sources found in the target area.

The agronomy study describes mainly the existing physical features of the project area, the
agricultural production situation, level of agricultural input utilization experience, the cropping
pattern and systems, crop and forage production constraints, the proposed interventions which
indicates the proposed cropping pattern and the various agronomic recommendations.
Moreover, level of irrigation agriculture in the command area and its contribution for improving
production and productivity per unit area of the Wereda and the project site.

The major crops in the project target area are maize and sorghum. Pulses and fruit crops such
as haricot bean and banana, papaya and mango and others few vegetable crops are produced
in the target area. In addition to Meher rain the area also produce crops with supplementary
irrigation during Belg rainy season by using traditional spate irrigation system and diversion weir
from segen river (Geldaha, Itikile and Kondo). Due to shortage of rain in distribution and
intensity almost all farmers in the target area produce crops with sunken seedbeds to conserve
the low volume of rain water and seasonal flood coming through Yanda River. Therefore, even if
there is no any perennial river in the target Kebele, farmers are practicing spate irrigation by
constructing large water harvesting structures locally named “Mona/Kolba” with strong support
of the Wereda administration and respective offices and weir by Mekane Yesus Church. Except
a few irrigation practices, crop production of the community is entirely dependent on the
seasonal rainfall which has erratic nature. Regarding food and nutrition security, the Wereda is
said to be food insecure except few households who are supported by Rural Productive Safety
Net Program (RPSNP).

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 1 March, 2021

The livelihood of the communities in Karat Zuria and Segen Zuria Wereda is highly dependent
on crop produces and livestock husbandry. Since crop and livestock production is the dominant
source of their livelihoods. They also support their livelihood through bee keeping and collection
of different products from bushes, shrubs and the semi-forest land. They are also vulnerable to
various natural and man-made shocks due to frequent failure of rains and poor extension and
support services. The main sources of income for the community are selling of livestock
(especially goats, poultry and other cattle), crop products like maize in times of good production
and honey. They are food insecure and part of rural productive safety net program.

In the project area agriculture is at the subsistence rain fed level. The rainfed crop production
faces with different constraints, mainly moisture stress and erosion due to flood from upper
stream areas. In such areas, there is a need of irrigation development and strengthening
management of resources particularly soil and water conservation, which could contribute
significantly to the soil fertility and water development as well as low production areas into
productive and food secured inhabitable lands through proactively managing the resources and
natural community assets within the area and introducing improved irrigated agricultural
practices. Therefore, the development of water resource development and use of improved
irrigated agriculture practices contributes for high productivity per unit area. Irrigated agriculture
plays an important role in sustainable crop production in areas where the climatic variation and
poor intensity and distribution of rainfall exists. Food insecurity is one of the major challenges of
the project area due to drought and ever increasing population

The feasibility study of irrigation agronomy and agricultural planning has been comprehensive
that can generate inputs for irrigation engineers and socio-economists and for the overall
irrigation and agricultural development activities. The study has been concentrated to
investigate the existing farming systems, agronomic practices, use of technology, cropping
pattern, cropping calendar, existing irrigation practices as a prerequisite with project
propositions. All forms of data, primary and secondary were generated from the target area
respective Kebeles, Wereda, Zonal and Regional offices during feasibility study.

The feasibility and detail design study of irrigation agronomy methodologies including technical
investigation, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII) and secondary data
collection with socio-economist were employed. CropWat software version 8.0 were employed
for irrigation water requirement, irrigation scheduling and irrigation periods. Penman Monteith
calculation method were used to calculate Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) and Empirical
formula from effective rainfall calculation for the later since the target area is found in tropical
regions and better experience in soil and water conservations.

From irrigation agronomy perspective, the vast command area seems promising that can grow
diversity of crops and the high level demand of the farmers on irrigation development. The
current level of drought which is resulting crop failure of both seasons is also enforcing the
farmers to ask irrigation water to be food self-reliant. Hence, irrigation development in the target
area can make the farming community risk free from the risky venture of dry land farming.

Generally, irrigation development can be successful in the target area related with the high level
practices and farmers demand to have irrigation farming to combat frequent drought occurrence
at the expense of their crop failure and livestock death. Hence, undertaking the project

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 2 March, 2021

implementation can result in high level production and productivity related with productive land
and willingness of the farming community.

1.1 Objectives

1.1.1 General objective

The ultimate objective of study work is to examine and determine the present potentials as well
as constraints impeding improvement of crop production and formulate package of scientific
crop production technologies so as to recommend scientific irrigated agriculture for its
profitability to the farmers and wellbeing of the people in the area by utilizing the available
resources.

1.1.2 Specific objectives

 Assessing the available potentials as well as the prevailing constraints and possible
limitations that may block irrigation development in the areas and hinder improvement of
crop production in the existing farming systems;
 Defining agricultural planning with special concern of crop production cropping calendar,
cropping pattern, agronomic practices and input requirements for production,
 Proposing suitable crops, livestock feeds, overall farm management, extension support and
research with the project condition and the way forwards;
 Identify and describe management options for selected land utilization types recommended
for the project area.
 Determining the irrigation water requirement and irrigation scheduling of the project area by
analyzing the climatic condition, soil factors and crop types of the area;
 Suggest scientifically suitable post-harvest technology to minimize the post-harvest agri-
produce losses.

1.2 Scope of the Study

The study encompasses two target Kebeles of the Karat Zuria Wereda and one kebele from
Segen Zuria Wereda where the irrigation water is going to benefit as a target beneficiary. During
the feasibility study, the three of the prospective Kebeles namely Jarso, Birbirsa and Dera
considered into account. The study exhausted all sources of data of these Kebeles down from
the farming community, Kebele, Wereda, Zonal and regional levels to be consistent enough in
data and information generation.

Moreover, the scope of works has been clearly mentioned that it depends on the volume of work
and geographical area coverage of the targeted area. Generally, it starts from identification of
overall program of the Project in the Project Command and watershed area to integrate the
agricultural resource and production with its various aspects namely food crop, fruit crops,
forage, agro-processing, livestock, etc. Primary data has been collected from the field from the
proposed kebeles of the aforementioned Wereda. Specifically, the irrigation agronomy feasibility
study covers the agricultural resource base, farming systems, major crops grown, cropping
systems, utilization of improved agricultural technologies, agronomic practices commonly used
by smallholder farmers and other factors of crop production within the study project and

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 3 March, 2021

command area. The study also focuses on farm budget and production opportunities,
challenges and constraints and also current level of irrigation practices. The study also
highlights policies and strategies drawn up by the federal government to facilitate and enhance
agricultural development, especially where it concerns smallholder farmers. In general, these
include the following broad aspects:

 Assessment of land resources and agricultural development status,

 Review of agricultural development policy,
 Identification of the food demand and market constraints,
 Identifying cropping patterns and establishing criteria for setting cropping patterns and
selecting the possible crops for recommendation in cropping patterns,
 Identification and proposing of most appropriate agro-techniques and input support
services for the producers for increasing farm productivity,
 Study of existing farming systems and agricultural development pattern of the Project
Command in association with socio-economic situations,
 Determination of Crop water requirement of each crop, calculation of reference
evapotranspiration, crop coefficients, water deficit or surpluses, irrigation requirements,
and calculation of water requirement,
 Review of existing document and preparation of feasibility reports,
 Selection of most suitable crops, fruits, vegetables, forages, etc. and their most
appropriate integration with suitable economic return for different sizes of irrigated farm
holdings,
 System approach having economically dynamic and efficient cropping pattern involving
selected food and cash crops and other enterprises appropriate under the prevailing
climate, soils and added irrigation conditions and
 Assessment and proposing of improved post-harvest technologies.

1.3 Project Rational

The project Wereda in general and the project kebeles in particular are highly scarce in water
resource both for livestock, domestic water supply and irrigation where livestock and women are
walking10-15 kilometers per day during dry months of the seasons. During dry months from
January to March most of the irrigated crops wilted due to shortage and/or absence in base flow
of the Yanda River. There is no perennial river and spring water sources mainly in the target
project areas. The local community particularly Jarso kebele is suffering from preparation of
sunken seed bed and construction of seasonal structures along seasonal rivers with stone and
sand filled sacks and wooden materials. This frequent seasonal construction to divert and
harvest the seasonal water flow is another burden for the environment and the community but
the local material used for diverting and constructing are usually easily washed away by flood
coming along Taho, Gapamaga, Kayile and Toroha River from upper stream sides of the project
command.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 4 March, 2021

1.4 Food, Nutritional Security and Livelihood Status in the target Area

Moreover, associated with many factors, the prominent factor being drought and unreliable
rainfall, the Wereda is highly food insecurity among rural kebeles of Karat Zuria and Segen
Zuria Wereda 9 Kebeles are food insecure and supported by Productive Safety Net Program.
Konso area gets less rainfall, encounters erratic and uneven distribution within the major and
minor rainfall seasons and substantial annual variability. According to same household study out
of the total sample HHs, about 62.4 percent reported affected by limited rainfall as the major
factor where as 23.7 percent reported shortage of rainfall in combination with other factors like
lack of seeds and crop pests for mono harvest and production decline. Moreover, emergency
aid is a common for frequent occurrence of drought and during the year drought is unique where
a total crop failure is experienced in the Wereda. Generally, large number of the households in
the Kebele is highly dependent on food aid which will be reduced by irrigation practices.

However, the command land is potentially productive and suitable for irrigation crop production
where maximum yield can be harvested with the integration of soil management and improved
crop production practices. Majority of farm land is well drained, with gentle slope and currently
producing maize, sorghum and haricot bean by farmers’ preference but the target area is also
possible to produce fruit, vegetable and industrial crops. The area can also allow the farming
community to produce two crops per year with optimum farm management.

To address the food demand of the increasing population, high levels of vulnerability of the local
community for water scarcity in the area both for livestock and irrigation purpose, constructing
the dam is paramount important and unquestionable in the target area. During the community
discussion in respective project kebeles the demand of the farming community for the irrigation
water is more than expected. Farmers are highly volunteer and willing to contribute for the
construction of the dam not only in kind and their labor force but also in monetary terms if the
project is implemented on time.

Hence, in addition to crop and forage irrigation development, the construction of the irrigation
dam and the development of the area have many justifications. First and foremost, livestock can
access water within a reasonable distance; second, there is huge potential irrigable land that
can transform the livelihood of the farming community just by availing irrigation water with
optimum management practices, thirdly the reservoir is suitable for fish farming since it is almost
20kms from the zonal capital (karat town), where the dam can serve for recreation.

1.5 Contribution of agriculture for GDP

Agriculture, both crop production and livestock husbandry, is the economic mainstay of
the target project area like many rural areas of Ethiopia . It directly supports 85 percent of
the population’s livelihood, provides 46 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and 80
percent of export revenue. Crop production continues to be a significant contributor to economic
and social development in Ethiopia at the household and national level. Based on this
contribution of agriculture, the government of Ethiopia is working on agricultural development
programs and projects by designing Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) to
turnaround the contribution of agriculture for the nation due to its contribution and immense
resource potentials of the country for economic development.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 5 March, 2021

The Agricultural sector in the country also plays the entire and the dominant role in food supply,
job opportunity and income sources of the population. The available natural resources of the
country pertaining to agricultural land, agro-ecological diversity, water resource and sufficient
size of irrigable land, biodiversity (both flora and fauna) and a considerable number of working
forces have not been properly exploited so far to meet the increasingly high demand of the
country for food, raw material for domestic agro industries and for export market. Considering
these facts, concerted efforts are being made at the moment both at national as well as regional
levels to transform the prevailing subsistence production system to high value and market
oriented production system. One of the efforts exerted in this line embarks on the judicious use
of the available irrigation water potential found in different parts of the country.

This irrigation project aims to increase contribution of agriculture to GDP by intensifying and
modernizing crop and livestock production. Moreover, agriculture is expected to feed the
upcoming industrial development. This level of contribution of agriculture is irreplaceable in the
near future both directly and indirectly in the Ethiopian economy.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 6 March, 2021

2 REVIEW OF SECTOR POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND RELATED

PREVIOUS STUDIES

2.1 Review of Previous Report on Segen and Yanda River

From the very conception of the project, the study was trying to review different documents
including policies, programs and strategies. Most of the strategies of the region as well as the
nation are concentrating to solve the prominent factor, drought, through implementing different
water harvesting structures and moreover to increase food security and supply of agricultural
raw materials to the local industry.

Regarding the previous studies with specific to irrigation and/or multi-purpose water resource
development, the area lacks these studies. However, traditional water harvesting structures in
the target area and also in the zone is common where the local community is developing many
type of water harvesting structures. Most of those water harvesting structures are used for
irrigation, livestock and domestic water supply. The small size of the ponds and also large size
of cattle limits the farmers not to use for irrigation. More over, modern diversion weirs in Jarso
kebele like Geldaha, Itikile, Kondo and Mete developed by Mekane Yesus and the unlined
canals by the participation of the local community from Segen River and also Spate Irrigation
from Yanda River such as Potota, Oneya, and Yelaraba contributed better experience for the
users eventhough the listed spate irrigation and Mete diversion weir is currently non-functional.

The gap analysis of irrigation agronomy study of the above shows that, the irrigation agronomy
study is not exhaustive mainly in technical parts of irrigation water requirement. The report lacks
details of irrigation water requirement, irrigation scheduling and also irrigation periods.
Moreover, duty is highly exaggerated, 2.38 lit/second which is not expected in bimodal rainfall
condition.

This previous report uses the obsolete software (CropWat version 4.3) to calculate crop water
requirements and have no any clue how the effective rainfall is calculated. This can have a
great impact on irrigation infrastructure and size of command area. Generally, the report lacks
updated technical parts which can affect the overall irrigation scheme.

2.2 Review of Irrigation Development in Rift Valley River Basin of the

Konso Area

The highlands of Konso run across the Rift Valley, bordered by the Segan River in the east and
south, the great plains of Gomida and Lake Chamo in the north and the Gidole Mountains and
the Woito Valley in the west (Engels, 1990). The inhospitable Konso terrain was transformed by
people into a remarkable landscape of terraces and channels, conserving every drop of rain and
protecting the soil against erosion. The Konso practice an integrated crop-livestock system. The
limiting factors of production are the poor soils, land scarcity and most importantly unreliability of
rainfall. Besides terracing, the most striking features of the agricultural system are irrigation,
mulching, multiple cropping and the integration and utilization of tree species.

Where and whenever possible terraces are irrigated, runoff is redirected through care-fully
constructed walls and channels. Stone canals and mud banks take water from rivers onto

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 7 March, 2021

nearby fields. But there are only few perennial rivers in the area and very little land, which is
irrigable, making irrigation mainly a form of opportunistic rainwater harvesting (Watson, 1998).

2.3 Review of policies, programs and strategies, Water Resources

Management Policy

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has a well-designed and articulated water
resource management policy. The policy provides great emphasis for irrigation development to
combat drought disasters emanated from shortage of rainfall. The policy addresses that water
can be made to contribute to the national economy through the development of the country's
water resources and expanding irrigation schemes so that agricultural production is improved by
solving the problem of water shortage caused by the unpredictability of the rainfall.

According to the policy document, the area of irrigated agriculture cultivated so far is
insignificant compared to the irrigable potential. Sufficient food has to be produced to meet the
requirements of the fast growing population and ensure food security for eventualities at
household level. Furthermore, small, medium and large scale irrigation schemes will have to be
developed in order to enhance reliable agricultural development in Ethiopia to cater for
externally marketable surplus that would earn the country foreign exchange and at the same
time provide raw material inputs for industries.

Generally, the policy supports the following objectives:

1. Development and enhancement of small scale irrigated agriculture and grazing lands for
food self-sufficiency at the household level;
2. Development and enhancement of small-, medium- and large - scale irrigated agriculture
for food security and food self – sufficiency at national level including export earnings and
to satisfy local agro-industrial demands.
3. Promotion of irrigation study, planning and implementation on economically viable,
socially equitable, technically efficient, environmentally sound basis as well as
development of sustainable, productive and affordable irrigation farms.
4. Promotion of water use efficiency, control of wastage, protection of irrigation structures
and appropriate drainage system and
5. Ensuring that small-, medium- and large-scale irrigation potential projects are studied and
designed to a stage ready for immediate implementation by private and/or the
government at any time.

The policy also advocates ensuring the full integration of irrigation with the overall framework of
the country's socio-economic development plans, and more particularly with the Agricultural
Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) Strategy. Hence, optimizing the project study is highly
aligned with the policy issue of the nation.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 8 March, 2021

3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology used in this study was aimed at plainly defining and describing the agronomic
situation of the project area and developing agronomic interventions for the same. The
methodologies followed in this study were as follows:

3.1 Pre-field Work

a) Comprehensive questionnaires and checklists including all required parameters of

farming were developed for administering region to Zonal and Wereda respective
sectoral offices, kebele level development offices and randomly selected farmers in the
kebeles of project command area,
b) Government policies and strategies had been observed to go in line with the current
study,
c) Relevant previous studies had been reviewed,
d) Study approach and methodology had been redesigned and necessary field materials
and logistics had been prepared.

3.2 Primary Data Collection

It is the most important data collection tool to obtain first-hand information about the existing
agricultural experience and potential development interventions. Primary data were collected
from the community through group discussion, key informant interview and project’s site visit.

A. Focus Group Discussion

Focus group discussion was made as data collection tool gathering reliable data from
beneficiaries of the project. The Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were held with group of
beneficiaries consisted of representatives from different social groups of command area of the
project each kebeles.

The main discussion topics were related to existing agricultural activities, their experiences on
farm labor utilization, cropping pattern, crop rotation, traditional irrigation farming, existing yield
and production, livestock production and animal feed condition, constraints of agricultural
development, potential and suitability of the command area for irrigated agriculture, community
willingness, suggestions on potential irrigable crops and other issues. Valuable data and
information were collected, compiled and utilized for irrigated agriculture development planning.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 9 March, 2021

Figure 3-1: Exemplifying while participatory discussing with the beneficiary of the project
command
B. Key Informant Interview

Agricultural extension experts and Development agents were interviewed to get better
information on existing agricultural practices of the project area.

Moreover, experienced farmers in the project area were consulted to get primary information on
existing farming conditions, site specific agronomic and related issues. Accordingly, the required
data was collected through informal discussions with knowledgeable persons. Some of the
specific issues raised during discussions were the irrigation potential of Yanda river, crop yield,
potential irrigable crops, limiting factors of crop development in the project area and the interest
of the communities towards irrigation development. The availed data is used to explain the
project area, to develop appropriate cropping pattern, to recommend improved farm
management, and computing the crop budget.

C. Field Observation

Project area site visit was another source of data to capture site specific agricultural and
environmental data and information. Informal discussions on the performance of crop
production, constraints and opportunities were held with key informants and beneficiaries to get
reliable information with the actual existing condition of the command area. In line with field visit
and observation of soil physical conditions, topographic features, land preparation operation,
and current land uses were carried out to describe the existing conditions.

3.3 Secondary Data Collection

Structured data collection checklists were prepared and used to collect secondary data from
relevant Wereda sector offices including Agriculture and Natural Resource Development Office,
Cooperative Promotion Office and Kebele Development Agent Offices. The secondary data
were collected through discussion and structured questionnaires. The secondary data are used
to verify the primary data and to describe the overall agricultural development and potentials of
the project Wereda and kebeles. Moreover, the collection of secondary information has helped
in obtaining the information on the severity of drought; loss of crop produces due to scarcity of
rain, low soil fertility and land degradation due to soil erosion; crop varieties being grown;
existing agricultural development activities; crop yield performance, input distribution, marketing,

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 10 March, 2021

status of food security, and relevant and major economic development points were obtained
from secondary sources.

This will further include the study of current farming system, crop rotation and cropping intensity,
the status of agricultural support services, strength and weaknesses of present research-
extension-farmers’ linkages including its impact on technology generation, assessment,
dissemination and adoption. The study also included the type and number of crops being grown,
their socio-economic importance and marketability to decide on the future crops to be included
in the selected cropping plans in the light of the country’s need. Efforts have been made to
select crops and cropping pattern with appropriate varieties that may be adaptable to the
present soil, climatic, socio-economic situation of the Project Command and are responsive to
irrigation water and other production inputs giving high and sustainable yield. The crop budget
and yield Projections of the system have been worked out taking important crops.

3.4 Post Field Work

The post fieldwork is the final step to reveal the feasibility report of the Yanda Dam and
Irrigation Development Project Command based on the data collected from Wereda and Kebele
levels.

3.4.1 Data organization and analysis

Excel data sheet and other software used for data compiling and analysis. CROPWAT 8.0
software and Konso meteorology station in the project area (i.e. nearest meteorology station to
the project area) are applied to compute the evapotranspiration, crop water requirement and
irrigation schedules. The FAO modified penman method (CROPWAT software version 8.0) is
used to compute reference crop evapo-transpiration based on meteorological and soil data of
the project area obtained from hydrology and soil survey data report respectively.

3.4.2 Data interpretation and report write-up

After the primary and secondary data has been collected, the data was organized, analyzed and
interpreted according to the objective of the study. Then a draft and final irrigation agronomy
report were prepared and submitted.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 11 March, 2021

4 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

4.1 Location of the Area

Geographically the Yanda Dam and Irrigation Development Project is located in Southern
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State, Konso zone, Karat Zuria and Segen Zuria
Wereda, at about 658km from Addis Ababa, 383km from regional city, Hawassa and at about
20-45km from Konso Zone main town Konso (Karat town). The project targeted kebeles are
Jarso, Birbirsa and Dera. The majority of the command area is found in Jarso kebele and small
area of land size in Birbirsa kebele whereas the reservoir is located in Jarso and Dera kebele
which targeted for fish farming. The specific geographical location of the command area extends
582449.42 to 599732.31 m N and 340899.68 to 353508.06 m E (Figure 4.1).

Theproject Wereda, Karat Zuria and Segen Zuria wereda, encompasses an area of
111707.7092 hectares(111,707.9092 square kilometers). The Wereda comprises varied
physiographic areas. However, because of the soil difference in the target area, there is a
difference in crop types with in nearby areas. Elevations in the target areas range from 850
to1025 m above sea level. Even if the available gross command area of the project is more
hectares, the expected reservoir can irrigate net command area of 4,500hectares.

Figure 4-1: Location map of the project

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 12 March, 2021

4.2 Agro-Ecology

Based on the thermal zone (i.e. altitude and temperature), the agro-ecological classification of
the proposed project area is classified as low land. The major crops produced in this agro-
ecology are maize and sorghum and followed by haricot bean.

4.3 Climate Condition of the Target area

Climate is one of the components of an environment that determines formation and

characteristics of natural vegetation, soil formation and farming systems of a particular area.
Based on the climatic factors, the length of the growing period (LGP) for the crops produced in
the study area were described. Climate and soils gives information on the types of climate and
soil that are best suited to the crop under consideration. Climatically, the target project Wereda,
Karat Zuria, is found in the lowlands with high temperature and bimodal type of rainfall but with
limited moisture availability with the existing length of growing periods.

Traditionally, the climate in the project area is characterized by a distinct two rainy season; the
“Belg” rainy seasons from Mid-February to the beginning of May and the “Meher” rainy season
starts in end of Julyand extends up to mid-November. However, usually the dry periods are from
December to February.

The nearest meteorology station to the proposed command area is Konso for the computation
of reference evapotranspiration and then crop water requirement for rain fall and temperature
parameters.

Table 4-1: Summary of climatic condition and climatic elements of the project area

Min Max
Humidity Wind Sunshine Rad ETo
Temp Temp
Month
Km/
°C °C % m/s hours MJ/m²/day mm/day
day
January 17.1 36.9 54.1 1.4 59.7 9.1 21.7 5.28
February 17.9 37.8 51.5 1.6 54.2 8.8 22.4 5.82
March 17.3 37.8 50.0 1.7 51.5 8.2 22.2 6.02
April 16.8 35.4 62.2 1.6 55.0 7.1 20.3 5.20
May 17.0 33.1 71.0 1.4 64.0 7.4 20.1 4.61
June 16.7 32.5 68.0 1.3 65.7 5.9 17.4 4.11
July 16.1 32.8 65.2 1.4 63.0 4.7 15.8 4.00
August 16.3 33.7 64.4 1.5 58.2 5.5 17.5 4.42
Septembe 17.0 34.8 63.0 1.5 56.8 6.3 19 4.80
r
October 17.0 34.3 68.6 1.5 59.0 6.6 19.1 4.65
November 15.8 34.2 63.9 1.4 59.9 7.7 19.8 4.66
December 15.8 35.4 56.7 1.4 61.8 9.1 21.3 4.98
Average 16.7 34.9 61.5 1.5 58.8 7.2 19.7 4.88
Source: Ethiopian Metrological Agency and Analysed Results Based on the Existing
Condition

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 13 March, 2021

4.3.1 Rainfall Distribution of the Target Project Area

Even though,the distribution and intensity of rainfall is erratic and showing differences among
consecutive years. According to the Wereda Agriculture and Natural Resource Development
Office and nearest meteorology station of the project area, like most parts of southern Ethiopia,
the area is known for its bimodal rain fall i.e. has two rainy seasons. The first rainy season
“Belg” rainy seasons from Mid-February to the beginning of May and the second rainy season
the so called “Meher” rainy season starts in end of July and extends up to mid-November.

Generally the rainfall pattern in these areas are highly variable in intensity, amount and
distribution, which lead to moisture stress during critical stages of food crop and forage
production/natural pasture and makes agricultural production vulnerable to pre and post
production risk. Though the amount of rain received is low both in “meher” season and “Belg”
season. However, the contribution of “Meher” rainfall for existence of pastures and crop
production in the area is relatively better as compared to “Belg” rainfall. However, according to
the farmers focus group discussion, the rainfall distribution is highly variable which is a
challenge to predict it and schedule the farm activities in the past two decades. Rainfall has
become increasingly unreliable with its frequency and amount.

Climatic data obtained respective metrological station shows that the area has a total
dependable and effective rainfall amount of 431.8 and 328.1mm/annum. The rainfall is sufficient
were not enough to produce diversified crops during the rainy season. The local community
produces two crops with this amount of rainfall and traditional supplementary traditional
irrigation water sources by planting short season varieties such as maize, sorghum and mung
bean in early March and harvesting on July to free the land for second crops such as teff and
wheat crops which is planted in mid of August.

Table 4-2: Rainfall and respective effective rainfall in program areas (Konso)

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
80%
dependable 2 6.8 53.4 111.7 71.3 18.9 8.4 14.8 34.7 73.9 33.4 2.5 431.8
Rainfall (mm)
Effective 11.
0 0 57.4 98.2 69.9 4.4 0 2.4 12.4 71.7 0 328.1
rainfall (mm) 7
Source: Ethiopian Meteorological Agency and analyzed results

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 14 March, 2021

80% Dependable RF and Effective R.F

120
111.7
100
91.7
80
71.3 73.9
63.2 65.2
60
53.4
48.8
40
34.7
32.8 33.4
31.6
20 18.9
18.3 14.8
14.4
6.8
6.7 8.4
8.3
0 2 2.5
ar
y ry ch ril ay ne ly st be
r er be
r
be
r
ua ar Ap M Ju Ju gu ob
nu r M u m t m m
Ja Fe
b A pt
e Oc ve ce
Se No De

Rain (mm) Eff rain (mm)

Figure 4-2: 80% Dependapble Rainfall and effective rainfall of the target area

Rainfall Against LGP

200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Rainfall, mm Eto mm/month Eto/2 mm/month Eff. R.F mm/month

Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov Dec
163.6 162.6 156. 142.9 143.8
ETo, mm 8 8
186.93
3 1
123.3 124.31 137.33 144.3
4
140.1 154.38
78.1
ETo*0.5 81.84 81.34 93.47
5
71.46 61.65 62.16 68.67 72.15 71.92 70.05 77.19
111.
Rainfall, mm 2 6.8 53.4
7
71.3 18.9 8.4 14.8 34.7 73.9 33.4 2.5
- 33.5 - - -
(3-2) -79.84 -74.54
40.065 5
-0.155
42.75 53.755 53.865
-37.45 1.98 -36.65 -74.69

LGP, days 29 30 31
LGP Period 61

Figure 4-3: Rainfall, Effective Rainfall and LGP of the area

4.3.2 Temperature

The prevailing temperature considerably influences selection of crops and their growing periods.
The temperature of the Karat/konso meteorology station is transferred to the command site
based on the altitude. Optimum temperature plays an important role on the growth period and
the production of crops. The mean maximum annual temperature of the area is 24.50c and the

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 15 March, 2021

mean minimum annual temperature is 21.60c, in which the highest mean maximum temperature
and a mean minimum temperature were recorded in February and July months respectively.

Table 4-3: Monthly minimum, maximum and average temperature data (oC) of station

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Average
Max temp 36.9 37.8 37.8 35.4 33.1 32.5 32.8 33.7 34.8 34.3 34.2 35.4 34.9
Min temp 17.1 17.9 17.3 16.8 17.0 16.7 16.1 16.3 17.0 17.0 15.8 15.8 16.7
Mean temp 23.7 24.5 24.2 22.9 22.0 21.7 21.6 22.0 22.8 22.6 22.0 22.5 22.7

4.3.3 Relative Humidity

Humidity level of the atmosphere determines the level of evapotranspiration. The relative
humidity distribution will show the favorability and possibility of pest infestation occurrence, in
which, in most cases high and low humid areas are suitable to insect pests and diseases
occurrences; therefore, it is useful to give emphasis to incorporate pest control intervention in
the project document.

The mean annual relative humidity in the study area varies from 50% in the month of March to
71% in the months of May. This range of relative humidity is low during dry months of the year
and high during rainy season. The rise in relative humidity favors sporadic outbreak of some
crop pests and diseases.

Table 4-4: Relative Humidity data at Konso Meteorological station

Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average
Mean RH% 54.1 51.5 50 62.2 71 68 65.2 64.4 63 68.6 63.9 56.7 61.5

4.3.4 Sunshine hour

Daily length/ sunshine hours and radiation are very important in photosynthetic plant growth and
estimation of crop water requirement. For irrigation purpose, analysis of monthly mean of
sunshine hours is crucial to investigate its effect on crops. The study area experiences sunshine
hours that vary from highest (9.1 hours /day) in January to lowest (4.7 hours /day) in July

Table 4-5: Sunshine data at Konso Meteorology station

Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average

Sunshine hour 9.1 8.8 8.2 7.1 7.4 5.9 4.7 5.5 6.3 6.6 7.7 9.1 7.2

4.3.5 Wind speed

Wind speed has significant effect on crop performance especially after late development stage.
Occurrence of strong winds may result in lodging. In addition, crop water requirement of the
crop increases in windy days than calm days. Mean values of wind speed is highest in the
months of March (1.7m/sec) and the lowest mean value is in the months of June (1.3m/sec).

Table 4-6: Wind speed data at Konso Meteorological station

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 16 March, 2021

Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average
Wind speed 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5
(m/sec)
Wind speed 121 138 147 138 121 112 121 130 130 130 121 121 127
(km/day)

4.4 Water Resource

Besides flat topography and fertile soils, water resource is one of the major important
requirements for irrigated agriculture. The water resource which is designed for the project is
Yanda temporal river. It is a temporary river and has high flood potential for irrigation in the
area. The communities having farmland in the command area are utilizing the river for
supplementary irrigation via diverting in many sites and by making sunken seedbed for saving
the scarce water source. Even if there are seasonal flood flows in the river course, there are no
perennial rivers flowing in the target project areas. Water for domestic purpose and livestock is
also a very scarce resource.

However, rain water around the target area and flood coming from upper stream is highly
available to be harvested in the target project area. According to the information from
meteorology station data the amount of rain (817.4mm/year) and annual dependable rainfall
(431.8) distributed throughout the year. Since there is a large watershed area, sufficient amount
of water can be collected for multipurpose use; irrigation, livestock, recreation and other
purposes.

4.5 Topography and vegetation

The landscape of the Woreda in general and the project kebele in particular is characterized as
undulated topography with varied range of slopes, but, the command site is a flat land with
minor variation in the range of slopes. In general, the topography of the command area is gentle
slope and landform and the topographic nature of the command area is good for efficient use of
surface irrigation method.

The vegetation types and nature of the low land areas of the Wereda have almost similar
features. Bushes and shrubs and planted tree species are common in the target project kebeles
and Moringa, Woyibeta and Acacia tree species are dominantly found.

4.6 Soil of the Project Area

It is essential from the start to recognize any properties; physical and chemical, which might
make the soils of the command area either unsuitable for irrigated agriculture, or require special
measures and/or agronomic techniques if the development is to be sustainable. Pertaining to
this project all soil data results, are predominantly (>75 %) silt clay to loamy sand textured, both
on topsoil and subsoil. The target area has a soil texture of silt clay to loamy sand. The slope of
the command area is gentle slope which is good for crop production.The soil reaction (pH) in
water of the surface soils of the project area varies from 7.34 to 8.99 which are slightly alkaline
to very strongly alkaline.

Organic carbon measurements are often made as a measure of the quantity of organic matter in
a soil, which in turn is taken as a crude measure of fertility status.The low OM/OC is highly
Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 17 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

influencing, particularly the availability of nutrients as well as physical condition of the soil. All
soil of the area has medium and very low (0.03-7.88%) OM which decreases in the sub soils.
The available water capacity of the area is 203mm/m and it is in high rate and found to be highly
suitable for irrigation.

Total N is an indicator of the soil potential for the element not the measure in which it becomes
available to the plants. Apart from nitrogen fertilizer application, the only other source of nitrogen
in soil is breakdown and humification of organic matter and atmospheric nitrogen fixation by
leguminous plants. The total nitrogen content of the soils in the command area varies from 0.02
to 0.33 percent with an average value of about 0.07. Most soils of the command area have high
level of total nitrogen content however it becomes low in sub soils and in some soil units.

The soil organic carbon content of the soils of command site varies from very low (0.02 %) to
low (3.83 %) with an average value of low (0.70%). Soil organic matter affects many of the soil
physical, chemical and biological properties in particular and ecosystem functions in general
(Brady and Wiel, 2016). Soil organic matter provides much of the soil’s cation exchange
capacity (CEC); water-holding capacity; responsible for the formation and stabilization of soil
aggregates; and contains large quantities of plant nutrients and actsas a slow-release nutrient
storehouse, especially for nitrogen. In addition the quantity and qualityof soil organic matter are
central in determining soil quality.

C/N ratio is an indication of the process of transformation of organic nitrogen to available N like
ammonium nitrite and nitrate-N. Incorporation of partially decomposed crop residues or straw in
a soil can greatly increase whilst legume residues decrease the ratio and as such the figures
should be taken as indication of facts. If C/N ratio is about 10-15, the microbiological activity are
expected to be in a favorable condition. The C/N ratio of the soil is in 3.17-20.89 range which is
almost in a good condition.

The soils of command site pertaining to electrical conductivity of the soils (saturated paste
extract) are non-saline to strongly saline with an average value of non-saline. From the
laboratory analysis results covers about 334 ha have as high as 19.97 mS/cm electrical
conductivity that is very strongly saline in the sub-surface layer. On the other hand covers
149ha are moderately saline in the sub-surface layer. With regard to the Exchangeable Sodium
Percentage (ESP) content that expresses the sodicity status of the soils the area have very high
ESP values and slightly high ESP values.

Cation exchange capacity is a measure of the nutrient retention capacity of the soil and is an
important index of soil fertility. It is considered as a measure of soil fertility status. The CEC of
the command area varies from 15.74 (medium) to very high (81.83 meq/100 gm of soil) with an
average value of 40.04 meq/100 gm of soil (very high).

On average, Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and Na are very high whereas exchangeable K content of
the soils is high. The exchangeable potassium content varies from very low to very high which
indicates that there might be paucity of potassium to plants in the area.

In addition, the calcium to Magnesium ratio of the soils vary from low to high with an average
value of medium, the magnesium to potassium ratio also varies from low to very high with an
average of very high values in the same pattern the calcium plus magnesium to potassium ratio

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 18 March, 2021

ranges from low to very high with an average of very high values. The potassium to CEC ratio is
below the minimum threshold value. Overall, in the command area potassium could be limiting.

The dominant textural classes identified in the area are Loam, Sandy Loam, Clay, silt loam, and
Clay loam in the order of area coverage. The soils of the command area are deep to very deep.
According to the auger observation data about 99 % of the area has deep soils with only about
1% moderately deep soils. This indicates that the root growth of any plants is hindered by any
restriction with good water holding capacity owing to this fact. Drainage is a soil characteristic
and refers to the relative position of the soil within the landandthe site has well drained,
moderately well drained, excessively drained and poor.

Generally the soil fertility status of soil of the command area is in low level. Though the available
potassium and phosphorous of the soil are in high level and the low level of organic carbon and
nitrogen percentage downgrades the fertility status of the soil. Moreover, for detail analysis refer
soil report and annexed laboratory analysis results.

4.7 Length of Growing Periods

Growing period describes the period in which conditions for plant growth are adequate, in this
case defined by the availability of soil moisture. It is estimated in days from the beginning to the
end of crop growth. The length of this period is crucial to the satisfactory development and
maturation of the crop. There are generally two categories of growing periods in the target area:
(i) LGP 61 days: cropping is insecure for all practical purposes and (ii) LGP 59 days and 31
days during “Belg” and “Meher” season: cropping is secure for short season annual crops and
requires supplementary irrigation for long season and perennial crops (refer figure 4-3 above).

4.8 Land use of Target Areas

According to the project Wereda Agriculture and Natural Development Office and kebeles
Development Agent office, the vast areas of land is occupied by forest land, pasture land and
cultivated land. As it is indicated in Table 4.7 below, about 27% of the total area of the Wereda
engaged by cultivated land for annual, perennial and irrigated crops and followed by forest and
pasture land. But in the majority of the command kebeles are occupied by forest and pasture
land. Irrigated lands take up less as compared to rainfed crops and the remaining lands other
non-agricultural land like waste land and water bodies.

Generally, similar lands are cultivated year after year due to high population pressure from time
to time and limited cultivable land. Bushes and shrubs are also common in the project Wereda
and kebele particularly planted trees to conserve water and soil in between terraces in most
areas of slope lands, ”Morginga”. Large areas of the command areas are closed/locked area
and there is also an implementation of physical and biological conservation through hindering
the entrance of livestock particularly cattle. For this reason, the livestock is mostly kept far from
the command area or around marshy area (Siate) and some parts of the command area. During
the community discussion the farmers were raised the problem of feeds. The communities of
the target area at household level leave grazing lands around their homesteads and communal
grazing land to keep their livestock. The main grazing arrangements are free grazing and cut
and curry system. The free grazing is mainly for goat and sheep. There is also paddock system

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 19 March, 2021

of grazing arrangement. Therefore, modernizing the limited land utilization paramount important
with rainfed and irrigation water sources.

Table 4-7: Land use type and area of the target project Wereda and Kebeles

Karat Zuria
Jarso kebele Birbirsa kebele
S/N Land use categories Wereda
(Ha) % (Ha) % (Ha) %
1 Cultivated land 55,805.6 26.93 5,262.12 30.23 1,500 8.06
 Annual crops 44,781 21.61 5,061 29.07 600 3.23
 Perennial crops 1,243.5 0.60 145 0.83 200 1.08
 Irrigated land 9,781.1 4.72 61.12 0.35 700 3.76
2 Uncultivated land 27,142 13.10 1,874 10.76 - -
3 Grazing land 41,948.5 20.24 7,545 43.34 8000 43.01
4 Forest land 41,648.5 20.10 81 0.47 8,249.5 44.35
5 Bushes& shrubs 35,603 17.18 1,159.005 6.66 0.00
6 Waste land - 17 0.10 -
7 Water bodies 1,050 0.51 65.375 0.38 0.00
8 Residential, Social - 1405 8.07 850 4.57
services & other
infrastructures
9 Others 4,009.02 1.93 - -
Total Area 207,206.62 100.00 17,408.50 100.0 18,599.5 100
0

4.9 Land holding Size of the Target Area Households

The population growth rate of the area is increasing from time to time which is reducing the land
size of the target area of the farm and currently constructing residences in the farm areas.
Fragmented sizes of landholding are further aggravated by redistribution of land among
households and scattering of holdings into several plots in almost all areas of the target
Kebeles. It is common for the majority of households to have more than one plot of land.
Generally, the land holding size of the farming community in the target area is 0.125-0.5
hectares. Most of the farming areas are also affected by erosion which are seasonal rivers
affecting cultivated area.

4.10 Livelihoods of Target Areas

Karat Zuria and Segen Zuria Wereda and target kebeles are predominantly based on
agriculture with approximately 95% of the inhabitants depending on crop and livestock
production. Production is as usual traditional on small holdings and everything manual way of
doing in the past many centuries. Most households cultivate maize, sorghum and haricot bean
and rearing livestock including cattle, sheep and goats. Crop production is highly intensified
related with reduced land size and use of production inputs including fertilizer, improved seed,
chemicals and better agronomic practices including crop protection, farming frequencies and
other practices.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 20 March, 2021

In the target area, most land is used for crop production purposes which is said to be highly
intensified. Irrigation practice is at its minimum level related with lack of irrigation water which
affects the food security status of the farming community. Some of the farmers in the target area
are involved in petty trade and Rural Productive Safety Net Program (RPSNP) activities. Those
population groups who are supported by RPSNP are those who are with low level of land,
unable to create assets, pro-old and disables. Around 1396 households in the target kebele are
food insecure and supported by direct support of the RPSNP. Generally, livelihood is highly
dependent on mixed farming, crop production and livestock husbandry and others livelihood
means in the target area is petty trade with very small scale.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 21 March, 2021

5 PRESENT AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND CROPPING

PATTERN

5.1 Existing Agronomic Practices of Rainfed and Irrigated Crops

Production

5.1.1 Site selection

In the project area almost all the households are dependent on subsistence farming where the
average productivity has been substantially decreased due to the major constraints particularly
inadequate rainfall, traditional farming practices, limited use of improved technologies, etc.
According to the Wereda Agriculture and Natural Resource Development Office and Ethiopian
Meteorological Agency (Konso meteorology station), though the rain fall pattern is erratic, the
area is known for its bimodal rain fall. The usual first rainy season “Belg” started in end of mid-
March to mid-May. The second rainy season the so called “Meher” started in mid-August and
ends in mid-November.

Moreover, there are double cropping practices of maize, sorghum and haricot bean.
Intercropping or rotation of maize and sorghum with haricot bean, maize with sorghum and
viseversal is common. In general, such erroneous practices reduce subsequent crop yield. In
general, due to continuous change in climate in the study area calendar for site selection prior to
the start of ‘Meher and Belg” season rain.

5.1.2 Land clearing

In the present context of the area, land cleaning takes place before/in the beginning of rainy
season. It is done using hand tools like axe and chopper /Gejera and sickle. Then after; the
leftovers and /or the chopped materials and grasses are burnt. In few places of the command,
bushes and forest firing is still common practice causing land degradation and subsequent yield
reduction. Usually land clearing is implemented from July and December for “Meher” rainfed
and dry season (Belg) crops production respectively.

5.1.3 Land preparation and planting

In smallholder farm plots generally oxen are dominant animal traction that is used for ploughing
and disking. In the project command land preparation usually done with oxen or “Maresha”
ploughing) and begins at and/ or near the onset of rain though dry time. Land preparation/tillage
usually start in January for “Belg” and July for “Meher” season. In general in the project site
optimum sowing is determined by availability of both seasons of the rainfall. The farmers noted
that availability of oxen is the main determining factor to perform agricultural activities at
required time; in some cases the farmers were not timely preparing the farm plots because of
lack of oxen during ploughing period.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 22 March, 2021

Table 5-1: Existing major crop calendar cultivated During Long rainy seasons
(Kiremit/Meher rainfied)

Month of Month of
Frequency Sowing Harvesting Base period
Crop types land land
of ploughing Date Date (Days)
clearing preparation
Sorghum July July 2 August January 120-150
Maize July July 2 August January 120-140
Haricot bean July July 2 August December 120
Teff July July 2 August December 120

Table 5-2: Existing major crop calendar cultivated during short rainy seasons (Belg
rainfied)

Month of Base
Month of land Frequency of Sowing Harvesting
Crop types land period
preparation ploughing Date Date
clearing (Days)
Sorghum December January 2 Mid-Feb July 125-150
Maize December January 2 Mid-Feb July 120-140
Haricot bean December January 2 Mid-Feb July 110-120
Teff December January 2 Mid-Feb July 110-120
Mung bean December January 2 Mid-Feb July 100-120

5.1.4 Crop Production under Rainfed and Supplementary Irrigation

The crop production is predominantly practiced based on rainfed agriculture during the main
rainy season (Meher) and (Belg) in those kebeles in which the project area is found and in the
proposed command area (Table 5.3 and 5.4). Generally, the results of the three years
(2008/2009-2010/2011 E.C.) average rainfed post-harvest crop production of the Wereda, of
secondary data assessment indicate that, a total land area of “Belg” season crops are larger
than “Meher” season rainfed crops production (Table 5.3 and 5.4). Currently, about 50% of the
total target areas of farmland of the Yanda traditional irrigation site were not utilized with
irrigation due to limited irrigation water source.

The existing cropping pattern in the project area indicates the dominance of cereal and few
pulse crops during crop growing periods particularly intercropped with cereal crops. Maize and
sorghum crops are the major cereal crops produced in the project area, whereas, haricot bean
are produced on limited areas of land. In the project area, crops are grown with different
technologies. These are local varieties without fertilizers, local varieties with cow dung, local
varieties with commercial fertilizers and/or improved varieties with commercial fertilizers

Most of the crops are produced by using improved seeds with fertilizers followed by local seeds
with fertilizers. The use of improved seeds is limited to few crops especially maize and sorghum
crops varieties. The common varieties used by the farmers of the command areas are BH-140
and local seeds of maize; Abishre, Gubiye, Birhan and local seeds of sorghum; and Red wolaita
and local seeds of haricot bean were used both with Belg and Meher rainfied. Even though the
farming community is producing the stated crops, the area potentiallycan produce diversity of
crops which is suitable for many types of crops. The average yields of the major crops

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 23 March, 2021

producedby rainfed and irrigated agriculture in the Wereda and kebeles in which the project
area is found are illustrated in the table below.

As it indicated in Table 5.3 of secondary data from respective Weredas documents states that
cereals production account for 85% % of the total cultivated land while other crops including
pulses (12%), vegetables (0.26%) and fruit crops (2.66%) cumulatively accounted for 15% of
the cultivated land with rainfed. During the budget year (2010/2011 E.C) even though about
8977.8ha of annual crops are sown due to scarcity of rainfall no yield was harvested. Similarly,
the total area and production of by crop for each project Kebele were alsosummarized and
analyzed in Table 5.5 and 5.6 below.

Table 5-3: Major Rainfed crops (Meher) harvested in the last three years with their area and total
yield of the target Wereda

2008/2009 E.C 2009/2010 E.C 2010/2011 E.C

Crop types Area Total Area Total Area Total

cultivated productio cultivated productio cultivated production
(ha) n (Qt) (ha) n (Qt) (ha) (Qt)
Sorghum 3689 42054.6 2016 18809.28 1211 -
Maize 3537.4 93139.742 6704 176516.32 6884 -
Haricot bean 1014 8264.1 1276 10463.2 820.8 -
Mung bean - - 125 1250 62 -
Banana - - 59 14750 513.84 -
Mango - - 32 51210 144 -
Onion - - 18.125 2718.75 53.725 -
Total 8240.4 143458.44 10230.1 275717.55 9689.37 0.0

Table 5-4: Major Rainfed crops (Belg) and supplementary irrigation harvested in the last
three years with their area and total yield of the target Wereda

2009 E.C 2010 E.C 2011 E.C

Crop types Area Total Area Total Area Total

cultivated productio cultivate productio cultivate productio
(ha) n (Qt) d (ha) n (Qt) d (ha) n (Qt)
Sorghum 4299.378 44412.57 5232.5 94185 5232.5 94,185.00
Maize 6261.125 122719.8 6264 312842.2 6614 312,842.20
Haricot bean 2190.528 23351.028 1473 22095 1473 22,905.00
Mung bean - - - - 222 3552.0
Banana - - 354 88500 513.84 128460.0
Mango - - 66 10560 445 71200.0
Onion - - - - 43.75 9365.0
Total 12,751.031 190,483.4 13,389.5 528,182.2 14,544.1 642,509.2
Source: Karat Zuria Wereda Agriculture and Natural Resource Development Office

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 24 March, 2021

Table 5-5: Major Rainfed crops (Meher) harvested in the last three years with their area and total
yield of the Jarso kebele

2008/2009 E.C 2009/2010 E.C 2010/2011 E.C

Area Total Area Total Area Total
Crop types cultivated productio cultivated productio cultivated production
(ha) n (Qt) (ha) n (Qt) (ha) (Qt)
Sorghum 130 1725 210 1050 220.25 -
Maize 532 4656 524 4716 508 -
Haricot bean 42 250.4 37 259 32 -
Mung bean 11 66 18 99 - -
Total 715 6697.4 789 6124 760.25

Table 5-6: Major Rainfed crops (Belg) and supplementary irrigation harvested in the last three
years with their area and total yield of the Jarso kebele

2008/2009 E.C 2009/2010 E.C 2010/2011 E.C

Crop types Area Total Area Total Area Total

cultivated productio cultivated productio cultivated production
(ha) n (Qt) (ha) n (Qt) (ha) (Qt)
Sorghum 147 1029 37 296 200.7 2408.4
Maize 617 5553 567 6804 590.5 8857.5
Haricot bean 22 99 24 144 84.1 792
Mung bean 6 25.2 1 5.2 5.255 34.1
Sesame 4.3 7.31 3 4.6 0 0
Total 796.3 6713.51 632 7253.8 880.555 16276.165
12092
Source: Jarso kebele Development Agent Office
Table 5-7: Major Rainfed crops (Meher) harvested in the last three years with their area and total
yield of the Birbirsa kebele

2008/2009 E.C 2009/2010 E.C 2010/2011 E.C

Crop types Area Total Area Total Area Total

cultivate productio cultivated productio cultivated production
d (ha) n (Qt) (ha) n (Qt) (ha) (Qt)
Sorghum 125 1750 130 1820 130.5 1827
Maize 350 17500 340 1700 355 17750
Haricot bean 20 100 20 100 20 100
Mung bean 92 0 90 450 80 400
Banana 40 800 40 800 40 800
Mango 60 15000 60 15000 60 15000
Local cabbage 5 400 4 400 5.5 400
Teff 100 800 100 800 100.5 804
Total 792 36350 784 21070 791.5 37081

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 25 March, 2021

Table 5-8: Major Rainfed crops (Belg) and supplementary irrigation harvested in the last three
years with their area and total yield of the Birbirsa kebele

2008 E.C 2009 E.C 2010 E.C

Crop types Area Total Area Total Area Total

cultivate productio cultivated productio cultivated production
d (ha) n (Qt) (ha) n (Qt) (ha) (Qt)
Sorghum 160 2240 155 2170 155.25 2177
Maize 320 16000 300 15000 316 15800
Haricot bean 10 50 15 75 18 65
Papaya 3 130 3 130 3 130
Banana 40 800 40 800 40 800
Mango 60 15000 60 15000 60 15000
Teff 290 2320 310 2480 302 2416
Local cabbage 5 400 6 480 4 320
Total 888 36940 889 36135 898.25 36708
Source: Birbirsa kebele Development Agent Office

Figure 5-1: Sample crops and seedbed types produced with traditional irrigation method

Table 5-9: Major existing rainfed (Meher) and “Belg”/supplementary irrigated crops and
cropping pattern/intensity at Wereda and Kebele level (2009/2010 E.C)

Category of crops Wereda Jarso kebele Birbirsa kebele

“Meher” Rainfed crops % % %
Maize 65.5 66.4 50.0
Sorghum 19.7 26.6 19.1

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 26 March, 2021

Category of crops Wereda Jarso kebele Birbirsa kebele

Haricot bean 12.5 4.7 2.9
Mung bean 1.2 2.3 13.2
Banana 0.6 - 5.9
Mango 0.3 - 8.8
Onion 0.2 - -
Belg rainfed and/or Supplementary
Irrigated crops
Maize 46.8 90.3 52.4
Sorghum 39.1 5.9 27.1
Haricot bean 11.0 3.8 2.6
Banana 2.6 - 7.0
Mango 0.5 - 10.5
Papaya - - 0.5
5.1.5 Existing farming systems and practice

Crop based integrated farming system is the most commonly practiced in Wereda command
projects where crop production is the major activity followed by livestock production. Maize and
sorghum crops are continuously cultivated on the same plot of land year after year in command
areas of the project since they are a common stable food crop in most parts of the Wereda and
the targeted project kebeles.

The farm operations are highly dependent on rainfall pattern in terms of land preparations,
planting times, weeding, harvesting practices, and marketing of produce but also practice cereal
crops, pulse, vegetable crops and fruit crops with supplementary irrigation.

In the project Wereda sole/mono cropping, inter cropping and mixed cropping commonly
practiced to produce crops. Intercropping and crop rotation allows efficient utilization of soil
nutrients and increased harvest from land resource and also crop rotation reduces the buildup
soil born pests. Intercropping also enables to get minimum harvest in case of one component
crop failure, so intercropping of leguminous crops with the major component crop is advisable.
There is also double cropping system in the project command Wereda since the project
command areas are characterized by its bimodal nature of rainfall. The possible arrangements
in crop rotations and intercropping can be the following.
 Maize/sorghum ↔ mung bean/haricot bean ↔ maize/sorghum which helps for efficient
utilization of essential nutrient resources and soil fertility management,
 Shallow rooted crops alternatively with deep rooted crops for efficient utilization of
essential nutrient resources is also one of the rotational possibilities,
 Pulse crops like haricot bean and mung bean are also the major components utilized in
intercropping to improve the fertility status of soil and efficient utilization of limited land
resources in the basin since they share resources without causing nutrient deficiencies
for neighboring or subsequent crops and
 Maize with haricot bean is the possible arrangements in intercropping for efficient
utilization of land resources with the specified time.

5.1.6 Existing agricultural inputs and supporting services

Reviewing and analyzing of the recent agricultural inputs or technology practices relevant to the
irrigated and rainfied agriculture is essential to build up the knowhow about the agricultural

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 27 March, 2021

inputs dissemination system and experiences of the communities which will help to identify the
gaps in technology application. Furthermore, the best practices could be replicated in the
intended project to maintain the optimum yield. The study also reviewed existing agronomic
practices both on irrigation and rainfied agriculture to use as a database for recommendation of
the best practice for the future irrigation scheme development based on the input level and
adoption rate of the technologies. Study of the existing irrigation activities in the study areas is
also essential to combat the problems that will have been encountered during implementation.
Major issues to be considered in study areas are experiences in utilizing fertilizer types with
specific crop and constraints and measures taken to resolve the problems.

Agricultural inputs are the essential component of crop production to meet food security and
increase household income. The use of proper agricultural inputs at the recommended rates
and period plays a significant role in yield increment per unit area of land. According to the
response of the project zone, Wereda and kebele there were very limited inputs used in and
around the proposed project area to obtain an optimum yield mainly due to resistance of the
producers which might be brought due limited know how and capacity to purchase improved
agricultural inputs. Even though, the improved agricultural inputs like fertilizers, improved seeds,
and pesticides are made available timely by Zone and Wereda cooperatives,the costs of
agricultural inputs were not affordable by farmers and also not responsive due limited soil
moisture. The major types of inputs used in the area are improved seeds of maize, sorghum
and haricot bean, fertilizers (NPSB, NPS and Urea). The maize variety that is used in the project
area is BH-140 and local seed. Similarly, the sorghum varieties that are used in the project area
Abshire, Gubiye and local seeds. Fertilizers are commonly used for production of cereal crops
(maize and sorghum). The recommended rate of fertilizers used is 100kg/ha of NPSB/NPS and
100kg/ha of urea for maize and 100kg/ha of NPSB/NPS and 100kg/ha of urea for sorghum.

Other agricultural inputs particularly insecticide like Diazinon 60% E.C., Dimethiote 40% and
Malathion 50% E.Cand fungicides like mancozeb 45% WP and Redomil-mz 63.5% and for
herbicides like 2,4-D, Round up 360% E.C, were also utilized for the control of insect pests,
fungal diseases and weeds in the area. Concerning pesticides the inputs, they are supplied by
the government/agriculture and natural resource development office particularly for the control
of migratory pests like fall army worm and regular pests like stalk borer.

Moreover, soil fertility management is one of the major components of agronomic practices that
receive due attention in any cropping system. It is broadly grouped into organic & inorganic.
Organic fertility management practices such as; compost making are not well practiced in and
around the command area. However, few farmers use farm yard manure and compost for
growing of maize at their backyard. But most farmers rotate maize/sorghum with haricot bean or
mung bean and maize with sorghum and viseversal. Intercropping of haricot bean in maize and
sorghum; etc. are also carried out in the project command. On the other hand, though inorganic
fertilizers application is gaining momentum in the command area, full packaged fertilizer
applications are relatively so familiar. The recommended amount of NPS is similar to those of
DAP fertilizers for the different crops. Moreover the supply and distribution volume of agricultural
inputs are illustrated in Table 5.10, 5.11 and 5.12.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 28 March, 2021

Table 5-10: Existing agricultural inputs utilization experiences in last three years in the
project Wereda for “Meher” season

2008 2009 2010

Types of inputs Supplied Distributed Supplied Distributed Supplied Distributed
Qt Qt Qt Qt Qt Qt
Improved seeds
 Sorghum 350 35
 Maize 148.875 65 - - 250 250
 Haricot bean 49.5 44.875 - - 50 50
Chemical fertilizers
 NPSB 870 - 4020 1197.84 2480 -
 NPS 1050 - 1290 1173.6 - -
 UREA 1300 - 3040 1037.5 440 -
Source: Karat Zuria Wereda Agriculture and Natural Resource Development Offices

Table 5-11: Existing agricultural inputs utilization experiences in the project Wereda
(2008-2009 E.C) for Belg rainfed and supplementary irrigation

2008 2009 2010

Types of inputs Supplie
Supplied Distributed Supplied Distributed Distributed
d
Qt Qt Qt Qt Qt
Qt
Improved seeds - - - - - -
Chemical fertilizers - - - - - -
Agro-chemicals
 Dimethioate - - - - 200 200
 Diazinon - - 10 10 1640 1244
 Malathion - - 1058 1031 127 227

Table 5-12: Existing fertilizer management and seed rate for both rainfed and irrigated
crops

Fertilizer Seed
Crop type Type Amount Time of Method of Rate Method of
(kg/ha) application application (kg/ha) sowing
NPSB 100 At sowing Spot/side 25 Row
Maize
UREA 100 35-45 DAS Spot/side
NPSB 100 At sowing Drilling 12 Drilling
Sorghum
UREA 100 35-45 DAS Spot/side
Haricot bean NPSB 100 At sowing Drilling 80 Drilling
Source: Wereda Agriculture & Natural Resource Development and Kebele Development Agent
Office

5.1.7 Crop Protection

5.1.7.1 Insect pests

The major insect pests of the project area can be categorized as migratory and regular pests.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 29 March, 2021

Migratory Pests: Fall armyworm is the major insect pest recognized under this category. It is
devastating pest in the project area. It constitutes a serious problem in the area and causes
unpredictable damage unless close monitoring and integrated management measures are
taken. The fall armyworm is a migratory insect pest known to cause massive destruction of
maize and sorghum crop planted in “belg” and “meher” seasons in the prevailing warm and
moist weather conditions provide favorable environment for the insect to multiply massively and
spread to more areas.

Regular Insect Pests:In the study area, insect pests are known to be the most prominent crop
production constraints to the farming community affecting the economy. Stalk borer is known to
cause quite repeated and substantial damages in the field starting from vegetative growth to
maturity and thereby reduce production, productivity and seed quality. In addition to insect pests
birds also damage sorghum.

Table 5-13: Common insect pests and their control measures

Crop Common
Scientific name Control measures
type name
 Collecting by their hand from the
affected plants
 Spodoptera
Fall armyworm  Mechanically killing by their hand
frugperda
 Spraying Diazinon 60% E.C&
Sorghum
Dimethioate 40% E.C at 1.5lt/ha
 Culturally uprooting and destroying the
Stock borer  Busseola fusca affected plants
 Spraying Diazinon 60% E.C at 1.5lt/ha
 Collecting by their hand from the
affected plants
Spodoptera
Fall armyworm  Mechanically killing by their hand
frugiperda
 Spraying Diazinon 60% E.C &
Maize
Dimethioate 40% E.C at 1.5lt/ha
 Culturally uprooting and destroying the
Stock borer  Busseola fusca affected plants
 Spraying Diazinon 60% E.C at 1.5lt/ha
5.1.7.2 Diseases

Diseases may be due to none living things such as lack of minerals or availability of harmful
minerals etc. or due to living matters such as fungus, bacteria and viruses. Among the two
diseases causing agents mentioned above, the functional disorders caused by living organism
are very important. Diseases adversely affect the behavior of crop plants. These functional
disturbances also result not only in yield reduction but also in quality deterioration and reduction
of physical beauty (morphological disaster). According to data from the respective Agriculture
and Natural Resource Development Offices of the Wereda and Development Agent Offices of
the project kebeles, the most common crop diseases recognized includes head smut; early
blight and powdery mildew (refer Table 5.14 below). The high temperature and long season
drought along with poor agronomic management practices in the area creates a favorable
environment for the occurrence of different diseases and insect pests.

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Table 5-14: Common diseases and their control measures in the project areas

Crop type Common name Scientific name Control measures

Maize Head smut Sphacelotheca reiliana Uprooting the diseased
plants
Sorghum Head smut Sphacelotheca reiliana Uprooting the diseased
plants
Tomato Early blight Alternaria solani Redomil-mz-63.5%
Onion Powdery mildew Peronospora destructor Mancozeb 45% W.P

5.1.7.3 Weeds

Weeds cause yield reduction by competing with crops for light, moisture and nutrients. Weeds
benefit from crop management practices such as irrigation, fertilization, and pest control that are
intended to benefit the crops. Competition begins when crops and weeds grow in close
proximity and supply of any necessary growth factor falls below the demand of both.
Competitiveness in both crops and weeds is related to their ability to exploit and sequester the
environmental resources upon which plant growth depends.

Table 5-15: Common weed pests in the project area

Prevention and control

Common
Scientific name Crops mostly affected measures
name
Chemical Non-chemical
Congress Parthenium
All crops and grass land …. Hand weeding
weed hysterophorus
Witch weed Striga hermonthica Sorghum --- Manual weeding
Galant soldier Galansoga parviflora Maize & teff 2,4-D Manual weeding
Wild lettuce Launaea cornuta Maize & sorghum Manual weeding
Purple nut Round up-
Cyperus rotundus Maize, teff & sorghum Manual weeding
sedge 360% E.C
Yellow nut Round up-
Cyprus esculentus Maize, teff & sorghum Manual weeding
sedge 360% E.C
Coloured Maize, teff, haricot bean Round up-
Phalaris paradoxa Manual weeding
guinea grass & sorghum 360% E.C

Some of the most common weeds occur in the area are grass sedges and Striga hermontica.
The traditional controlling mechanism designed so far by the farmers has been hand weeding
for most crops. The poor quality of work, wrong time of weeding and inadequate frequency has
resulted in the yield being below its standard quality.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 31 March, 2021

Figure 5-2: Sample invasive grass weeds in the project commands

5.1.7.4 Storage Pests

Even though there is limited quantity of stored produces in the study areas, weevils and rats are
the two most common storage pests in the project area and needs improving the existing
tranditional structure through managing distance from tree and residence, use of rat guard, inlet
and outlet structures. Existing traditional storage facilities such as "local gottera" and sacks
exacerbate the damage. Chemicals are not available for the control mechanisms in reducing the
damage below economic threshold levels. As a result, these pests remain to be a major
problem of the area.

Figure 5-3: Traditional storage structure in the project site

5.1.8. Livestock Husbandry and Their Feed Status

As it is summarized in Table 5.16, the survey showed that numerically cattle, shoats and
equines are the most important species followed by poultry and honey production. Generally,
similar lands are cultivated year after year due to high population pressure from time to time and
limited cultivable land. Bushes and shrubs are also common in the project Wereda and kebele
particularly planted trees to conserve water and soil in between terraces in most areas of slope
lands, ”Morginga”. Large areas of the command areas are closed/locked area and there is also
an implementation of physical and biological conservation through hindering the entrance of
livestock particularly cattle. For this reason, the livestock is mostly kept far from the command
area or around marshy area (Siate) and some parts of the command area. During the
community discussion the farmers were raised the problem of livestock feeds particularly in
Jarso and Dera Kebele. The communities of the target area at household level leave grazing
lands around their homesteads and communal grazing land to keep their livestock. The main
grazing arrangements are free grazing and cut and curry system. The free grazing is mainly for

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 32 March, 2021

goat and sheep. There is also paddock system of grazing arrangement. Therefore, modernizing
the limited land utilization paramount important with rainfed and irrigation water sources.

Table 5-16: Number of livestock by type, Woreda and command kebele

Woreda Kebele
Types of livestock
Karat Zuria Jarso and Dera
Cattle 165,892 34,907
Sheep
274,122 31,255
Goat
Horse
Donkey 1,170 410
Mule
Poultry 185,349 64,873
Honeybee colony 10,359 82
• Modern hives 22 0
• Transitional hives 16 4
• Traditional hives 10,321 78
Source: Karat Zuria Woreda Agriculture & Natural Resource Development and project Kebele
Development Agent Office

5.1.9 Institutional support services in the program target areas

5.1.9.1 Agricultural extension communication

In the study areas, in addition to Zonal and Wereda extension experts, Farmers’ Training
Centers (FTCs) are available per each Kebele bases staffed with three to five staffs of crop
science, livestock expert, natural resource and livestock technician, and in some places
agricultural cooperative expert. These training centers serve as demonstration site and training
resource particularly on agricultural planning; need assessment, demonstratingagronomic
practices; crop farming systems, input application, plant spacing, horticulture, natural resource
development and management, livestock husbandry systems and breeding, etc.These helped
the farmers to get an optimum yield per unit area of land and to get know how about the
agricultural inputs and their utilization. The extension system in Ethiopia in general and the
project site in particular was highly criticized in the past due to its malpractices. However, the
current extension system of Karat Zuria Wereda is trying its maximum effort to show the
scientific practices of farming in the FTCs.

Modern agricultural technologies should be used extensively to address the problems of farmers
that arise during production. Therefore, technologies that have been developed on the bases of
agro-climatic zones must be disseminated to the end users through systematic and well-
coordinated agricultural extension services. This requires the assignment of well-trained
extension workers or Development Agents in the field of crop production particularly on irrigated
agriculture at Zonal, Wereda and kebele levels to provide the necessary technical assistance to
beneficiaries. Currently, the Wereda and kebeles are involved to a limited extent in activities like
awareness creation, input distribution, monitoring and evaluation of agricultural activities and
collection and compilation of relevant agricultural data.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 33 March, 2021

To provide better agricultural extension in addition to the development of irrigation on

sustainable basis it required to capacitate the extension agents from the grass root particularly
at Wereda and kebele levels and integrated with research extension farmers with updated
information. Therefore, both institutional and human capital capacity building is highly required
to provide sustainable extension service. Generally, the extension system needs a strong firm
stand, commitment and devotion for an enhanced and sustainable provision of advisory
services to combat frequent drought emanated from climate change and variability through
integrated agricultural development.

5.1.9.2 Agricultural research support

The importance of agricultural research on the policy agenda and GTP of the Federal
Government of Ethiopia, towards national food security, is considered as a foundation stone for
improving agricultural technologies and extension communication. Based on these concerns,
research institutions have been established at different locations both at federal and regional
levels to conduct research for increased agricultural productivity and to make the research
results available to farmers and other actors in the agricultural development of the states.
Arbaminchi agricultural research institute and Arbamichi University is found in nearest to the
project Wereda and kebeles which is about 90km far from the site. However, the research-
extension-farmers linkage is weak particularly on irrigation development to benefit the farmers.
The main output of the research system in relation to crop production is to develop improved
crop varieties along with appropriate agronomic production practices that can be used in crop
diversification and specialization for food crops, as well as high value, forages, market oriented
industrial and export crops should be addressed in the target site.

In general, with the development and promotion of irrigated agricultural production in the
command area, there is a strong need to establish Research demonstration sites and embark
on identification of suitable crops and varieties as well as appropriate agronomic practices for
rainfed and irrigated crop production. This is one important intervention area which deserves
due attention in future.

5.1.9.3 Agricultural Cooperatives and Unions

At the moment, there are limited and weak Agricultural inputs (such as fertilizers, improved seed
and planting materials and pesticides and improved farm tools and implements) supply
organizations in the area and this is one of the problems which deserve careful attention prior to
implementing the project.
Strengthening of Agricultural cooperative and strong farmers’ cooperatives and unions in the
area will play an instrumental role in the successful implementation of the project and the
necessary attempt should be made towards this end. Agricultural cooperatives and unions can
fundamentally and reliably solve the problems of input supply, products marketing and provision
of ware-house and other services in general.

5.1.9.4 Market Conditions

The transformation of the agricultural sector from subsistence to commercialized production

demands the establishment and strengthening of well-organized and sustainable market
condition in general. The existing market condition in the target area is relatively good and
Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 34 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

better market outlets in general to supply produces in Arbamichi town and University, also to the
Oromia Regional/Borena zone, to Burji and Amaro Special Weredas. If vegetables are produced
in bulk the small Wereda towns (karat town) is not big enough to absorb the products coming
from the large scale irrigation projects being developed in the target areas, since they are highly
perishable. Proper assessment, establish linkage and promotion of the market condition is vital
to ensure the successful implementation of the project.

5.1.9.5 Roads and Transportation Facilities

Yanda irrigation project is located very close to the zonal town and the existing road from Karat
town to the command site is gravel road and all weather road. In addition to its proximity the
zone/Wereda town, Karat, has locational advantage since many tourist crossing the town and
found in near to Borena Zone which has regular transportation services. Therefore, with the
implementation of the project, there is a strong need to address this promotion of the produces
expected to be obtained from the successful implementation of the project.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 35 March, 2021

6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS IN THE PROJECT

AREA

Climate and soil are among the major factors determining feasibility of crop production practices
in a given area. Any negative change in climate and soil is accompanied with reduced crop
performance which could ultimately threaten the livelihood of the farming community. Hence,
the issue of improving crop production in the study area largely depends on the efforts made to
halt the negative changes observed in climatic and soil conditions of the area at large.

There are different production constraints, which cause the problem of low crop productivity in
and around the project area. Some of the key challenges considered by the farming community
and development actors are: drought (deficient and late beginning and early offset of rainfall),
low soil fertility, low level of improved technology utilization, pest problems and shortage of
livestock feeds.

6.1 Drought

According to the respondents and secondary data from Wereda Agriculture and Natural
Resource Development Office of the project area, the major factors constraining crop production
are external factors. Of the major external factors short duration of both “Meher” and “Belg”
rainfall is the major external factors (the rainfall pattern is highly erratic) is affecting negatively
the production of crops, livestock feeds and livestock husbandry and are seen as crucially
constraining factors of crop production and productivity. Many respondents during secondary
discussion indicated that the practice is gradually expanding from agriculture to the agro-
pastoral areas.

6.2 Low Soil Fertility and related problems

Due to overgrazing and land degradation/ over exploitation of small land holding it is observed
decline of soil fertility is going on at an alarming rate resulting in decreasing agricultural
production. No phenomenon is more destructive than soil erosion through which fertile topsoil
and rain water are lost. Erosion removes topsoil and exposes hard impermeable sub soil,
increasing the chances of more run off. Erosion adversely affects soil physical properties such
as loss of structure, reduced infiltration, and soil depth and soil moisture storage capacity. Loss
of topsoil through erosion leads to loss of plant nutrients.

Soil and water conservation is the only known way to protect the lands from degradation and
conserving rain water for water resource development and improving the productivity of crops.
Inappropriate land use and poor agricultural practices and coupled with short season high
rainfall and over exploitation of land problem has exacerbated soil erosion problems in some
areas of the Weredas. In most parts of the project Wereda and kebeles, there is best practices
of soil and water conservation particularly the conservation practice of area closure, terraces
and planting forest tree species.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 36 March, 2021

6.3 Limited Utilization of Improved Crop Production Technologies

Farmers follow an age-old low-input traditional practice in crop production. As it is evident,

increased crop productivity and production are functions of increased use of improved
production technologies such as improved seeds, fertilizers and other modern agronomic
production/management practices. However, the current utilization of these production inputs in
the study area is very much limited. This is one important intervention area which deserves due
attention in future.

6.4 Pest Problem

The occurrence of different pests (insects, weeds, diseases and birds) is among the major
production constraints adversely affecting the level of crop production in the area. With the
intensification of crop production using irrigation water the infestation level of these pests could
be more pronounced in future and this has to be realized in advance. Generally, factors that
contributed a part to this situation include the existence of a favorable environment, i.e.,
favorable weather and suitable host plants, lack of improved management practices, shortage of
resistant varieties, and fragmented control measures.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 37 March, 2021

7 EXISTING OPPORTUNITIES AND COMMUNITY FEED-BACK

Irrespective of the natural disaster and unpredictable rainfall pattern or increased frequency of
severe droughts and related problems, the Yanda Dam and Irrigation development project
command is known for its vast land resource potential and high flood. It is endowed with gentle
land as well as large livestock population resources. The Project Command Wereda is one of
the high potential areas suitable for the production of high value crops like vegetable and fruit
crops and cereal crops for food consumption. Moreover, tree species like Moringa is found
abundantly. Various numbers of vegetation important for livestock feed and fuel wood are
known to exist in and around the project command. In terms of the potential natural resource
endowments of the area, the vast cultivable plain land makes it suitable also for the production
of cereals, forage crops, lowland pulses, vegetables, fruit andindustrial crops. Moreover, there is
potentially high livestock resource.

In general, the Yanda Dam and Irrigation Development Project will benefit the community in
respect of minimizing dependency on the erratic rainfall agricultural production pattern and food
aid; enhancing the income of individuals by the diversified agriculture produce, increasing
job/employment opportunities for the young generation and cottage enterprises, particularly for
the most vulnerable, linked to the sustained use of natural resources; conserving soil, rainwater
and vegetation effectively for productive uses; disseminating and adopting new agricultural
technologies based on land potential; developing accessible social services and infrastructures
and facilitating the implementation of country’s development policies.

Moreover, according to National meteorology agro-climate classification, the project area is

categorized under low-land agro-ecologic zones, which are conducive to the production of
diversified lowland food crops, forage crops and horticultural cash crops. This agro-ecological
suitability allows the possibility of growing different cash and food crops for local consumption,
as well as domestic and export marketing. Concerning the topography of the proposed
command area, majority of the total command area is flat to gently plains. It is highly suitable for
surface irrigationby the community.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 38 March, 2021

8 CROP PRODUCTION WITH PROJECT CONDITION

8.1 Crop Selection Criteria

Before proposing appropriate cropping pattern, crop selection criteria and procedure were
established based on the situational analysis of the command site and policy frame works.
Generally, crop selection criteria and procedures for a specific irrigation project depend mainly
on physical, socio-economic and priorities indicated in the policy and strategic frameworks of
the country. Both for irrigation and rain-fed agricultural development choice of crops mainly
depending on national and regional priorities/strategies, national policy issues, farmers’
preference, edaphic factor, crops response to irrigation, existing socio-economic situation,
expected profitability, expected factors of production, and other risks and opportunities.

Criteria like climatic factors, the physical, chemical and biological characters of soil have direct
influence on crop and livestock production. Therefore, under the irrigated agriculture, with
assured availability of water, the efforts are made to select the most economical, high yielding
and irrigation responsive crops, which fit well in the production system with high degree of input
use efficiency mainly water and supporting sustainable agricultural production since water is the
major scarce and critical factor of agriculture, crop and livestock production. Generally, the
following factors have been considered as the prominent factors for irrigated and rainfed farming
in the project target areas:
Agro-climatic and soil condition: The target project area is found in low-land area where
climate and soil types are suitable for diversified crop production including for cereal crops,
pulse crops, fruit crops and forages. Cereal crops like maize and sorghum; vegetable crops like
onion and tomato; pulse crops including haricot bean and mung bean; industrial crop like cotton;
fruit crops like banana and mango that can adopt the climatic and soil conditions of the area.
Moreover, most of the target program areas of the soil is silt clay to loamy sand which is highly
suitable for diversified crop production in combination with the application of integrated soil
management. The only major critical factor in the project area for crop production is water
scarcity and soil factor which should be availed by the proposed dam and irrigation water source
and soil management actions respectively. Pertaining to the soil drainage, flooding, soil texture,
coarse fragments, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, sodicity and pH (soil reaction) are major
limiting factors in crop production.

Food and feeding requirement and farmers’ preference of crops: Currently the project area
farmers are producing about 85% and 69% cereals (project Wereda and kebele respectively) of
their field not only for food requirement but also for marketing related with better stability and
market access for cereals. The preferences of farmers are originated from long experience of
farmers in producing theses crops, better market price and storability of cereals for long time.
Moreover, cereal crops are not only selected for their food value but also their aftermath for
livestock feed value since the local community is undertaking mixed farming, crop and livestock
production. The crop aftermath and residue of maize and sorghum are used for livestock feed in
the target areas. For this reason and other interrelated criteria, recommended rainfed season
and/supplementary irrigated crops are cereals (maize and sorghum) and pulses. Similarly,
Irrigation crop production is also proposed based on their crop preference.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 39 March, 2021

Government policy and strategy priorities: Food security is the first priority of the
government of Ethiopia in the past two decades. The government of Ethiopian considers
intensifying and commercialization of agriculture as the sole option to challenge poverty and
food insecurity levels in rural Ethiopia. Hence, Ethiopian Water Resource Management Policy
(MoWR, 1999) states that, irrigation is meant to improve food security through the
implementation of small, medium and large scale interventions. The policy also outlines that
efficient and sustainable management of water requires management that combines federal
level alignment with regional level. Hence; maize and sorghum crops are proposed mainly for
food security issues.

For Market Purpose:- Cotton, mango, banana, onion and tomato are a potential candidate crop
both for cash and food purpose. Even though these crops are not widely cultivated in the target
command site they are well adapted and potential crops for purpose of market.

Employment opportunity and possibility of crop rotation: The selected crops should
engage more labour and unskilled labour and experience of smallholders’ farmers for food,
market, fodder and soil fertility management. Therefore, crops mainly onion, tomato, cotton and
other proposed crops are a good potential for employment opportunity. Moreover, pulse crops
are important in boosting soil fertility and sutaining soil productivity.

8.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern

Cropping system is an important component of any farming system representing cropping

system used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources and other farm enterprises and
available technology, which determine their makeup. It is the yearly sequence of crops grown
and the spatial arrangement of them and fallows in a given area. It is formulated with a view to
obtain maximum crop production under a given situation. Two cropping patterns/seasons, each
for full irrigation and/or supplementary irrigation are proposed for the project to be adopted by
the farmers in the project area. Crop rotation is also necessary to give due consideration with
regard to cultivation of different crops in order to avoid growing crops of the same species
repeatedly on the same land. This helps to avoid the building up of serious soil borne pests,
weeds and diseases. Hence, including legumes is highly important for crop rotation and land
resource management and this report includes legumes with the project condition where the soil
and the agro-ecology is high suitable.

Table 8-1: Proposed crop rotation scheme under both seasons over the project periods
Seasons Remarks
Serial First (dry) Second (Wet)
number Crop categories
1 Cereal Vegetable
2 Cereal Pulse
3 Vegetable Pulse
4 Vegetable Cereal
5 Pulse Vegetable
6 Cereal Vegetable
7 Vegetable Cereal
8 Vegetable Pulse
9 Industrial crops Vegetables
10 Fruits Fruits All year round

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 40 March, 2021

11 Forages Forages All year round

Choice of suitable cropping system must aim at maximum and sustainable use of resources
especially water and soil. Cropping systems should depend on rainfall/irrigation water quantity,
length of rainy reason and soil storage capacity.

Currently, farmers in the project areas are practicing intercropping of cereals with beans (haricot
beans/mung beans)both during “meher” rainfed and “Belg” rainfed/ supplementary or non-
supplementary irrigated agriculture to maintain soil fertility and therefore, the proposed cropping
pattern were given a due consideration of the existing situation.

Table 8-2: Proposed crop pattern with the project condition

8.3 Proposed Cropping Intensity

The overall objective of the project is to maximize the utilization of the land and water and that
all the beneficiaries are capable of implementing the proposed program in terms of supplying
the labor and other inputs required. It is desirable for the cropping intensity to approach 200%
i.e. all the irrigable land is to be double cropped over one cropping calendar year. But in this
project owing to fruits and forages occupy the larger percentage. I.e. the cropping intensity will
be less in first season because of the fact that the area out of the first season production (is
occupied by perennial crops (fruits and forage crops) in the second season so that this part of
the command area is under production only once in a year.

Climate is a key factor in the determination of cropping pattern. Other factors such as farmers’
preference, labor availability during peak season, cash requirement, market conditions and the
likes have their own contributions in the determination of cropping intensity and pattern. Hence,
the cropping intensity of about 200% is proposed for the Yanda Dam and Irrigation project in
two cropping patterns/seasons over one calendar year and it is shown in the table 8.3 below.

Table 8-3: Summary of the Cropping Intensity under Different Crops in the first & second cropping
Seasons

First (Dry) season Crops Second (Wet) season Crops

No.
Crop types Area (%) Crop types Area (%)
1 Maize 30 Maize 20
2 Onion 35 Sorghum 10
3 Tomato 20 Haricot bean 10
4 Sweet potato 5 Mung bean 10
5 Mango 2 Onion 20

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First (Dry) season Crops Second (Wet) season Crops

No.
Crop types Area (%) Crop types Area (%)
6 Banana 3 Tomato 10
7 Forage-grasses 5 Cotton 10
Sub Total 100 90
Total 190

8.4 Proposed Operational Crop Calendar with Project

The operational crop calendar with the project were proposed based on primary and secondary
data collected from project Wereda and kebeles during the feasibility study, climate data
particularly the rainfall pattern and distribution based on the selected meteorology station,
discussion results from experts, farmers and stakeholders, etc.

Table 8-4: Proposed Cropping Calendar with the Project Condition

Land Planting Harvesting Total LGP

No. Crop name
preparation date date (Days)
A First (Dry) season crops
1 Maize Dec-Jan Jan 1st May 1st 125
2 Onion Dec-Jan Jan 1st Jine 1st 115
3 Tomato Jan Mid Feb Mid May 135
4 Sweet potato Dec-Jan Jan 1st End of May 140
5 Mango Dec Jan 1st Jan 1st 365
6 Banana Dec Jan 1st End of Nov 330
7 Forage-grasses Dec Jan 1st Jan 1st 365
B Second (wet) season crops
1 Maize June-July Mid May Mid Sept. 125
2 Sorghum June-July Jine 1st Mid Oct 140
3 Haricot bean July Aug 1st 1st Nov. 100
4 Mung bean Aug-July July 1st End of Sept. 90
5 Onion July Aug1st End of Nov 115
6 Tomato July Mid Aug End of Dec 135
7 Cotton June-July July 1st Dec 1st 150-175

Table 8-5: Crops varieties selected for Project Command areas

S.No. Crop Type Varieties DM

First season crops
Kortu, BH-140, Melkasa-2, Melkasa-4, Melkasa-6Q, Melkasa 120-125
1. Maize
hybrid-130 & other varieties recommended by the research
ESH-4, Teshale, Melkam, Dekeba, PAC537, Chemeda, 140-150
2. Sorghum Gemedi, Mesay, ESH-1 hybrid-1, ESH-2 hybrid-2 && other
varieties recommended by the research
Ada, Dandesu,Awash-2, Fedis, Hirna, Babile, Hundane, Tinike, 90-115
3. Haricot bean SARI-1, Morka, GLP-2, Loko, Lehode and other varieties
recommended by the research
NVL-1, Arkebe (SML-668), Local & other varieties 90-115
4. Mung bean
recommended by the research
Nasik red, Nafis, Russet F1, Ada F1, ROSY, Caramelo F1, and 110-115
5. Onion
Sweet Caroline
Gelilem (oval red), venise F1, Agro-34/AS-198/Awassa, Agro- 120-140
6. Tomato 359/AS-199/Awash river, EMERALD F1, RANDAHL, Kubwa
(E15A:6007), BATOOL

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S.No. Crop Type Varieties DM

Koka, Kudadie, Falaha, Dubo , Guntutie, Bareda, Damota, 140
7. Sweet potato
Awassa and oth varieties recommended by the research
Cotton Sisikuk-02, Weyto-07, Werer-50, JKCH 1947, Acala SJ-20, 150-175
8. Deltapine-80, Cuokra, Cucurova1518, Worer-184, Stoneville-
1324, and Caroline Queen
First and second season crops

1. Fruits (Mango and banana)

Mango Apple Mango, Tommy Atkins, Keitt, Kent & Varieties 365
recommended by the research
Banana Grand Nain, Williams-1, Dwarf Cavandish & other varieties 330
recommended by the research
2. Forage (Grasses, legumes & fodder trees)
Grasses Guinea Grass, Rhodes Grass&Elephant Grass 365

Table 8-6: Proposed cropping pattern in (%) of the command area by season

Seasons Crops Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year >5

Maize 30 30 30 30 30
Onion 35 35 35 35 35
Tomato 20 20 20 20 20
First (dry) season Sweet potato 5 5 5 5 5
Mango 2 2 2 2 2
Banana 3 3 3 3 3
Forage-grasses 5 5 5 5 5
Sub Total 100 100 100 100 100
Maize 20 20 20 20 20
Sorghum 10 10 10 10 10
Haricot bean 10 10 10 10 10
Mung bean 10 10 10 10 10
Second (wet)
Onion 20 20 20 20 20
season
Tomato 10 10 10 10 10
Cotton 10 10 10 10 10
Sub Total 90 90 90 90 90
Grand Total 190 190 190 190 190

Table 8-7: Proposed cropping pattern in (ha) of the command area by season

Seasons Crops Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year >5 ≥5 years

Maize 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350
Onion 1575 1575 1575 1575 1575 1575
First Tomato 900 900 900 900 900 900
(dry) Sweet potato 225 225 225 225 225 225
season Mango 90 90 90 90 90 90
Banana 135 135 135 135 135 135
Forage-grasses 225 225 225 225 225 225
Sub Total 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500 4500
Second Maize 900 900 900 900 900 900
(wet) Sorghum 450 450 450 450 450 450
season Haricot bean 450 450 450 450 450 450
Mung bean 450 450 450 450 450 450
Onion 900 900 900 900 900 900

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Seasons Crops Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year >5 ≥5 years

Tomato 450 450 450 450 450 450
Cotton 450 450 450 450 450 450
Sub Total 4050 4050 4050 4050 4050 4050
Grand Total 8550 8550 8550 8550 8550 8550
8.5 Estimating Agricultural inputs requirements

Estimation of agricultural inputs is part of the agricultural development planning that determines
the rates of input applications, types of inputs and quantity considered to meet the proposed
optimum crop yields. The required essential agricultural inputs for implementation of the
irrigation such as fertilizer, improved seeds, agro-chemicals, farm labor and machinery were
specified and quantified based on the existing situation of the site. Generally, like most part of
our country, input utilization in smallholder farms constrained with technical, economic and
social problems such as lack of purchasing power, inefficient credit system, and lack of
information on input market.

8.5.1 Seeds and planting material requirements

Suitable improved planting materials including the seeds and seedlings for proposed crops were
identified for the project area. Moreover, the identified improved seed/seedling have been
quantified based on their land area coverage shown in the cropping patterns. Thus, all seed
requirement units for the recommended crops were indicated in qt/ha in Table 8.9 below.

Table 8-8: Seed and seedling requirement of the project

Seed /seedling
Crop Area Rate Unit requirement, quintal or
number
First (dry) season seed requirement
Maize 1350 25 Kg 337.5
Onion 1575 3.5 Kg 55.125
Tomato 900 0.25 Kg 2.25
Sweet potato 225 33333 Number 7499925
Mango 90 270 Number 24300
Banana 135 1600 Number 216000
Forage-grasses 225 360000 Number 81000000
Second (wet) season seed requirement
Maize 900 25 Kg 225
Sorghum 450 10 Kg 45
Haricot bean 450 90 Kg 405
Mung bean 450 30 Kg 135
Onion 900 3.5 Kg 31.5
Tomato 450 0.25 Kg 1.125
Cotton 450 20 Kg 90
8.5.2 Seasonal and annual fertilizer requirements

Fertilizer recommendations were based on the results of the soil test analysis and on the
nutrient requirement of the crop proposed in the target command area. The recommendations

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on time and method of fertilizer application are also included in seasonal and annual fertilizers
requirements.

Beside chemical fertilizers organic fertilizers also recommended mainly for cereal, vegetables
and perennial fruits crops as required. The application rate for compost is around 4t/ha for the
smallholder farmers. The cost for unit of compost in the target area is not available from the
farmers, even though currently in different parts of the country selling of animal manure and
crop residual compost become common practice and income generating activity. Therefore, due
to the absence of the cost of compost, the labor required for preparation of compost is
estimated.

Table 8-9: Seasonal and annual fertilizer requirements

First (dry) Second (wet)

Annual requirement
season season
Crop
NPSB Urea NPSB Urea NPSB Urea
Total
(Qt) (Qt) (Qt) (Qt) (Qt) (Qt)
Maize 1350 1350 900 900 2250 2250 4500
Onion 1575 1575 900 900 2475 2475 4950
Tomato 900 900 450 450 1350 1350 2700
Sweet potato 225 225 -- -- 225 225 450
Mango 90 90 -- -- 90 90 180
Banana 135 135 -- -- 135 135 270
Forage-grasses 225 225 -- -- 225 225 450
Cotton - - 450 450 450 450 900
Haricot bean -- -- 450 -- 450 -- 450
Mung bean -- -- 450 -- 450 -- 450
Sorghum -- -- 450 450 450 450 900
8.5.3 Seasonal and annual agro-chemicals requirements

Agro-chemicals are the main inputs for crop yield increment, appropriate type of chemicals and
quantity were determined. Local and zonal experiences in utilization of agro-chemicals mainly
the pesticides have to be taken into consideration to identify environmentally friendly and
effective agro-chemicals in order to reduce pesticide impacts on the environment and the
people. For economical purpose rather than taking specific control measures it advisable to
apply integrated pest management.

Table 8-10: Crop pests and recommended agro-chemicals

Crop Pests Type of chemicals Rate of application Other measures
• Culturally uprooting and
destroying the affected
Stalk borer Diazinon 60% E.C Spraying 1.5lt/ha
plants
Sorghu
• Removing alternative hosts
m
Diazinon 60% E.C 1.5lt/ha • Collecting by their hand
Fall army Dimethioate 40% E.C 1.5lt/ha from the affected plants
worm Rogger 40% EC 1 lt/ha • Mechanically killing by their
Endosulohan 35% EC 1-2 lt/ha hand
Maize Stalk borer Cypermethrine 1% & one pinch per plant in • Crop rotation
Diazinon 10% leaf funnel • Culturally uprooting and
Diazinon 60% E.C 1.5lt/ha destroying the affected
plants

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 45 March, 2021

Crop Pests Type of chemicals Rate of application Other measures

Diazinon 60% E.C 1.5lt/ha • Collecting by their hand
Fall army Dimethioate 40% E.C 1.5lt/ha from the affected plants
worm Rogger 40% EC 1 lt/ha • Mechanically killing by their
Endosulohan 35% EC 1-2 lt/ha hand
Redomil-mz-63.5% 2kg/ha
Early blight 2kg/ha 3-4 times during
Helcozeb 80%  Crop rotation with
growing periods.
Tomato different species
Redomil-mz-63.5% 2kg/ha
 IPM
Late blight 2kg/ha 3-4 times during
Helcozeb 80%
growing periods.
Haricot African ball Removing alternatives hosts
Diazinon 60% E.C 1.5lt/ha
bean worm from and around the farm

8.5.4 Labour requirement

Based on the data collected during the community consultation and key informants, the labour
required for each activity of crop production were estimated considering the improved farm
managements recommended by the study. The labor requirements for the same crop in
different agro-ecology may vary due to the hardship of the area to engage at full capacity. In
project area areas of the project site the work day 8-10hours and the labour required is
indicated on Annex 4 and 5 in detail.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 46 March, 2021

9 YIELD AND PRODUCTION PROJECTION

Agricultural crop production estimate and projection are some of the important outputs of the
agronomy feasibility study that explains the potential of the project to meet the anticipated
objectives. Moreover, the crop yield estimates will be used as a major input for financial and
economic analysis that determines the feasibility of the irrigation project. The yield incremental
rate per year could vary depending on the genetic potential of the proposed crops and farm
management efficiency.

9.1 Yield Build-Up Assumption

The major assumptions required to develop appropriate annual yield increment based on the
local conditions of the project area and objectives of the project and considered as follows:

 Existing crop productivity performance of the proposed crop without project intervention
 Yield achieved through improved practices in the project area.
 Farmers’ exposure and capacity to practice improved irrigated farming and use of
improved agricultural inputs
 Comprehensive technical support from wereda and kebele agricultural office experts
 The effectiveness of agricultural input supply system and availability of effective credit
facility
 Farmers’ commitment to practice the proposed improved farm managements

9.2 Yield Build-Up

Regardless of the shortage of irrigation water source, in the project area where there is good
irrigation farming system experience, active beneficiary involvement and relatively high level of
improved technology application, the optimum yield could be achieved at shorter period. In the
context of the Yanda irrigation with intensive extension support the optimum yield for annual
crops can be attained at 3-4 years. In case of tree fruit perennial crops the year could be
extended to 7-8 years.

Table 9-1: Yield build-up with progressive yield increment qt/ha

Projection Year Existing
Crop
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8+ yield, qt/ha
Maize 40 45 55 65 65 65 65 65 35
Sorghum 15 20 25 35 40 40 40 40 10
Haricot bean 12 15 17 18 19 20 20 20 9
Mung bean 6 8 10 15 15 15 15 15 6
Sweet potato 150 200 300 350 350 350 350 350 100
Onion 200 250 300 400 450 450 450 450 180
Tomato 250 300 350 400 450 550 550 550 180
Cotton 45 48 50 52 55 55 55 55 30
Mango -- -- -- 230 250 300 400 500 90
Banana -- -- 200 250 275 300 450 550 115
Forages
 Grasses 100 120 140 160 200 200 200 200 90

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10 IMPROVED AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND CROP MANAGEMENT

10.1 Crop Management of the Proposed Crops

10.1.1 Maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is grown in different parts of Ethiopia and it is competing with sorghum because of its
resistance to bird attack particularly Quealea bird. Of all cereal crops maize responds well to
fertilizer application and good management and gives reasonably high yield. The crop can be
grown for different purposes. It can be grown for dry grain, green cob or silage for animal feed.

Ecological Requirement

Soil Condition: Maize can grow on a range of soil types. However, for optimum production, it
requires fertile, well drained medium textured soils having a PH of 6.0-7.2.

Annual Rainfall: When maize is produced under rain fed condition, a mean annual rain fall of
500-850 mm will suffice provided that the rain fall is uniformly distributed throughout the growing
season. Maize is tolerant to mild water stress during its vegetative growth provided that the
stress lasts only for a short period. However, it is very sensitive to water deficit during tasseling
and silking stages. Moisture stress during ripening has minor effect on yield as compared to
silking stage. Water stress during this stage results in significant yield reduction or even total
failure because it results in dying out of the silk.

Recommended Cultural Practices

Land Preparation: For maximum production maize requires a fine and well prepared seedbed
that is free from weeds and other crop residues. This can be achieved through repeated plowing
the land for about two to three times when oxen drawn traditional plough is used. If tractors are
used one plowing and two harrowing are recommended.

Weeds and crop residue left on the field from the previous year harvest should be ploughed
under and incorporated with the soil well ahead of sowing time in order to minimize the
occurrence of different pests and also to improve soil fertility. In moisture stress areas, tied
ridges must be constructed at appropriate interval in order to conserve soil moisture.

Seeding rate: Depending on the type of varieties and seed size the recommended seed rate of
maize is in a range of 25-30 kg/ha.

Sowing date: Depending on the onset of rainfall and/or supplementary irrigation, for the first
and second cropping season it can be plantedin January and August respectively, to utilize the
natural rain during Belg and Meher with minimum supplementary irrigation. However, in surplus
water source from, sowing time could be arranged as appropriate.

Planting Method: Broadcast or row planting method can be used in the production of maize.
However, row planting method is recommended to obtain optimum yield and easier the

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intercultural activities. When row planting method is used a spacing of 75 cm between rows and
25 cm between plants is recommended.

Planting Depth: Proper seed germination and crop establishment will be greatly affected if
appropriate planting depth is not maintained. For maize crop a planting depth of 5-10 cm is
recommended based on soil type. Generally deeper planting depth is recommended for light
soils and shallower depth for heavy soil types in general.

Fertilizer rate: - Fertilizer is one input, which plays a vital role in obtaining optimum yield.
Maize is a heavy feeder of nitrogen, phosphorous, potash, calcium and magnesium. The
fertilizer rate recommended is 50 kg/ha of DAP/NPS at the time of sowing and 100 kg/ha of urea
in split application. The total recommended quantity of NPS is mixed with 1/3 of urea at time of
sowing. The first application of urea (2/3) should be applied when the maize crop is at knee high
(30cm or 35-50 DAS) crop stage after about a month of sowing and the second is when the crop
is at tasseling. Particularly when second round urea is applied the maize field should be free
from weeds.

Cropping systems:It can be mixed or intercropped with haricot bean, mung bean, cow pea,
sweet potato, sesame, forage crops, etc.

Weed control: At initial growth stage maize cannot tolerate weeds. Hand weeding is advisable
and mostly twice weeding is practiced. Depending on its situation sometimes twice to three
weeding, 18-25 days or at three leaf stage, the second weeding before urea is applied with 35-
45 days after emergence, the third hand weeding with 50-55 days, and the use of chemicals
such as Atrazine mixed with 200 liters of water at the rate of 4 lt/ha for broad leaved weeds and
Primagrama-Gold 660 SC at the rate of 4-5lt/ha for grass weeds after seeds are sown with three
days.

Common pests of maize and control measures

Diseases

a) Head smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana)

Symptoms. Head smut on maize is caused by the fungus Sphacelotheca reiliana. The fungus
infects maize plants during the early vegetative stages and grows systemically in the plant.
Symptoms are not evident until plants reach reproductive growth stages. Infected ears and
tassels are replaced by smut sori (spore masses). Smut sori are covered by a thin membrane,
which easily ruptures to reveal masses of dark brown to black spores called teliospores.
Smutted ears may be rounded and do not produce silks. Infected tassels are completely or
partially covered by sori and normally do not produce pollen. Thread-like strands of vascular
bundles surrounded by black spores are characteristic of head smut galls. These strands are
remnants of the vascular tissue of the corn plant. Individual spikelets of the tassel may be
infected, forming a shoot like structure. Infected plants may also produce strange leafy
structures on either the ear or tassel.
Control measure:Treating seed with a systemic fungicide can reduce infection. In-furrow
fungicide treatments can be effective, but may not be economically feasible in areas with only
sporadic disease incidence. As teliospores can survive for several years in the soil, crop
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rotations are not effective in reducing the disease. Where feasible, remove and burn smutted
ears before the dispersal of spores. Head smut has been reported to be more serious when
there is a lack of nitrogen, so maintain a balanced fertility program.

b) Grey leaf spot (Cercospora zeaemaydis)

It is a foliar disease of maize. It causes complete drying of leaves before maturity. The control
measure could be achieved by the use of resistant or tolerant varieties, crop rotation, exposing
disease causing organisms through deep ploughing, early planting, and crop residue
management.

c) Turcicum leaf blight (Helminthoporium turicicum)

It is also a foliar disease of maize. The control measure could be achieved by the use of
resistant or tolerant varieties, crop rotation, exposing disease causing organisms through deep
ploughing, early planting, and crop residue management.

d) Maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND)

It is also a viral disease of maize. The control measure which is mentioned for grey leaf spot
and leaf blight also applies to MLND.

Insect pests

a. Stalk borer (Busseola fusca)

It attacks the stalk by boring the stem. Control of this pest could be achieved by destroying
residues of the previous seasons maize crop because the larvae diapauses (over wintering) in
the dry stalks, by the removal of plants with dead hearts during the first six weeks and their
destruction. Intercropping of elephant/desimodim with maize as push-pull factor also applied. It
can also be controlled by chemicals using carbaryl 85% WP at the rate of 1.5kg/ha or cymbush
at 1.5kg/ha and 2litres/ha of Dimethioate 40% E.C as last solution.

b. Cut worm (Agrofisipsilon)

It attacks the seedlings by cutting the shoots at the base. The control can be achieved by
plowing the land during the dry time, seed dressing and avoiding host weeds. If the pest is not
culturally controlled chemicals like Dimethioate 40% E.C as last solution.

c. Army worm (Spodoptera exempta)

It can cause complete devastation of the seedlings. Thus, all the out breaks should be reported
to the agricultural development office of the district. It can be controlled with either malathion
50% EC at the rate of 1-2lt/ha or 25% endosulphan ULV at the rate of 1.5lt/ha.

d. Termite
It is economically important pest affecting the crop seriously. It can be controlled by using soil
moisture maintaining/conserving mechanisms for example applying area closure and soil band
construction, culturally destructing the mound and removal of queens, destructing the mound
and killing the queens with flooding. Generally, cultural, physical and biological control method
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is most cost effective and economically advisable. Beyond these methods use of chemicals
such as diazinon 60 % EC is advisable.

Harvesting: To use green maize, supervise the field every time to check whether it is matured
or not to be fed green. By opening the cover, see the fruits and harvest before the fruits become
strong. Not to lose its quality because of evapo-transpiration, keep the harvested maize under
shade and immediately supply to the market. If it is going to be transported a long distance,
keeping the cover without removing any single cover, helps to keep its moisture as it is. While
transporting not to lose its quality because of the increasing temperature due to evapo-
transpiration, allow to be aerated.

Storage pests: Drying of the grain to the optimum moisture content and use of insecticide such
as Pirimiphos methyl dust.

10.1.2 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Sorghum is a crop of choice in drier parts of the world because of its great merit of drought
resistance. In Ethiopia, it is the third in area of production next to teff and maize and third in
yield per hectare and total yield per crop next to maize and wheat.

Ecological requirement: Sorghum called “camel of cereals “withstands extreme heat and dry
better than other crops. It is adapted to wide range of ecological conditions and can be grown
under conditions which are unfavorable for most of other cereals. For germination, optimum
temperature is 180c, for growth, optimum temperature is 27 0c to 320c. The minimum and
maximum temperature for growth is 150c and 400c, respectively. Sorghum is mainly grown
below 1500m or 400-2700m and the crop adapts itself quite well to dry conditions and gives
good yields with an annual rainfall of 250-500mm. However, at least 300-400mm of this rain
should come during the growing period.

Sorghum can be grown on a wide range of soils from heavy clay to light soils. It can grow on
soils having pH range of 5.5-8.5. It tolerates salinity and water logging conditions better than
other cereals except rice and teff. But it does best in well drained and fertile soils.

Sorghum is a short day plant. When the suited soil temperature of 7-10cm below the surface of
soil is about 120c, it is best suited for planting and when soil moisture content is about 16%-
18%, sowing can be done.

Recommended Cultural Practices

Seedbed preparation: Depending on the soil types and moisture content of the soil generally 2-
3 times plowing is enough; the first ploughing after harvesting crops and based moisture
sustainability of plough with wider spacing; the second ploughing on set of first rainfall of the
season in order to bury the weeds and the third weeding takes place during sowing in order to
cope up the limited soil moisture dry sowing recommended.
Sowing date and seed rate: Depending on the onset of rainfall and/or supplementary irrigation,
for the first and second cropping season it can be planted in January and August respectively,
to utilize the natural rain during Belg and Meher with minimum supplementary irrigation.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 51 March, 2021

However, when full irrigation is used, sowing time could be arranged as appropriate. The seed
ratewith broadcasted method is at 10-20 kg/ha and drilled at 5-10 kg/ha.

Weed Control: Two hand weeding, first during 20-25 days after crop emergence and second
weeding during 40-50 days after planting, Primagrama S.C herbicide at 4 l/ha with the mixture
of 400 litres of water (pre-emergence) for controlling weeds with care application, 2,4 1litre for
controlling striga (post-emergence) and other annual broadleaf weeds.

Common Pests on Sorghum and their control measures

Smut (head smut, covered smut and loose smut): cause extensive damages to seed grains.
Anthracnose and leaf blights mainly affect sorghum leaves. Since covered smut and loose smut
are seed-born diseases, it is advisable to soak seeds for 20 minutes in goats or cattle urine
which lasted for a week. In addition, use of thiram, rouging out infected plants and use of
resistant varieties. However, to control head smut, as it is soil born disease, it is advisable to
soak seeds for 20 minutes in goats or cattle urine which lasted for a week. In addition, use of
thiram, rouging out infected plants and use of resistant varieties and following crop rotation
practices.

a) Insects and birds

Among the insect pests:

i. Stalk borer

Control measures:

 Removing alternate hosts like grasses and sorghum families from and around farm field
 Field sanitation or removing crop residues from formerly affected farm field
 Adjusting time of sowing by identifying time of pest occurrence
 Removing plants affected by the pest
 Crop rotation with other pulse crops
 Using chemicals depending its necessary (Cypermetrin 1%, Carbaryl 85%, Carbofuran
10%, Endosulfan 5% powder) based on prepared manual on its usage
 Karate 5%E.C liquid 310mlmixed diluted with 400 liter of water.

ii. Sorghum shoot fly

Control measures:

 Use of tolerant variety

 Timely planting
 Carbofuran 10gm granular 0.2 kg /ha spray on the field before sowing sorghum.
 Karate 5%E.C liquid 310ml diluted with 400 liter of water.

iii. Termite

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 52 March, 2021

It is economically important pest affecting the crop seriously. It can be controlled by using soil
moisture maintaining/conserving mechanisms for example applying area closure and soil band
construction, culturally destructing the mound and removal of queens, destructing the mound
and killing the queens with flooding. Generally, cultural, physical and biological control method
is most cost effective and economically advisable. Beyond these methods use of chemicals
such as diazinon 60 % EC is advisable.

iv. Storage insect pests (Angomois grain moth, maize weevil, red flour beetle)

To control, use of clean stored grains and clean store material, proper drying of the seed, mixing
sorghum seed with small sized seeds (teff, finger millet, etc.) and store, mixing with ash within
the store, and use of primifos methyl 2% for soaking 1 quintal of sorghum, fumigation of the
store with aluminum phostoxin chemical with care.

Harvesting: Sorghum can be harvested at a standing crop with a combine at moisture contents
as high as 25% although this requires subsequent drying. Typically; the seed is harvested at
moisture contents of 11%-15%. Sorghum seed is easily damaged during threshing. The seeds
of sorghum should be stored at moisture per cent best ideal of 8-10%. But before storing it
should be clean from any pests and impurities and the store should be clean and dry carefully.

10.1.3 Haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgare)

Haricot bean is an important source of protein and contains about 22% of crude protein and
supplement in the diet of many tropical people when it is consumed with cereals as a staple
food.

Haricot bean is an important pulse crop in Ethiopia and it is widely grown in the hot areas. It has
got many uses which include:-improvement of soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, cheap
source of protein for humans, high quality and protein rich livestock feed and an important
precursor crop in rotation programme with cereals in general.

Ecological Requirements:

Temperature: Haricot bean can grow with a temperature range of 10-30 oc.Optimum growing
temperature for haricot bean production is 18-30 oc for better performance. Haricot bean should
be produced in areas with minimum risk of frost occurrence.

Altitude: Haricot bean is a warm season crop and its climatic requirements are the same as
that of Maize. Haricot bean can be successfully grown from 550-2000 meter above sea level.

Annual Rainfall: For proper growth and development haricot bean requires about 600 mm of
rain provided that the distribution is uniform throughout the growing season. In general Haricot
bean is produced in areas receiving annual rain fall ranging from 550-1100 mm. In areas where
the amount of rainfall is very low, the crop should receive supplemental irrigation in order to
ensure successful production. The crop requires sufficient amount of soil moisture particularly
during flowering and pod setting stages. Water stress during these stages cause excessive
shading of flowers and pods resulting in reduced yield. Haricot bean grows well and produce
high yield under irrigated condition.

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Soil Condition: Haricot bean can grow on a wide range of soil types. However, for better
performance it requires fertile, well drained light clay loam, sandy loam and alluvial soils with a
PH range of 6.5-7.0 for optimum productivity but it can grow within a pH range 5.5-7.5.

Land preparation: For maximum production the crop requires a fine and properly prepared
seed bed. Poorly prepared seed bed will adversely affect germination thereby resulting in
reduced yield. In this case 2-3 plowings/harrowing should be done using oxen drawn plough or
tractors.

Sowing time: Generally sowing time of haricot bean vary from place to place, in the project
area haricot bean can be sowed in January and August for first and second season crops
respectively. Under irrigated condition planting can be adjusted as required, however,
consideration should be made regarding time of frost occurrence and availability of irrigation
water.

Sowing method: Haricot bean seed can be sown either row or broadcast method. But for
maximum production row sowing method is recommended. When Haricot bean is sowed in
rows, depending upon the growth habit of the varieties (erect, semi-erect and trailing or climbing
types) spacing of 60-75 cm between rows and 5 cm between plants are recommended. For
obtaining high yield spacing of 40 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants are used.

Planting depth: Improper planting depth adversely affects germination and crop establishment.
The recommended planting depth for Haricot bean is 3-5 cm. usually, 5 cm is considered to be
optimum.

Seed rate: Seed rate can be influenced by different factors such as variety, seed size, seed
health, germination capacity planting method, moisture and fertility status of the soil, etc. For
haricot bean having small and large seed size 70-80 kg/ha and 100-110 kg/ha seed is
recommended respectively.

Fertilizer application: Haricot bean produce good yield when grown on fertile soils and it is
important and preferable if soil test based fertilizer application is adopted. However, in the
absence of soil test based specific fertilizer recommendations, use 50 kg/Ha DAP for moisture
stress areas and 100 kg/Ha for high rainfall areas in general.

Intercultural: One weeding can be given to the crop manually after about 2-3 weeks of sowing
to keep the field completely free from weeds. About two weeding may be needed till the plants
are grown enough to smother the weeds. A pre-emergence application of Alachlor at the rate of
2 to 2.5 kg /ha is recommended for effective weed control.

Disease: Haricot beans suffers from many diseases among the major disease are bacterial
blight, anthracnose and rust. To control the disease use of disease-free seeds, crop rotation and
cultivating resistant cultivars are recommended.

Insect Pests: Haricot beans are attacked by haricot bean worm, grass pea worm and haricot
bean weevils. The control measures includes use high planting density, inter cropping with
maize, seed treatment, spraying chemical with insecticides, sanitation and fumigation of storage
facilities are recommended.

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Harvesting: Green pods are harvested in 3 or 4 pickings by hand over a period of 25 to 35

days. For dry seeds, the crop is harvested when the leaves turn yellow, plant starts dying; pods
are fully matured and become dry. Harvesting is done with the help of sickles. The plants and
pods are allowed to dry in small heaps in the field. The produce is subsequently brought to the
floor and subjected to threshing and winnowing. The seed is cleaned and dried before storing.

The post harvesting management practices include, keeping the seed clean, testing appropriate
seed moisture for storage facilities and seed grading for usage and keeping in the store. Stored
grain should be protected from rain and ground moisture, and the storage container should be
rodent-proof, insect-proof and should seal tightly. Steel bins which seal tightly and are easy to
clean are best.

10.1.4 Mung bean (Vigna radiate L.)

Mung beans are a warm season crop requiring 90-120 days of frost free conditions from
planting to maturity. Adequate rainfall is required from flowering to late pod fill in order to ensure
good yield. It is adapted the same climate areas as soybean, dry bean and cowpea. They are
widely grown for use as a human food (as dry beans or fresh sprouts), and also used as a green
manure crop and as forage for livestock.

Altitude: Mung bean is a warm season crop can be successfully grown from 450-1670 meter
above sea level.
Annual Rainfall: For proper growth and development mung bean requires about 500 mm of
rain provided that the distribution is uniform throughout the growing season. In general mung
bean is produced in areas receiving annual rain fall ranging from 300-800 mm. In areas where
the amount of rainfall is very low, the crop should receive supplemental irrigation in order to
ensure successful production. Mung bean grows well and produce high yield under irrigated
condition.

Seed rate: Seed rate can be influenced by different factors such as variety, seed size, seed
health, germination capacity planting method, moisture and fertility status of the soil, etc. For
mung bean 20-40 kg/ha for row planting and 50 kg/ha seed is recommended for broadcasting.

Fertilizer application: Mung bean produce good yield when grown on fertile soils and it is
important and preferable if soil test based fertilizer application is adopted. However, in the
absence of soil test based specific fertilizer recommendations, use 50-100 kg/ha DAP and 25-
50 kg/ha Urea in general.

10.1.5 Onion (Allium cepa L.)

General

Onion is one of the important bulb crops in Ethiopia. It is considerably important in the daily
Ethiopian diet. All the plant parts are edible, but the bulbs and the lower stems sections are the
most popular as seasonings or as vegetables in stews. It is widely produced by small farmers
and commercial growers throughout the year for local use and export market.

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Climate: Onion is a cool season crop. However, it can be grown under a wide range of climatic
conditions. It grows well under mild climate without extreme heat or cold or excessive rainfall. In
area where average rainfall exceeds 350–1000mm in the wet season, it can be successfully
grown during dry season. The ideal temperature requirement of onion crop is 12.80 to 210c. Very
low temperature in early stages favors bolting whereas sudden rise in temperature favors early
maturity resulting in small-sized bulbs. The optimum altitude range for onion production is
between 700-2200 meters above sea level. There are also varieties which can adapt below the
specified altitude and selecting varieties which were released by the nearby research station is
recommended.

Soils: Onion can be grown on all types of soil. However, deep friable loam and alluvial soils are
best for its successful production. Good drainage, weed free and presence of more organic
matter in soils favor good production of crop. It cannot be grown in alkaline and low lying
marshy lands. The optimum pH is 5.8 to 6.5.

Raising on Nursery:A nursery bed of 3m x 0.6m size may be raised up to 15-25 cm with a
distance of 70cm between the beds to facilitate inter-cultural operations. Generally sandy loam
soils are preferred for nursery beds. The edge and top of the bed should be quite firm to avoid
pit formation during rain or at the time of irrigation. The top surface up to 2-3cm should be
enriched with fine, sieved and decomposed farm yard manure or compost after sowing.

Seeds are sown in lines 4-6 cm apart. Sowing should not be done more than 2-3cm deep. After
sowing beds should be mulched with dry grass or straw or any other such material to maintain
and preserve the required soilmoisture. As and when there is lack of moisture in the bed, it
should be watered by sprinkling can. After germination, dry grass or mulching material should
be removed and nursery should be protected from heavy rain, heat or direct sun.

About 3-5 kg seed is required to raise seedlings for planting one hectare. The seedlings are
ready for transplanting 7-8 weeks after sowing or after attaining a height of 20-25cm. Over-aged
seedlings result in bolting, taking longer time to start growth and under-aged seedling do not
establish well after transplanting.

Planting by bulbs:- Bulbs are dibbled at 15cm on the side of 45 cm wide ridges or in beds.
This can also be done in furrows. For planting one hectare 750 kg medium sized bulbs are
required. The secondary bulbs developing from mother bulbs have market for green onion.

Direct Sowing: -Onion can also be sown by direct seeding. The soil is thoroughly pulverized
and made free of clods. Varieties capable of having big sized bulbs are grown in rows 30cm
apart. Seedlings 6-8 weeks old may be thinned. A light irrigation is given immediately after
sowing. Intercultural and irrigation is repeated after every 10 days.

Planting by Sets: - Sets are small-sized onion produced by seedlings to mature in the nursery
beds as such instead of transplanting them. Those are used to get an early crop to get more
prices. For planting one hectare 5-8 kg seed is adequate to raise enough number of sets in
200m2 area. Nursery is prepared as mentioned above. The seedlings are allowed to remain in
the nursery till their leaves fall and they form small bulbs (sets) due to less spacing. Later dig
out 1.5-2.0 cm sized healthy sets for planting. The sets are planted 10cm apart in rows on both
sides of ridges spaced at 35-45 cm spacing. A light irrigation is given immediately after planting

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the sets. In multiplier onion, bulbs are first separated and then bigger-sized bulbs are used for
planting.

Fertilization: -Onion needs a heavy dose of fertilizer for good yield. But the fertilizer
requirements depend on soil type and type of crop. Farmyard or dung manure at the rate of 20-
25 tons/ha may be incorporated in soil one month before transplanting. The crop requires 150
kg N, 50 Kg P and 50 kg K/ha. Full amount of P and K and half dose of N are to be added just
before transplanting. The remaining quantity may be given 20-25 days after transplanting in
case of sowing by sets and multiplier onions. It is applied at the rate of half of the remaining N in
case of seedling-transplanted onion at 30 and 45 days after transplanting respectively.

Inter Culture: -The crop should be kept weed free at the initial stage of plant growth. Chemical
weed control along with hand weeding is recommended often after 10 days of transplanting.
Baseline at one litre per ha or stomp at 3.5 litre/ha immediately after transplanting are quite
effective to control weeds.

Irrigation: - The water requirement in general depends upon plant, its growth stage, soil type
and its climatic conditions. Onion is a shallow rooted crop with roots generally contained within 8
cm of soil surface. Water requirement of onion, therefore, is less in the beginning. Water is a
critical requirement at the time of bulb formation. Frequent light irrigation at weekly intervals
promotes proper bulb development and good yield.
a. Diseases

I. Downey mildew (Perenospora destructor) and purple blotch (Alternarea porri) are
the major diseases that attack onion severely; particularly during the rainy season and
when the humidity is high. The recommended measures to control the diseases comprise:

 Use long rotational cropping system i.e. never grow two crops of onions one after
the other and keeping a four year crop rotation cycle with cereals and pulses is
highly important.
 Make the field free from weeds and weeding at least two times in the growing
period advisable;
 Whenever necessary weekly spray with 2.5-3.5 kg/ha rate of mancozeb or 3kg of
redomil for 3 to 4 times by mixing up with 600 litres of water.

b. Insect pests

Onion thrips, leaf miners and cutworms are some of the common insect pests that attack
onion.

Control- When 5 to 10 insects are observed per plant it is possible to control the pest by
spraying with 0.5 l/ha of cypermethrin 10% EC mixing with 200 liters of water and spray every
two weeks for 3 to 4 times.

Harvesting: The optimum time for harvesting bulbs for sale or for storage is when leaves start
falling. The crop can be harvested a week after the falling of 50% to 80 %leaves. Early harvest
results in sprouting of bulbs and late harvest gives rise to formation of roots during storage.

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Onion bulbs are thoroughly cured before storage. The purpose of curing is to remove excess
moisture from the outer skin and neck of onion to reduce losses due to diseases. The time for
curing largely depends upon the prevailing weather condition but usually the onions are lay
down in wind rows for about 5 days by covering the bulbs with the leaves of the next row. The
fully cured onion shows the light neck and the dried scale rustle. After curing, the onion should
be graded for local market and export. Then it will be filled in jute bags for transportation.

10.1.6 Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum .Mill)

It is an important cash-generating crop to small-scale farmers and provides employment in the

production and processing industries. It is also important source of vitamin A and C as well as
minerals.

Climate: In general tomato, a warm-season vegetable, is grown in cool season also. The
optimum temperature required for its cultivation is 15-270C. At high and low temperatures, there
is low germination of seeds, poor plant growth, flower drop, poor fruit set and ripening. At high
temperature generally, the quality of fruits is poor and there is high evidence of sunscald. Under
extreme high and low temperature conditions, the yield and quality of fruits is reduced. Mild
winter condition is ideal for seed germination, plant growth, fruit set, fruit development and
ripening. An excessive rain adversely affects the fruit set causing flower drop.

Soils:Tomato is grown in varied type of soil-sandy loam to clay, black soil and red soil having
proper drainage. However, sandy loam soil, rich in organic matter is ideal for its cultivation. The
PH of the soil should be 7.5 to 8.5 and optimum pH range of 5.5 to 7.0. Tomato can tolerate
moderate acid and saline soils. Red and black soils are good for commercial cultivation. The
requirement on the organic matter content of the soil is not so high, but soils with medium
organic matter (OM) content have better yields than soils with low OM content.

Nursery Raising:For raising the seedlings required for one-hectare 250m2 area is needed.
Generally in wet season 7.5m x 1.2m x 0.1m beds are prepared. The beds are covered with a
layer of farmyard manure and sand mixed in equal proportion. The farmyard manure should be
used at 4kg/m2. To protect from the incidence of damping off of seedling, the beds should be
treated with 10% formaldehyde. Before sowing the bed should be drenched with 0.2% Dithane
M-45 or treated with Difolaton or Capton. Solarisation is also useful to reduce the incidence of
damping off. The seeds should be treated with Thiram or Bavistin at 2g/kg. Depth of planting
required is 4-5cm. Soon after sowing the bed should be irrigated with rose can and covered with
paddy straw. The beds should be irrigated every day morning. Seedlings are ready for
transplanting 4-5 weeks after sowing. Before transplanting seedlings are hardened by
withholding the water 4-5 days before uprooting.

Transplanting:- The seedlings are transplanted to the field after 25 days. In the nursery the row
distance is about 10cm. Generally transplanting can be done in June-July and November-
December. Staggered planting is preferred to have regular and continuous production. In the
field a spacing of 120cm wide bed is required and seedlings will be planted in one row on this
bed at a distance of 40cm between plants for indeterminate varieties. But for the determinate
varieties on a bed of 120 cm wide seedlings will be planted in two rows at a distance of 50cm
between rows and 25cm between plants. The recommended spacing is 60cm x 45 cm and
90cmx30cm. Flat and raised bed methods are used. Raised beds economize watering, facilitate

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better drainage, reduce the incidence of pest and diseases and also have the advantage of
staking. Hybrids are planted at wider spacing from row-to-row and close spacing from plant-to-
plant.

Training and pruning:- Training helps in better utilization of light and air. The fruits are trained
under leaves to protect them from sunscald. Training, pruning or pinching are required to
produce quality fruits. In indeterminate tomatoes, training increases the number of fruits with
uniform size increasing yield and quality of fruits. In field crop the training is done with the
support of bamboo sticks and rope. If there is excessive growth pinching or pruning of side
shoots improves size and uniformity of fruits. Pinching of the main shoot at the top improves the
size of terminal fruits. This is done in indeterminate varieties when plants attain the maximum
height.

Fertilization: Fertilizer recommendation is 150kg/ha of DAP and there is limited/no need of

Urea fertilizer.

Intercultural and aftercare:- Weeding, hoeing, earthling up and mulching are very important.
About 2-3 hoeing is essential at the initial stage of plant growth. Two earthlings up are sufficient
for optimum plant growth. Normally weeding is done manually to keep the field clean. Weeds
can also be controlled by using herbicides like pendimethalin at l kg a.i/ha plus one hand
weeding 45 days after transplanting. Since 40-45 days after transplanting is the most critical
stage of crop weed competition in tomato, weeding at this stage is quite essential.

Irrigation:- Frequent irrigation is essential for optimum plant growth, fruiting and yield.
Generally, the crop should be irrigated at 8-12 days interval or even more frequently depending
on the temperature and humidity. Generally open furrow method of irrigation is followed.

Common pests of tomato and its control measures

a) Diseases
i. Late blight (Phytophtora infestans)
The fungus causes defoliation and a very destructive rot of the plants. The first symptoms are
irregular, greenish black and water soaked spots on the leaves. The spots enlarge rapidly in
moist weather and sometimes show white, downy growth on the lower surface, the stems often
show symptoms similar to those in the leaves. Fruit infection occurs near the stem end and may
take place at any stage of growth. Small, grayish-green, water soaked areas develop which
enlarge rapidly and may cover half of the fruit. The spots take on a dark green color, blotched
with brown as the fruits become older. Control measures are the same as for early blight.

ii. Early blight (Alternaria solani)

It is a fungus disease and causes a canker and collar rot on the stem of seedlings and young
plants in the field. In the leaves the fungus develops spots that may partly defoliate the plants
and reduce the yield and quality of the fruits.
Control measures are use of resistant varieties, rouging out infected plants, spraying Helcozeb
80% at the rate of 2kg/ha and spraying four times during growing periods.

b) Insect pests

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i. Aphids and cut worms: – They can be controlled by spraying endosulphan 40% E.C
at the rate of 2 liter per hectare mixed with 200 liter of water or spraying malathion
50% E.C at the rate of 2 liter per hectare mixed with 200 liter of water.
ii. African bollworm
 Apply Malathion 50%E.C
 Using optimum irrigation water & removing alternative food sources

c) Nematodes: - Several species of nematodes attack tomato plants. The nematodes induce
the development of irregular swellings or knots on the roots. The nutrient and water up take
from the soil is disturbed and the plant develops poorly. The control measures are
fumigation of seed beds, rouging of infected plants, destroying plant residues after harvest
and a correct crop rotation.
Harvesting:- Tomato if are to be used in the ripe condition, tomatoes should be picked at the
earliest when they are mature green. Immature tomatoes do not ripen after harvest. It reach the
mature-green condition when they are fully rounded and have changed from dark to medium or
light green and the skin develops a waxy gloss. As ripening is initiated, the fruits show a pale
pink, which develops through a definite pink to full red. Most tomatoes are harvested at the early
ripening or pink stage depending on market preference and the time they take to reach the
retailers. Tomatoes to be consumed immediately can be harvested when fully ripe. Proper
handling during harvesting and transporting is important to reduce damage of fruits.

10.1.7 Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)

Environmental Requirement

Altitude:- From sea level to 2300 m above but the best suitable altitude ranges are from 1500
to 1800 m above sea level. Sweet potato is a lowland crop and it does not withstand frost
damage. Sweet potato when growing above 2100 m the size and the test will be reduced and
the maturity period will be elongated.

Temperature:- Sweet potatoes require fairly high average temperatures of 20 to 30 0C optimum

temperature is about 25 0C with plenty of sunshine and a good distribution of rainfall during the
growing season. However, areas with an average temperature of 22 0C are best suitable for its
production.
Rainfall:- Under rain fed condition it thrives best where the average annual rainfall is between
700– 900 mm,
Soil:- The best soils for sweet potato cultivation are light, well-drained and aerated sandy loam
or loamy sands, with pH value of 4.5 to 6.
Recommended Irrigation Agronomic Practices

Land preparation

 Land preparation is carried out depending on the specific conditions of the area
 Based on the soil type and weeds the field need to be ploughed deep, loosen and levelled;

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 After the field is levelled it is important to make furrows or ridges 100 cm apart; raised bed
or ridges are mainly preferred for better tuber formation and easy harvesting;
 Add manures two months prior to planting and incorporate it with the soil immediately;
 Pre- irrigate the field a day before planting to maintain available soil moisture to enhance

Space, time and depth of planting

Propagation:- Sweet potato is propagated by cuttings having 20 to 40 cm long, with 3- 5 growth

buds.

Planting of sweet potato cuttings should be done no later than 5 months before the end of the
rainy season, but under irrigation it can be planted at any time of frost free period;

 The vine cuttings can be planted on heaps, or on ridges;

 The cuttings should be 30 cm in length and placed 10 cm deep in the soil and covered
half with soil (inclined at 450) and keeping the space 20 to 30 cm between plants,
whereas between rows 60 to 100 cm (60 cm between rows x 30 cm between plants);

Fertilizer requirement:- Fertilizer may not be required, if the crop is grown in rotation with
legumes and cereals, which have been received fertilizers. However, the recommended rate of
DAP is 175 kg/ha and it should be applied at the time of land preparation or planting, whereas
Urea 80- 100 kg/ha and should be applied 1 month later after planting and apply in both sides of
the plant and incorporate with the soil immediately.

Water requirement:- For high yields, the total crop water requirement is about 500 to 700mm,
depending on the climate. Sweet potato is relatively considered drought resistant. However,
starting from germination for about one month time the crop needs more water and then
frequent but light irrigation is essential, particularly after thinning operation. Water deficit during
the early vegetative growth periods and tuber initiation and yield formation have the greatest
adverse effect on yield, whereas ripening is less sensitive. But excess watering when the tubers
are actively developing leads to increase the tubers length in the expense of decreasing the
tuber size, sugar content and the overall yield.

Crop Protection

Weeding:- Right at the start of tuber initiation it is important to cultivate and earthen upthe
tubers. The first weeding can be performed 40 to 45 days after planting and the second at 70to
75 days and earthen up the tubers can increase the tubers yield as it was confirmed by
research results.

Diseases:- Black rot and soft rot are the major ones that attack the crop seriously. Diseases
attack the leaves, stems and tubers.

Control:- use of disease free planting materials, use of disease resistant varieties, keeps strictly
a 4-year crop rotation cycle with cereals, pulses and fodder crops; rough out infested plants and
buried them, during harvest care should be taken not to damage the tubers in order not to
expose them to soft rot attack.

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Insect pest:- The major insect- pests that attack sweet potato are weevils and sweet potato
caterpillars. Of these, the weevil /Cylas puncticollis/ is the most serious insect pest that can
cause significant damage of sweet potato.

Control

1) Keep strictly the recommended a four year cycle crop rotation practice; (2) Use pest free
vines or cuttings for planting that were not attacked by weevils; (3) Earthen up tubers in order to
avoid insect pest attack; (4) Rouging out plants that are attacked by weevils; (5) Increase plant
population per hectare in order to minimize the tubers size and as a result the damage
incidence by weevils will be reduced; (6) Take care not to damage the skin of tubers during
harvesting to avoid further pest attack; (7) Use immediately the tubers for consumption or for
marketing;

Harvesting:- Sweet potato matures in about 4 to 5 months’ time. The typical characteristics of
maturity symptom

During harvesting and at the time of cleaning great care should be taken in order not to damage
the skin of tubers. Remove all diseased and damaged tubers. After harvest it is also important
to dry the tubers in the sun for some time before cleaning the soil from the tubers, and then it is
possible to clean the soil and wash the tubers with water carefully.

Storage:- Before storage, tubers should be rubbed thoroughly in wood ash. A dark, dry, cool,
well- aired place is ideal for storage up to 1 year without great losses. The tubers may also be
stored in a pit in the ground, covered with a layer of 10 to 15cm of soil and a plastic sheet on the
top.

10.1.8 Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Climatic Requirement

Mango is a fruit of frost free tropical and warmer sub-tropical climates. Light frost is tolerated,
but the minimum for growth lies above 10 0c, the optimum temperature near 250C and maximum
at 420c. Although mango trees are found at elevations up to 1200 m, it is unwise to grow
orchards below 600 meter above sea level. Most mango varieties thrive well in rainfall ranging
75-375cm per annum. For good flowering and then productivity, however, the tree needs 3
months of dry period. Mango grows on varieties of soils but does well on sandy or loamy,
lateritic or alluvial but not waterlogged. Mango can be best produced on a non-fertile soil of PH
range of 5.5 to 7.5. Good drainage, permeability, good water holding capacity, ground water
table at a depth of 3-4 m is features of an ideal soil.

Propagation: - Cultivars with poly embryonic seeds can be propagated generally similar to
citrus. However, as with other mono embryonic cultivars it can be propagated by grafting,
through a variety of methods or buddings on seedling root stock.

Care should be taken in collection of seeds. The collected seeds are planted on prepared seed
bed at 30cm between rows at the depth of 5cm. When the seedlings attain a height of 10cm, the

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seedlings are transferred to grafting place at 1m distance between rows and 40cm between
plants. Transplanted seedlings reach for grafting at about 6 months.

Field Management

The spacing of plants varies between varieties and local prevailing environmental conditions.
But generally 7-10m square planting between plants and rows is recommended. The land is
plowed and pulverized. For clay and sandy soil, 90-100 cm and for medium type of soil, 40-
50cm deep hole is prepared one month ahead by separating top and sub soil. The top soil is
mixed with farm yard manure, organic matter and fertilizer.

Irrigation: - Non-bearing plants should be watered in dry and hot seasons. But for bearing
plants since they needs time for flowering, watering should be cutoff before 2-3 months before.
Crop water requirement depends on the local climatic condition, soil type and stage of crop
growth.
Fertilizer Requirement:- Depends on the prevailing local conditions, generally, for young
seedlings not started fruit bearing, 73gram nitrogen per tree per year, 16 gram phosphorous
and 66 gram potassium per tree per year is recommended. For fruit bearing plants, 730gram
nitrogen per tree per year, 80 gram phosphorus per tree per year and 660gram potassium per
tree per year is applied. To take the advantage of wider spaces and improve soil fertility,
intercropping and cover cropping should be encouraged at early growth stage.

Weed Control: - As weeds compete with Mango trees for water and nutrients and also harbour
diseases insects and rodents the field must be kept clean as much as possible.

A. Insect pests

Insect pests such as Scale insects .mango hopper, mealy bugs and diseases such as downy
mildew and anthracnose should be monitored.

Harvesting: The time of harvest in mango varies with the variety and climatic conditions.
Depending upon the variety, the period required for maturity of the fruits vary from 90-120 days
after flowering.

Stage of maturity: Criteria for judging maturity depends on slight color development of the
shoulders, prominent development of lenticels, natural fall of one or two ripe fruits from the
plant, and when the specific gravity of the fruit ranges from 0.01-0.02. The number of days
taken by the fruit to mature depends on the variety and climatic conditions and hence cannot
serve as a guide. Of all the criteria, the specific gravity method is more dependable. For this,
fruit samples from various directions of the tree are taken and dropped in a bucket of water, the
sinking fruits being indicative of optimum maturity.

Method of harvesting: climbing the tree with a collecting bag and plucking the fruit is more
satisfactory method. The most satisfactory method available now is the use of bamboo pole with
a circular ring fastened at the end to which a small thread net and cutting shear is attached.
After cutting the pedicel of each fruit, it automatically gets collected in the net which is provided
just below the cutting shear.

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Yield: the grafted tree starts bearing at the age of three years. (15-20 fruits) and optimum yield
starts from 9 to 10 years on wards when each tree would yield about 400-500 fruits, depending
on the variety. The yield continuous to increase up to the age of 35 to 40 years (2500 fruits)
after which it starts declining. In a fully matured mango tree, depending upon the age and
spread of the tree, the total number of fruits harvested may range from 1000 (250kg) to 2500
(625kg). Generally, packing and transportation, storage, ripening etc. need care and careful
attention.

10.1.9 Banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapiertum)

Soil and Climatic Requirements

Soil: Banana can be grown on a wide range of soils provided they are fertile and well-drained.
Stagnant water will cause diseases such as the panama disease. The best soils for banana
production are deep, well-drained loams with a high water holding capacity and humus content.
Optimum pH is between 6.0 and 7.0.

Altitude: Banana is best grown in warm climate areas. In Ethiopia, banana is being grown from
low to medium altitude ranges both under rain fed and irrigation conditions in homestead and in
large state owned farms. However, areas with altitudes below 1,000 meter above sea level
having irrigation facilities are best suited for good harvest and high quality of produce. Overall,
areas with altitudes below 1500 meter above sea level can be considered suitable for banana
growing. Even in some particular areas it can be grown in higher altitudes up to 1800 m above
sea level, particularly the subtropical Dwarf cavendish variety.

Temperature

Banana is growing best in a warm climate region. The average optimum daily temperature best
suited for the growth of bananas is about 37°c, the average minimum, 12°c, and the average
maximum, 29.5°c, The absolute minimum and maximum temperatures are 15.6°c and 37.8 c,
respectively. Exposure to temperatures below and above these absolute temperatures slows
down growth and damages the fruit.

Rainfall

The optimum amount of moisture required for uniform growth is about 1200-2500 mm of rain per
year. For uniform growth and to obtain a good yield, banana plantations should be irrigated
during the dry months. If, however, irrigation requirements approach five months out of the year,
the cost of maintaining uniform growth becomes excessive, and this indicates the need of
establishing banana plantations in areas where promising irrigation water is available.

Wind

Banana leaves are large, soft, and easily torn by strong winds, which seriously reduce its
productivity. If natural wind-protected areas do not exist, it is highly important and recommended
to provide windbreaks for the plantings. The large growing bamboos make excellent
windbreaks, while leucaena glauca can be effectively used around homestead areas. The
majority of banana varieties can tolerate winds of up to 40 kilometers per hour. Winds between
40 to 55 kilometers per hour cause a moderate amount of damage, but winds above 55

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kilometers per hour are disastrous and cause “blow-downs”, in which a large portion of a
plantation can be broken.

Land preparation

Soil should be deeply ploughed in both directions and harrowed to a fine enough tilth to enable
irrigation furrows to be laid out effectively along each plant row. The land for banana plantation
should be well prepared and leveled. After leveling the field, it is important to make a furrow of
30 m length and with 2 m apart one from another. Depending on the soil type of the field the
furrow length could be shortened or lengthened. As a general rule, in sand soils short furrows
are recommended, while in heavy soils the furrow length could be longer. As part of land
preparation one or two months prior to planting, it is important to make a planting hole at the
places where the pieces of planting materials of banana would be planted later. Make the
planting holes 60 cm deep, 60 cm wide. It is important that the soil from the top should be put on
one side and the soil from the bottom on the other side. Then fill the holes with compost and
manure to enrich the soil within the planting hole with nutrients that could be used further by the
new planted banana suckers.

Preparation of suckers for transplanting

Usually, banana is propagated with vegetative using suckers. Suckers being dug out from
around mature plants. It is important to select the right type of suckers as this will affect
subsequent growth and yield. Suckers of different ages are used as planting materials. The
following points should be considered during sucker preparation: (1) Use suckers taken from
banana plants that are between 3 and 6 years old; (2) Suckers should be between 50 cm and 1
m high and broad at the base and let them dry in the shade for 3 or 4 days before planting; (3)
Just before planting them, trim them at a point 50 cm from the base of the plant. (4) It is
important to select uniform size of suckers; (5) Rhizomes, or “sword suckers” 50 to 60 cm tall
and enlarged at the base, which bear only long slim narrow leaves are most productive suckers
and more preferred for propagation; (6) “Maiden head sucker”, which is from 1 to 1.25 m tall and
from a plant, which has not yet flowered can be used as planting material, if there is a shortage
of planting material; (7) If seedlings of improved varieties of banana are not available, it is
recommended to choose and prepare planting materials from the local cultivars and (8) After
five years on average the banana becomes old and reduced its productivity, and therefore,
recommended to replace the plantation with new ones.

Planting and planting methods

Holes of 30-60 cm deep and 30-60 cm wide in diameter are prepared at least two months ago
before planting. The top soil should be put separately and mixed with about two buckets of well-
rotted manure if available. The planting distance between hills depends primarily on the size or
the height of the variety being cultivated, the type of soil, the amount of fertilizers applied, and
the pruning practices existing in the area. The variety Dwarf cavendish can be planted in rows at
a distance of 1 m between plants and 2 m between rows, while the variety Giant cavendish can
be planted in 2.5 x 2.5 square meters. The deeper the soil, the closer can be the planting
distance for a variety, as long as excessive shading does not occur. However, for irrigation
convenience a spacing of 2.5 m between rows and 2 m between plants with a total plant
population of 2, 000 plants/ha is sometimes recommended.

Weed control

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Weed control is necessary at early stages of growth before a plantation is established, whereas
an old plantation usually shades out the weeds. Weed control is also required on the borders of
plantations, around the irrigation canals and drainage ditches and pathways between
plantations. Application of recommended herbicides is the most efficient method of controlling
weeds by taking care not to damage the leaves of banana. If the land is well prepared,
maintained appropriate spacing, and mulched, weed control should require less effort.
Cultivation should always be shallow in order to avoid or minimize damages to the roots. In
order to minimize weed competition it is also recommended to intercrop some leguminous crops
between the banana rows.

Fertilizer application

Banana is a heavy feeder and yields can be increased dramatically by applying fertilizers.
Bananas need fertile conditions and abundance of soil moisture for best growth and optimum
production. For a year old banana plant, it is recommended to apply 50 g of N at the time of
planting and 50 g of N after 4 months of planting /in both application use 100 kg/ha rate/.
Nitrogen should be applied in small amounts at frequent intervals throughout the year. The
appropriate recommendation for phosphorus fertilizer is 50 kg/ha of P 2O5 or about 50-100 grams
P2O5 per plant after 8 months of planting. Apply the recommended fertilizer 10 to 15 cm far
away of the stem of the plant.
Water requirements

Water deficits adversely affect crop growth and yield of banana. The establishment and the
early phase of the vegetative periods determine the potential for growth and fruiting and
adequate water and sufficient supply of nutrients is essential during this period. Water deficits in
the vegetative period affect the rate of leaf development, which in turn can influence the number
of flowers and consequently it can influence the number of hands and bunch production. Water
deficit during the flowering period can also limit the leaf growth and number of fruits. Water
deficit during the yield formation period affect both the fruit size and quality and consequently
premature ripening of fruits can happen. The banana plant has a sparse shallow root system.
Most feeding roots are spread laterally near the surface. Rooting depth not exceeding generally
0.75 m. in general, most of the water is extracted from the first 0.5- 0.8 m soil depth, of which 60
% is from 0.3 m.

Pruning: - Banana is a perennial plant, but each sucker or pseudo stem, which arises from the
mother plant, bears only one bunch of fruits. The removal of suckers is an important operation.
Pruning is the process of cutting suckers, or followers, at ground level, where they emerge from
the mother plant. The main reasons for pruning are: (1) to arrange for the uniform harvest of a
plantation throughout the year; (2) to prevent “walking” of the mats (spreading of the mat wider
and wider) and the formation of holes and crowded areas in the field; (3) to avoid nutrient
competition between the mother plants, setting fruit and young suckers coming out from the
mother plant.

Supporting the plant from falling over

Banana is usually susceptible to wind and may fall down. There are four main reasons for the
falling over of banana plants, even during low velocity of winds. These are: (1) high water table,
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and (2) root and rhizome injury, (3) the stem attachment with the soil is not strong enough and
(4) as a result of heavy suckers.
The plant bends under the weight, and the wind may blow it down. You must prevent it from
falling. To do this, cut thick bamboos about 3 meters long. Tie two bamboos together and put
the bamboos in place, when the flowers have appeared and turned down to the earth. Then the
bamboos hold up the banana plant.

Banana Diseases and their control methods

 Insect pest and their control
Bananas are attacked by a wide range of insect pests which include banana root borers, red
rust thrips, weevil, scales, bag worms, chalcid wasps, peel-feeding caterpillars and many other
insects as well as nematodes.

I. Banana weevil

Banana weevil is one of the most serious insect pests that attack banana. The larvae feed,
tunnel and develop in the plant corm. This weakens the plant and predisposes it to wind
damage. This insect makes holes in the base of the banana plant and lays its eggs in these
holes. The eggs turn into little weevils. They eat out the heart of the banana plant. You do not
see the weevils, but if the fruit bunch does not develop, or if the bunch is small and badly
shaped, there may be weevils inside. To find out if there are weevils in the plantation, cut pieces
of the plant’s apparent trunk lengthwise. Put two pieces on the ground near each plant facing
downward. Look every day at these pieces. If there are weevils in the plantation, they will hide
under the pieces of “trunk” and adult weevils can then be collected every 48 hours.

Control methods: Before planting, dip the suckers in lukewarm water, or in water mixed with
Némagon, if there are eelworms in the plantation, put Némagon in the soil.

II. Other pests

There are other pests that attack bananas such as thrips, aphids, scale insects, etc. These
insect pests are controlled using Aldrin or Dieldrin. In addition to insect pests banana is attacked
by nematodes of which the burrowing nematode/Radopholus similis/ is a dangerous
endoparasitic, which destroys feeder roots and reduce yield significantly. Root knot nematode
also attacks banana. Control is possible by rotation at least two-three years, pre-planting
fumigation and by treatment of propagating material by placing the bases in hot water for 10-20
minutes, or dipping with non- phytotoxic nematicides.

Harvesting: A banana will flower and produce fruit within 6-18 months after planting. The
fruiting stalk is harvested when the fruits are still green but after the ridges have begun to
become rounded and the top most hands have become light green. The quality of fruit allowed
on the plant is usually lower than that ripened off the plant, due to fruit splitting and lower sugar
content.

The duration between the emergence of a bunch (shooting) and its harvest is an important
factor in the marketability of the product. This duration depends on the variety and seasonal
temperatures. After the bunch emerges, folds down, and all hands are exposed, it requires 60 to
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70 days before the fruit is ready for harvest. Bananas must not ripen on the plant. For local
markets, the bunch should be harvested as soon as the fruits are full or round. For more distant
markets, they should be harvested earlier when more angular. The bunch of fruits finishes
ripening tied to a rope, in the shade. If the bunch ripens on the plant, the bananas split and
become mealy. Bunches can be kept longer, if they are harvested unripe. Bunches are cut and
sold whole, or the hands are separated, graded and packed before sale. Since banana is highly
perishable fruit great care must be taken to prevent bruising during the picking and
transportation operations. It is a common practice to transport banana while they are still
attached to the stalk; however, as mentioned earlier, Cavendish types are often severely
bruised by this treatment.

Yield: A well- cared- for plantation has a big output. The third harvest on any one plantation is
the biggest of all. From the fourth harvest, the output begins to decline and after five years a
plantation is recommended to be changed with the new one. The yield of a plantation may vary
between 30 and 50 tons per hectare. In African condition, on average 23 to 34 tones/ha is a
common output.

10.1.10 Cotton (Gossipium hirsutem)

Cotton is one of the most important fiber crops in the world. Cotton is mainly grown for its fiber
used to manufacture clothes. In addition to its fiber, it is also used for edible oil which is
extracted from its seeds. The pressed cake obtained after the extraction of oil is a good source
of concentrate feed for livestock. The major cotton growing countries in the world are USA,
Russia, India, China, Brazil, Egypt, Turkey, Mexico and Sudan.

General Growth Requirements

Cotton performs best in tropical and sub-tropical climates. A minimum of 16 oC is required for
germination, 21-27oC for proper growth and development and it can tolerate temperatures as
high as 43oC. In short, cotton requires maximum sunshine and high temperature and cannot
withstand frost.

Good cotton yield can be obtained in areas receiving an annual rainfall of about 500 mm
provided that the distribution is uniform throughout the growing season. It responds well to
irrigation and the yield obtained under irrigated condition is quite substantial.

Cotton can be grown on a range of soil types and it can be successfully grown on sandy loam,
alluvial, and black cotton soils. For optimum production, the soils must have good fertility
condition, well drained and with good water retention capacity. Cotton cannot withstand water
logged condition in general. Optimum soil PH for cotton is 5.5-8.5.

Improved Cotton Varieties: Some of the improved Cotton varieties particularly developed and
released for irrigated condition include:-Acala SJ-20, Deltapine-80, Cuokra, Cucurova1518,
Worer-184, Stoneville-1324, and Caroline Queen.

Cultural Practices

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Land Preparation: In order to ensure good germination and proper growth and development of
Cotton, the seed bed should be well prepared by plowing/harrowing it 2-3 times. The field must
be free from clods and weeds as well as other crop debris.

Planting Method: Row planting method is recommended for optimum production of Cotton and
in this case use a spacing of 80-90 cm between rows and 25-30 cm between plants.

Seed Rate: The seed rate can vary depending on variety, seed size, germination percentage,
planting method, soil moisture and fertility condition, and management practices adopted. For
Cotton plant a seed rate of 15-20 kg/ha is recommended. In general a plant population of
ranging between 50,000-80,000 per hectare should be maintained.

Cottonseeds are covered with short fibers or lint called fuzz which makes the seeds to cling to
each other and hence make planting very difficult. In order to avoid this problem, the seed must
be delinted by either mechanical or chemical method (Sulphuric Acid is used for the purpose).

Planting Depth: Seed germination and early crop establishments will be adversely affected if
optimum planting depth is not used. Therefore, a planting depth of 4-5 cm is recommended for
cotton plant.

Gap filling and Thinning: Due to poor germination of the seed and other factors open gaps are
created in the field. These gaps must be filled immediately after emergence in order to maintain
the required plant population per hectare. In this case seeds soaked in water are used to
facilitate quick germination. Similarly in case of excess germination of seedlings thinning should
be practiced to maintain optimum plant population. Thinning operation must be done about
three weeks after emergence.

Fertilizer Application: Cotton is a heavy feeder of nutrients and proper manuring and fertilizer
application is recommended for optimum production. As much as possible, soil test based
fertilizer application must be exercised for best result.

Crop Protection

Weed Control: Cotton requires a weed free field particularly during its early stage of growth that
is up to 40-50 days after emergence. Proper hand weeding and chemical control methods can
be used. Hoeing or cultivation between rows is also recommended as it helps in controlling
weeds and also improves aeration and water intake.

Insect Control

Cotton plant is attacked by different insects pests and insects of economic importance on
Cotton include African Boll Worm, Pink Boll Worm, Spotted Boll worm, Cotton Leaf roller,
Jassids, White flies, Aphids and Thrips.

Control of Boll Worms: Spray the cotton plant with Endosulfan 35 % E.C. at the rate of 1.25
liters per hectare mixed with water.Spray the crop with Dimecron 100 % E.C.at the rate of 250
ml/Ha or Metasytox 25 % E.C. at the rate of 1 lt /ha, mixed with water.

Control of small sucking insects.

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Disease Control

Large numbers of diseases attack Cotton plant and unless proper control measures are taken in
time substantial yield reduction could be encountered. The most important diseases on cotton
are Root rot, Fusarium wilt, Anthracnose, Bacterial blight, Leaf spot and Boll rot.

To control Root Rot

 Include crop rotation (3-4 years) in the crop production system.

 Treat the seed with Brassicol at the rate of 5 grams for each Kg of seed.

To control Fusarium Wilt

 Use resistant varieties.

 Apply potash and adequate amount of manure.

To control Anthracnose: Treat the seed with Agrosan at the rate of 2.5 gram per kg of seed.

To control Bacterial Wilt

 Treat the seed with a mixture of fungicides.

 Field sanitation i.e. destroys plant debris at the end of each production season.
To control Boll Rot: Spray the plant with Copper oxycloride at the rate of 2 kg /Ha or Carbaryl
at the rate of 2 kg/ha. at boll formation stage.

Harvesting: Cotton is harvested in 3 or pickings depending upon the maturity habit of the
variety in question. Picking should be done when the bolls burst fully and when the fiber begins
to hang down. Good quality lint could be maintained by hand picking and this will fetch the
producer good premium price. With proper management and under irrigated condition cotton
can produce 30-45 qt/Ha.

10.2 Forage Development and Management

10.2.1 Improved Grasses

Most ruminant livestock in Ethiopia rely on local grasses for their roughage and much of their
nutrition. Many of these species have low palatability, poor productivity and inadequate
nutrients to maintain animals, especially during the dry season. Improved grasses, many of
them selected from other parts of Africa, have better productivity, palatability and nutrient
characteristics that make them desirable for inclusion in improved forage production
programs. Species and cultivars with proven capabilities are detailed below.

1. Guinea Grass/Panic(Panicum maximum)

Panic is an erect grass, useful for strip planting or mixed pastures in areas below 2400 m
altitude with more than 500 mm annual rainfall. It grows on most soils but requires high fertility
for good productivity. Panic produces good quality forage and is well adapted to cutting or
grazing. Suitable cultivars include Petrie and Gatton. The seed source is Debrezeit Research
Centers.The plant is propagated vegetatively by cutting.
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Spacing: The spacing between cuttings is 0.6cm and between rows 100cm recommended.

2. Rhodes Grass(Chloris gayana)

Rhodes Grass is a stoloniferous grass suited to areas below 2400 m with more than 600 mm
annual rainfall. It grows on a wide range of soil types but requires good fertility for high
productivity. Rhodes Grass provides effective erosion control but should not be used for contour
forage strip strategies because it can become a crop weed. It tolerates heavy grazing and
cutting and so its erosion control attributes are best used for stock exclusion areas and over
sowing strategies.

3. Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

Elephant Grass is a very productive, sterile grass for cut and carry system and is well suited to
contour forage strip strategies in areas below 2400m and with more than 700 mm annual
rainfall. It responds dramatically to manuring and is excellent backyard forage – where it makes
productive use of higher nutrient loads. Elephant Grass must be cut regularly to maintain its
forage quality. It combines well with browse legumes and vigorous perennial forage legumes
such as Greenleaf Desmodium. Elephant Grass is propagated vegetatively and planted as sets
at the beginning of the wet season. If vegetative seeds are used for planting material the cutting
should have at least three nodes and mostly planted at 45degreein prepared 25cm depth of soil
and 2/3 of the cutting inserted is in soil. The seed sources are available in Holeta, Bako and
Debrezeit Research Centers and also government nursery center.

Spacing: The spacing between cuttings is 50-100cm and between rows 100cm recommended.

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11 POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

11.1 General

Most crops of economic importance and grown under irrigated conditions are usually prone to
serious post-harvest damages caused by both biological and non-biological factors which incur
substantial yield reductions in terms of both quantity and quality hence resulting in reduced
producers’ income in the final analysis.

Apparently, damages caused by biological factors in particular such as insects and diseases
can start when the crop is in the field and the damage caused in the field will proceed to storage
conditions after the crop is harvested ,threshed and stored.

In other words though the main emphasis in post-harvest technology lies on post-harvest
activities or management considerations, it is also important to give the necessary attention to
different pre-harvest activities such as maintaining the genetic purity of the seed stock, proper
land preparation, use of clean and disease/insect free seeds/planting materials,
accomplishment of different farm operation at the optimum time.

11.2 Important Considerations in Post-Harvest Technology

The followings are some of the important points to be considered with regard to post-harvest
technology.

11.2.1 Harvesting and Threshing

Harvesting time can vary significantly depending on crop type, maturity class of varieties, agro
climatic zones and the likes. In general, harvesting must be accomplished when the crop is
physiologically mature. The moisture content of the grain should be determined before
harvesting in order to minimize deterioration, mechanical injury and damage by moulds and
insect pests. Carelessness in handling the threshing equipment and machines may result in
damaged seeds. Furthermore, harvesting and threshing equipment should be cleaned properly
in order to prevent mechanical mixture.

11.2.2 Drying

Proper drying at recommended temperature to safe moisture percentage will preserve viability
and vigor. The grain should be dried properly before packing or storage. In other words, to
prevent heating, mould growth and lose of quality the product must be dried to a safe moisture
levels depending on the type of crop and how long the product is stored. The safe moisture level
for most products varies between 4-12 percent. There are different methods of drying which
include natural drying which takes place on the mother plant, sun drying and artificial drying
which as the name implies is an artificial way of drying the product by using heated air to pass
through the lot.

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11.2.3 Seed Processing

Processingincludescleaning, grading, treating, weighing, packing and labeling. The main

purpose seed processing is to maintain and improve various quality factors such as
germination, physical purity, vigor, and storability.Specifically processing aims

 To remove impurities and undesirable materials from the lot

 To make the product acceptable to buyers.
 To improve plant ability of the seed.
 To create appropriate condition for application of protective chemicals.
 To pack the grain in easily handled and marketable containers. and
 To make the product fit for storage.

11.2.4 Quality Control

Quality control is a systematic approach towards maintaining the desired quality standards of
the grain. It aims to develop systems and procedures for achieving quality standards and
maintain these standards once they are accepted for implementation. Quality control ensures
not only the production of quality products but also reduce cost of production satisfy customers
and ensures higher profit to producers.

11.2.5 Weighing and packing

The product must be weighed and packed in strongpackages which can withstand routine
handlings. Packages for processed products can be made of clothes, papers, polyethylene bags
etc. Packages must be of convenient size and each container should and labeled.

The Container shall be labeled with the following information.

 Crop type and variety

 Year produced
 Purity percentage
 Type of chemical treatment (If any)
 Net weight of the product
 Producers’ name and address
 Date of sealing.

11.2.6 Storage

The product must be stored in a safe place until it is used for various purposes. The longevity of
any stored product depends on the system of storage which in turn depends on the available
facilities.

Some of the important factors which affect the longevity of stored products are moisture content,
temperature and seed health in general.

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To minimize damage to stored products storage facilities must:-

 Have proper protection from water.

 Have proper ventilation allowing free movement of air.
 Must have proper protection from any source of contamination.
 Proper protection from rodents and
 Have proper protection from fire hazards.

11.2.7 Marketing

Marketing is an essential component in crop production and the basic principle of marketing
includes proper knowledge of the product and market demand in general. In other words
marketing of agricultural products requires special knowledge and those who are engaged in
marketing must have a broad knowledge of agriculture and commerce.

Implementation of a sound marketing system aiming at the eventual improvement of agricultural

production will depend upon the following factors.

 Putting in place clear cut policy guidelines for developing the sector defining the duties
and responsibilities of the public and the private sector.
 Availability of high yielding, well adapted and market oriented crops/varieties harmonized
into the production system.
 Effective and legally enforced control procedure to ensure uniform quality levels
according to internationally recognized standards.
 Establishment of comprehensive and systematic market information system indicating
consumers’ requirements, appropriate production areas size of market demand, cost
and other relevant issues.
 Adequate production, storage and processing facilities needed for the production and
maintenance of quality products in accordance with established standards.
 Appropriate storage and transportation facilities for the wholesale and retailers.
 Reliable information system to keep the public and private institutions up to date on
production and supply patterns.

Similarly, forages can be conserved to feed livestock during periods of shortage caused by
limited pasture growth or inadequate pasture conditions, or fed as a supplement. Conserved
forages can take the form of hay, haylage, and silage. Although several methods have been
proven as efficient ways to store and preserve forages, it is important, to keep this fact in mind:
At best, conserved forages can rarely match the nutritive value of fresh forage because some
losses of highly digestible nutrients (sugar, protein, and fat) are unavoidable during conservation
and storage. Our goal in forage conservation is to focus on minimizing losses, which start
immediately after cutting.

When selecting a conservation method, a producer should consider the suitability of the forage
for a given method, storage capability, weather conditions, and the intended use of the

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conserved forage. The selected conservation technique should maximize nutrient conservation
efficiency and minimize production costs.

12 AGRICULTURAL SUPPORTING SERVICES

12.1 Agricultural Extension

The measure of success of irrigation will be its ability to meet its objectives and targets.
Extension supports to achieve it, by:

 Increasing the agricultural returns form irrigated agriculture and thereby increase living
standard and alleviate poverty.
 Improving the pastoralists and agro-pastoralists’ capacity to develop agricultural
production so that schemes achieve their economic potential.

The achievement of successful schemes and viable project therefore achieved with the
beneficiaries and should not end on completion of the irrigation infrastructure. For the
agriculturalists’ to be able to increase the total value of their input, they need not only regular
access to markets, credit and on farm inputs but also exposure to technological improvements
and an opportunity to learn new skills.

It is necessary to ensure that, the intensity of the extension input developed remains especially
high during the first years of cropping as this is the time when producers’ will need to adapt to
the considerable changes in the cropping pattern, increasing intensity and agricultural practices
that can be expected with the introduction of irrigated agriculture for the first time. Therefore, it is
important that the extension services are in place and prepared prior to the onset of the
irrigation.

Agricultural extension is the transfer of new/ improved technologies from the research centers to
the users to make them benefited of the disseminated technologies. The extension package
plots on farmers’ field performed around the project area on cereal crops are serving as
demonstration sites to make the producers to familiarize with the use of improved agronomic/
cultural practices (such as good seed bed preparation, timely sowing, timely weeding, pest
management, etc.), utilization of improved seeds, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. These
helped the producers to get an optimum yield per unit area of land and to get know how about
the agricultural inputs and their utilization. But concerning the forage/pasture and vegetable
crops production by irrigation, it is not widely experienced and it is at its infant stage and almost
no inputs are used.

Thus, strengthening the irrigation extension with qualified development agents to give technical
advices for the producers on the use of irrigation water and the proposed improved technologies
of production are very essential.

12.2 Supply of Agricultural Inputs

To get a successful crop, it becomes essential to make effective use of fertilizers along with
other important soil and water management practices. The use of chemical fertilizers is

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essential for obtaining high crop yields. Full benefit of fertilizers can be obtained only when the
recommended doses of nitrogenous, phosphate and potassium fertilizers are applied. However,
many small landholders and resource-poor farmers cannot offer costly fertilizers. This pushes
them to use under dose to apply little fertilizers over a large area of their farm land without the
recommended rate. As a result, the fertilizers may have no effect on yield.

Water and fertilizer are both high-cost inputs in crop production. However, they are also the
highest-return input. When water is readily available to plants, nutrients may move towards
roots easily for their absorption or uptake. This is the reason why under dry land conditions, the
applied fertilizers have a very limited response to the growing crops. The fertilizer use efficiency
in irrigated and rain fed areas can be enhanced through better water management and
conservation practices.

The movement of nutrients in the soil is primarily related to the soil moisture and secondarily by
the extent of root distribution. In fact, the root distribution affects the availability of both the soil
water and the nutrients from the soil profile. A deeper and extensive ramification of the root
system assists in exploration of moisture and nutrients from deeper layers of soil. This together
with improved top growth due to balanced fertilizers improves the water use efficiency as the
effective depth of the reservoir increases according to which plants can absorb water.

There are different agricultural inputs proposed for the project to be used by the farmers. As it is
well known in the region, different agricultural inputs are not available and widely used on
irrigated agriculture but rain fed agriculture. Thus, these inputs should be made available to the
farmers/ beneficiaries of the project to use as proposed and to get the optimum proposed
output. The inputs should be available to the farmers at their vicinity at time of irrigation
operation with the required amount. This supply of inputs mainly expected from the Wereda
Agriculture and Natural Resource Development Office or Wereda Cooperative Office based on
the felt need of the farmers requested by the extension worker working with the producers’.

Such cooperatives activities are good potentials for agricultural development of the area since
they are working on the supply of agricultural inputs, promote grain marketing and provision of
credit services.

12.3 Credits and Marketing

Credit services- Provision of credit to the small holding agriculturalists helps them to buy the
required amount of inputs and use as per the recommendation and thereby boosting crop
production. Even though there are interest and initiation for irrigation development during our
discussion but there is a problem of lack of money for purchases of inputs. To solve the problem
of the initial capital for purchase of inputs, it needs an intervention of both governmental and
non-governmental organizations. Cooperatives have great role in the area of saving and loan
giving services for their member farmers.

Marketing-Marketing is the process by which a product or service originates and is then priced,

promoted, and distributed to consumers.

To initiate the agriculturalist and to make the production sustainable and reliable, the products
produced should be of good quality to sell for good prices to generate cash income for the

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beneficiaries. Thus, the producers should plan as proposed cropping pattern from the beginning
and should consider the market need and its accessibility. Agricultural cooperatives and unions
can fundamentally and reliably solve the individual agriculturalist problems in the area of input
supply and products marketing.

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13 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT

The water requirement of a crop mainly depends on the climate, soil and crop types. Under the
same condition, different crops require a different amount of water and the quantities of water
used by a particular crop vary with its stage of growth. Initially during seeding, sprouting and
early growth a crop uses water at a relatively slow rate. The rate will increase with the growth of
crops reaching the maximum in most crops as it approaches flowering and then declines
towards maturity.

Crop water requirement is the water required by the plants for their survival, growth,
development and to produce economic parts. This requirement is applied either naturally by
precipitation or artificially by irrigation. The crop water requirement varies from place to place,
from crop to crop and depends on agro-ecological variation and crop characters. Crop water
requirement is the depth of water needed to meet the loss through evapotranspiration of
diseases free growing in large fields under non-restricting soil conditions including soil water
and fertility and achieving full production potential under the given growing environment.

ETcrop = ETo x Kc
Kc= ETcrop/ETo
Where: ETCrop= Crop Water Requirement
Kc= Crop coefficient
ETo= Reference Evapotranspiration

The computation of Crop water requirement requires the data of Reference Crop Evapo-
Transpiration, crop growth stages, crop coefficient and effective rainfall.

13.1 Reference Crop Evapo-Transpiration (ETo)

Reference crop evapo-transpiration is the rate of evaporation from an extensive surface of 8 to

15 cm tall green grass cover of uniform height, actively growing, completely shading the ground
with no shortage of water. The only factors affecting ETo are climatic parameters. As a result,
ETo is a climatic parameter and can be computed from weather data (i.e. temperature, humidity,
wind speed, sunshine hour). ETo expresses the evaporative demand of the atmosphere at a
specific location and time of the year and does not consider crop and soil factors.

The Reference crop evapo-transpiration (ETo) for the project is calculated by modified Pen
man-Monteith method using CROPWAT 8.0 software and the minimum and maximum ETo was
obtained 4 and 6.02 mm/day on July and March respectively and an average ETo of 4.88
mm/day. The climatic factors used for the calculation are temperature (minimum and maximum),
humidity, wind and sun shine hour. The monthly ETo calculated is depicted on the table 13.1
below.

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Table 13-1: Mean Monthly Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed, Sun shine hours and Evapo-
transpiration in Project Command Weredas and Kebeles

Project Command Wereda: Karat Zuria

Project Command Kebele: Jarso, Birbirsa and Dera
Country: Ethiopia Station: Konso
Altitude: 940-1025masl Latitude: 5.25 N Longitude: 37.58 E
Temperature Humi Sun
Wind Rad ETo ETo
o
C dity shine
Month
Minim Maxim Mj/m2/ mm/
(%) (Km/day) (m/sec) hours mm/day
um um day month
January 17.1 36.9 54 121 1.4 9.1 21.7 163.68 5.28
February 17.9 37.8 52 138 1.6 8.8 22.4 168.78 5.82
March 17.3 37.8 50 147 1.7 8.2 22.2 186.62 6.02
April 16.8 35.4 62 138 1.6 7.1 20.3 156 5.2
May 17.0 33.1 71 121 1.4 7.4 20.1 142.91 4.61
June 16.7 32.5 68 112 1.3 5.9 17.4 123.3 4.11
July 16.1 32.8 65 121 1.4 4.7 15.8 124 4
August 16.3 33.7 64 130 1.5 5.5 17.5 137.02 4.42
September 17.0 34.8 63 130 1.5 6.3 19 144 4.8
October 17.0 34.3 69 130 1.5 6.6 19.1 144.15 4.65
November 15.8 34.2 64 121 1.4 7.7 19.8 139.8 4.66
December 15.8 35.4 57 121 1.4 9.1 21.7 154.38 4.98
Average 16.7 34.9 62 127 1.5 7.2 19.7 1784.6 4.88

Table 13-2: Mean Monthly Rain-fall and Dependable Rain-fall in the Project Command Weredas
and Kebeles

Project Command Wereda: Karat Zuria

Project Command Kebele: Jarso, Birbirsa and Dera
Country: Ethiopia Station: Konso
Altitude: 940-1025masl Latitude: 5.25 N Longitude: 37.58 E
Rain-fall (mm)
Months % Dependable R.F Effective R.F
Monthly Daily Monthly Daily
January 2.0 0.06 0 0
February 6.8 0.24 0 0
March 53.4 1.72 57.4 1.85
April 111.7 3.72 98.2 3.27
May 71.3 2.30 69.9 2.25
June 18.9 0.63 4.4 0.15
July 8.4 0.27 0 0
August 14.8 0.48 2.4 0.08
September 34.7 1.16 12.4 0.41
October 73.9 2.38 71.7 2.31
November 33.4 1.11 11.7 0.39
December 2.5 0.08 0 0
Total 431.8 14.2 328.1 10.72

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13.2 Length of Crop Growing Stage

There are four main growing stages of a crop during its growth period where water requirements
vary i.e. the seasonal use of water by plants is determined by their stage of growing.

During the vegetative stage consumptive use continues to increase. Flowering occurs near and
the peak of consumptive use of water. The fruiting stage is accompanied by a decrease in
consumptive use until the transpiration essentially ceases during the latter part or the formation
of dry fruits. The growing stages of the proposed crops for the project are shown in the table
below.

Table 13-3: The length of the growing stages of the proposed crops
Length of growing stages in days
No Types of crops
Initial Development Mid Late Total
1. Maize 20 38 38 29 125
2. Sorghum 25 40 50 35 140
3. Haricot bean 20 30 35 15 100
4. Mung bean 20 30 30 10 90
5. Sweet potato 27 32 49 32 140
6. Onion 25 35 35 20 115
7. Tomato 25 35 40 35 135
8. Mango 90 90 90 95 365
9. Banana 90 165 45 30 330
10. Cotton 25 40 50 35 150
11. Forages 140 60 120 45 365

13.3 Crop Coefficient (Kc)

The effect of crop characteristics on crop water requirement is given by the crop coefficient. It
represents the relationship between reference (ETo) and crop evapo-transpiration (ETcr) or
ETcr = Kc x ETo

Values of crop coefficient given are shown to vary with the crop, its stage of growth, growing
season and the prevailing weather conditions. The Kc for a given crop changes over the
growing period as the groundcover, crop height and leaf area changes. Four growth stages are
recognized for the selection of Kc: initial stage, crop development stage, mid-season stage and
the late season stage.

The crop coefficients used are taken from yield responses to water, FAO irrigation and drainage
paper 33, the table of crop coefficient (kc) of different growth stages. For the proposed crops
the crop coefficients selected are shown in the table as follows.

Table 13-4: Crop coefficients (kc) for the proposed crops

Crop coefficient in growing stages
No Types of crop
Initial Mid Late
1. Maize 0.20 1.20 0.35
2. Sorghum 0.25 0.95 0.25
3. Haricot bean 0.25 0.90 0.25
4. Mung bean 0.25 0.90 0.25
5. Sweet potato 0.35 1.20 0.70

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Crop coefficient in growing stages

No Types of crop
Initial Mid Late
6. Onion 0.70 1.05 0.95
7. Tomato 0.70 1.05 0.95
8. Cotton 0.35 1.20 0.60
9. Mango 0.50 1.10 0.70
10. Banana 0.50 1.10 1.00
11. Grasses 0.80 0.85 0.85
13.4 Effective Rainfall

Effective rainfall means useful or utilizable rainfall. All the rainfall received are not used by the
crops because of its erratic nature such as untimeliness, lesser or higher quantity etc.

Effective rainfall is the proportion of rain, which is stored in the root zone and therefore be
available to the plants. Rain fall which percolates beyond the root zone or is lost to the plants
through surface run off is not effective, in that it is not available for plant growth.

It is calculated using the CROPWAT 8.0 software by effective rainfall method for CWR
calculations using empirical formula which is;

Peff = 0.6*P-10 for P month <=50 mm

Peff = 0.8* P-24 for P month >50mm

Where; Peff = effective rain fall

P = total rainfall in a month (mm per month)

The calculated effective rainfall of the Konso meteorological station, which is the nearest station
to the project common both in distance and elevation, is illustrated in the table 13.2 above and
relation of rainfall, effective rainfall and half ETo with LGP were illustrated on Figure 4.1 above.
The annual monthly maximum effective rainfall were obtained on April 98.2mm.

Several factors influence the proportion of effective rainfall and these may act singly or
collectively and interact with each other. These factors are described as follows.

Rainfall characteristics - Large quantity as well as high intensity will reduce effectiveness
because of excess run off and less infiltration rate. A well-distributed rainfall with some frequent
light showers is more conducive to crop growth than downpour. The main reasons in selecting
empirical formula, eventhough, the rainfall amount and duration relatively low there is well
distributed rainfall there an opportunity time for entering in to the soil and reduce runoff.

Land slope - Here, because of the slope very less infiltration opportunity time is available which
results in rapid run off loss and less effective. The majority of the slope of Yanda command area
is flat within the range of 0-5%. The time interval between receipt of rain water and its recession
by soakage is known as 'opportunity time'. Water stays longer on flat and levelled land and thus
has a longer opportunity time than on sloping land where there is a rapid run-off. Sloping, rolling

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and undulating lands thus influence opportunity time of rain water for uniform infiltration and
consequently the effective rainfall fraction.

Soil properties - Properties like infiltration rate, retention capacity, releasing capability and
movement of water influence the degree of effectiveness. High infiltration, high water holding
capacity etc., increase effectiveness by avoiding run of losses. High moisture content, low
infiltration rate, low water holding capacity reduces effectiveness. The soil characteristics of the
command area increase the infiltration and water movement through the soil profile and
increase the effectiveness of the rainfall.

Ground water characteristics - Shallow water table causes more run off and effectiveness is
low. Deep water table causes more infiltration and percolation and effectiveness of rainfall is
more.

Management practices - Bunding, terracing, contour tillage, ridging, mulching, etc., reduce the
runoff and increases the effectiveness of rainfall. Practically, the indigenous knowledge in soil
and water conservation mechanisms in and surrounding the command area, the culture of
terracing, land preparation and seedbed making, crop rotation, mulching, agro forestry and
others increases the effectiveness of rainfall. Through maintaining this useful knowledge for
sustainable environmental management integrating soil and water conservation measures and
other agricultural activities of the local people with the currently working farming system is
extremely important in improving the indigenous knowledge system of soil conservation with the
possibility of integration between indigenous knowledge systems with some modern/scientific/
knowledge rather than totally forget the indigenous knowledge of the farmer. This is because
building upon indigenous knowledge system will boast farmers’ self-reliance and felling of
empowerment as determinants of their own course towards an improved livelihood and
sustainable land use and thereby increasing the effectiveness of rainfall.

Crop characteristics - Crop with high water consumption creates greater deficits of moisture in
the soil. The effective rainfall is directly proportional to the rate of water uptake by the plant.
Deep-rooted crops increase the proportion of effective rainfall in a given area; hence the nature
of the proposed crop is an important factor in determining its extent.

Carry over soil moisture - It is the moisture stored in the crop root zone depth between
cropping seasons or before the crop is planted. This moisture is available to meet the
consumptive water needs of the succeeding crop. The contribution of rain occurring just prior to
sowing may be equivalent to one-full irrigation.

Seepage and percolation - Surface and sub-surface seepage and deep percolation below root
zone will also influence effectiveness of rainfall.

Table 13-5: Soil Data used in crop water Requirement computation

Total available soil moisture (FC-WP) 203 millimetre/metre

Maximum rain infiltration rate 175 millimetre/day
Maximum rooting depth 200 centimetres

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Initial soil moisture depletion ( as % of TAM) 50

Initial available soil moisture 101.5 millimetre/metre
Soil name: Red sandy loam based soil laboratory test results

13.5 Irrigation Depth (d)

Depth of irrigation (d), including application losses, applied to the soil in one irrigation
application and which is needed to bring the soil water content of root zone to field capacity in
mm. The depth of irrigation application (d) including application losses is;

d = (pxSa) xD (mm)
Ea
Where:p = fraction of available soil water
Sa = total available soil water mm/m soil depth
D = Rooting depth, m
Ea = application efficiency, fraction

Since P, D and ETc will vary over growing season, the depth in mm and interval of irrigation in
days will vary. Moreover, as indicated in Table 13.7 and 13.8 below, irrigation depth were
computed based on 70% field application efficiency.

13.6 Irrigation Interval

The irrigation schedule or days interval between two consecutive applications may be
determined with simple formula when the agronomist decided to do manually due to different
reasons, however, the cropwat software instantly calculate the depth and schedule based on
daily soil moisture balance, therefore the experts not require to compute once they run the
cropwat software (Refer Table 12.7 and 13.8 below).

i = (p.sa).D
ET crop

Where
i = Irrigation interval
p = fraction of available water (%) … given
sa = Total available soil moisture (mm/m) … Soil laboratory results for the project area or
from reference based on soil texture
D = Rooting depth (m)… tabulated reference
ETcrop (ETc) = Crop water requirement

13.7 Irrigation Efficiency (E)

Not all water taken from source to be used for irrigation reaches its destination and used by
plants. Part of the water is lost during transport through the canals and the fields. The remaining

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part is stored in the root zone and use by plants. In other words, only part of the water is used
efficiently, the rest of the water is lost through Conveyance efficiency (Ec) 90%, Field canal
efficiency (Ed) 80%, and Application efficiency (Ea) 70%. Accordingly, the overall irrigation
efficiency (Ep) will be Ec x Ed x Ea i.e. (0.9*0.8*0.7 = 50.04%).

The following definitions are used;

 The application efficiency is the efficiency of the water left in to the field;
 The field canal efficiency the efficiency of water distribution in the tertiary and the field
canal system and ;
 The conveyance efficiency is the efficiency of the main distribution system in secondary,
primary and main canal.

13.7.1 Water application efficiency (Ea)

It is the percentage of applied irrigation water stored in the soil and available for consumptive
use by the crop. Field losses consist of surface run off and deep percolation. The purpose of
irrigation is to replenish the available moisture in the root zone depleted by evapotranspiration.
The application of the least amount of water required to bring the root zone moisture content up
to field capacity is considered as efficient irrigation. If on the other hand, the amount of water
applied grossly exceeds that actually needed for replenishment; the irrigator application
efficiency is very low. Therefore, for this specific project the 70% field application efficiency is
considered.

Application efficiency (Ea = Water required to bring soil to FC level x 100

Water received at field inlet

13.7.2 Conveyance efficiency (Ec)

Water received at inlet to a block of fields

Ec = X100
Water released at project head works

13.7.3 Project efficiency (Ep)

Water made directly available to the crop
Ep = X100
Water released at head works

The overall project efficiency represents the efficiency of the entire operation between diversion
of source of flow and the crop zone. Water delivery system improvements and farm irrigation
improvements would significantly improve the ability of the farmer to apply more uniform and
efficient irrigation.

13.7.4 Net and Gross Irrigation Requirements

13.7.4.1 Net irrigation requirement (IRn)

It is a depth of water needed to bring the soil moisture level in the effective root zone to field
capacity from the soil moisture. The net irrigation requirement does not include losses that are

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occurring in the process of applying the water. IRn plus losses constitute the Gross Irrigation
Requirement (IRg).

It is calculated by using the relationship between crop water requirement (ETcr) and effective
rainfall. i.e. Net irrigation requirement = ETcr – Effective rainfall and accordingly the total net
scheme irrigation requirement is about 823.2mm per annum (refer Table 13.8 below).

13.7.4.2 Gross irrigation requirement

The total quantity of water used for irrigation is termed as gross irrigation requirement. It
includes net irrigation requirement and losses in water application and other losses in the
conveyance system due to seepage, evaporation, etc. Accordingly, the total gross irrigation
requirement of the project with about 50% overall application efficiency is 13,999mm per annum
(refer Table 13.6 below).

Net irrigation requirement

Gross irrigation requirement = X100
Overall project efficiency

13.8 Scheme Supply of the Project

As shown on the crop water computation, the highest irrigation requirement for actual area is
found in a month of March. The net irrigation requirement for actual area will be computed after
delineating the target area for irrigation development in l/s/ha for 24hour irrigation without
considering the project efficiency. The net irrigation requirement will be divided by project
efficiency (%) to obtain the gross water requirement which in l/s/ha for 24 hour irrigation. The
proposed irrigation hour for the project is 16 hour. Therefore, the scheme supply of the project is
0.43 l/s/ha and 0.65 l/s/ha for 24 and 16 hour irrigation respectively without considering irrigation
efficiency and with a gross duty of 0.85 and 1.28 l/s/ha for 24hr and 16hr respectively with
overall efficiency of 0.504%. This figure is important for the designs of main canals, secondary
and field canals to limit their capacity. A summary of the project supply computation is depicted
in table 13.6 below.

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Table 13-6: Yanda Dam and Irrigation Development Project Command Scheme supply
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Precipitation deficit
Dry season crops
1. Maize 46.9 132.7 168.1 61.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2. Onion 0 57.2 85.2 62.4 80.2 33.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
3. Tomato 0 83.2 98.1 83 89.9 67.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
4. Sweet potato 50.4 120.1 166.8 89.5 39.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. Mango 75.4 80.6 35.4 1 44.6 122.6 144.5 155 151 89 134.1 148
6. Banana 72 80.6 35.4 0 24.6 92.4 113 137.1 147.2 92.6 138.6 0
7. Forage grass 121.2 145.2 109.6 43.1 58.9 110.4 120.1 129.4 124.5 67.4 123.7 147.4
Wet season crops
1. Maize 0 0 0 0 0 70.2 148 152.2 41 0 0 0
2. Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 51.3 116.8 136.8 106.5 2.7 0 0
3. Haricot bean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 132.4 89.2 11 0
4. Mung bean 0 0 0 0 0 0 57.3 138.1 120.6 0 0 0
5. Onion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 94.5 118.7 81.6 97.8 0
6. Tomato 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 92.3 90.2 150 125.8
7. Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.7 99.5 158.4 103.2 112.3 3
Net scheme irr.req.
in mm/day 0.8 3.3 3.7 2.1 1.7 1.8 2 3.6 3.6 1.7 2 0.7
in mm/month 26.3 93.8 115.5 63.4 52.6 55 63.2 110.9 106.6 52.8 59.9 23.2
in l/s/h 0.1 0.39 0.43 0.24 0.2 0.21 0.24 0.41 0.41 0.2 0.23 0.09
Irrigated area (% of total area) 45 100 100 97 70 95 60 100 100 70 60 27
Irr.req. for actual area (l/s/h) for 24hrs 0.05 0.39 0.43 0.23 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.41 0.41 0.14 0.14 0.02
Irr.req. for actual area (l/s/h) for 16hrs 0.07 0.59 0.65 0.35 0.21 0.30 0.22 0.62 0.62 0.21 0.21 0.04
Efficiency (0.9*0.8*.7) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Gross duty for 24hrs 0.09 0.77 0.85 0.46 0.28 0.40 0.29 0.81 0.81 0.28 0.27 0.05
Gross duty for 16hrs 0.13 1.16 1.28 0.69 0.42 0.59 0.43 1.22 1.22 0.42 0.41 0.07
Gross Irrigation water Requirement 239.1 1872. 2285. 1197. 744.0 1026. 765.3 2178. 2108. 744.0 709.7 129.1
0 1 3 0 9 6

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As shown in Table 13.6, the annual irrigation requirement to be delivered from irrigation
schemes for the irrigation command area under the proposed cropping pattern will be based on
this duty of the command area and related with climatic condition and rainfall distribution.

Table 13-7: Average irrigation interval in days and irrigation depth in (mm) of dry season crops
Crops Irrigation interval (days) Irrigation depth (mm) Remark
Maize 10.0 164.0
Onion 5.0 71.0
Tomato 12.0 102.0
Sweet potato 6.0 91.0
Mango 45.0 483.0
Banana 13.0 145.0
Forage-grasses 10.0 110.0

Table 13-8: Average irrigation interval in days and irrigation depth in (mm) of wet season crops
Crops Irrigation interval (days) Irrigation depth (mm) Remark
Maize 15.0 164.0
Sorghum 24.0 229.0
Haricot bean 17.0 196.0
Mung bean 18.0 196.0
Onion 7.0 71.0
Tomato 14.0 151.0
Cotton 16.0 194.0

13.9 Proposed Method of Irrigation

Various methods can be used to supply irrigation water from crops having its own advantages
and disadvantages mainly its labor requirement, water use efficiency, high technology
requirement (drip and sprinkler irrigation) and other factors. By considering different factors of
the area including experience and edaphic factors the following methods of irrigation are
proposed and applicable.

Of the surface irrigation types furrow irrigation is suitable for a wide range of soil types, crops
and land slope and it is a common practice in every irrigation scheme. However, the land slope
of the irrigation field should be uniform flat or gentle slopes, not exceeding 0.5%. Usually a
gentle furrow slope is provided up to 0.05% to assist drainage following irrigation or excessive
rainfall with high intensity. In undulating areas of the irrigation land furrows should follow the
land contours. However, this can be a difficult operation requiring very careful setting out of the
contours before cutting the furrows.

Generally, furrow irrigation is recommended for all types of crops selected but the construction
of furrow length, shape and spacing should be done with scientific means. Because furrow
length must be in consistence with the slope, the soil type, the stream size, the irrigation depth,
the cultivation practice and the field length.

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Table 13-9: Sample values of maximum furrow lengths (m) based on slope, soil type, stream size
and net irrigation depth
Clay Loam Sand
Furrow slope Maximum stream size Net irrigation depth (mm)
(%) l/s/furrow 50 75 50 75 50 75
0 3 100 150 60 90 30 45
0.1 3 120 170 90 125 45 60
0.2 2.5 130 180 110 150 60 95
0.3 2 150 200 130 170 75 110
0.5 1.2 150 200 130 170 75 110
Source:FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper (2004) and based on soil laboratory final result
However, this data only provides approximate information to be used as a guide as the data are
based primarily on each plot of the famers. Hence, furrow structures should be designed in each
farmers plot by using leveling instruments that can be available from the local area with the
assistance of extension staffs.

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14 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The agricultural development plan evolve to meet the issues, trends and threats that are being
faced, to take advantage of opportunities and build upon experience of what has worked in the
past. There is an immediate need to understand better interactions among different agricultural
practices and land users, to address issues of conflicting stakeholder objectives. The
government has been clearly established the need to alleviate poverty, ensure food security and
maintain natural resources for future generations. To reach the identified goals, it must be
recognized that there are interrelationships among natural resources, land use and
beneficiaries. Therefore implementing development of irrigation projects will be an integral part
of achieving these goals. There will be increasingly severe environmental pressure from efforts
to increase the use of land resources, water resources, animals and labor productivity.

An integrated and holistic approach requires improved coordination of planning and

management. This approach recognizes the need for participation of all stakeholders and
bridges the gap between the production and income objectives of land users and society’s long-
term objective.

14.1 Integrated Soil and Nutrient Management

In these guidelines the term integrated soil and nutrient management is interpreted in broader
and more holistic sense of “land husbandry”. It thus embraces soil, nutrient, water, crop and
vegetation management practices, tailored to a particular cropping and farming system,
undertaken with the aim of improving and sustaining soil fertility and land productivity. Integrated
soil and nutrient management aims to optimize the condition of the soil, with regard to its
physical, chemical, biological and hydrological properties, for the purpose of enhancing farm
productivity, whilst minimizing land degradation. There is now greater awareness that integrated
soil and nutrient management can, not only provide tangible benefits in terms of higher yields,
but simultaneously and almost imperceptibly conserve the soil resource itself.

The underlying principles on how best to manage soils, nutrients, water, crops and vegetation to
improve and sustain soil fertility and land productivity and their processes are derived from the
essential soil functions necessary for plant growth. The following are fundamental to the
approach outlined in these guidelines:

Loss of soil productivity is much more important than the loss of soil itself, thus land
degradation particularly with erosion due to flood coming through yanda river, from different
the command area and Segen river should be prevented before it arises, instead of
attempting to cure it afterwards through different soil and water conservations practices;
Soil and plant nutrient management cannot be dealt with in isolation but should be promoted
as an integral part of a productive farming system through crop rotation, green manuring,
intercropping, chemical and organic fertilizers applicationby increasing the water movement,
microbial activity and cation exchange capacity;
With declining soil organic matter levels following cultivation, the adoption of improved
organic matter management practices are a prerequisite for restoring and maintaining soil
productivity;

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Improving drainage problems through pf use of broad bed and furrow tillage to construct a
network of drainage lines are important for irrigated crop production in soils having
imperfectly drainage characteristics. Furthermore, the additions of organic matter or green
manuring also help to improve soil structure and soil permeability.
Improving drainage through application of appropriate surface drainage improvement
practices or provision of adequate external drainage during the wetter seasons to improve
the surface soil drainage and second subsurface drainage improvement for for those soils
showing slow permeability or lowering the water table below the surface;
It is only after they have made improvements in the biological, physical and hydrological
properties of their soils that farmers can expect to get the full benefits from the supply of
additional plant nutrients, in the form of inorganic fertilizer, to their crops;
Moreover, the exchangeable sodium percentage value of 15 is often regarded as the boundary
between sodic and non-sodic soils. Hence for soils with high ESP values reclamation of sodic
soils by application of gypsum, construction of subsurface drainage and application of large
quantities of irrigation water of good quality is recommended.

Sodic soils reclamation involves two basic elements: improving the porosity of the surface and
sub-surface soils, and lowering of the ESP levels in the soils. The physical, biological and
chemical aids which assist the reclamation process may include:

 Deep ploughing, especially on stratified soils with permeable and impermeable

layers or on soils with lime or gypsum (mixing the carbonate or gypsum containing
sub-soils with surface soils), the application of lime is effective when combined with
a large amount of organic manure;
 Incorporation of both living and dead organic matter that affect biological
amelioration principally by improving soil structure, permeability and by releasing
carbon dioxide;
 Sub-soiling, breaking impermeable layers;
 Chemical amendments which are necessary to neutralize free sodium and to
supply a cations that will replace sodium in the exchange complex. Gypsum is by
far the most commonly used amendments. Other chemical ameliorants (acid
forming reagents), such as sulphur, sulphuric acid, aluminium sulphate, iron
sulphate, etc. can be used, but availability and cost need to be considered in
relation to the usually more commonly available and cheaper gypsum.

14.2 Agronomic Practices

To promote irrigated farming system and make economically feasible use of improved
agronomic practices are vital. High level of production can be attained after farmers of the
project area are adopted improved agronomic practice. Agricultural technologies are too broad
and may need specification and modification based on local tangible conditions or test on actual
fields. During the project implementation time the following improved agronomic practices
should be executed.

Field sanitation and land preparation: Plant residues that harbor insect pests, plant diseases
and weed seeds should have to be removed out before land preparation on the project field.
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Deep tillage is required to improve the aeration, water retention and drainage conditions of the
soil. It also helps the root of the crops to penetrate easily into the soil to extract moisture and
nutrients from the lower layers of the soil. Frequent ploughing in similar soil depth should be
avoided to prevent the formation of plow pan, which hinders the root penetration and
permeability.

Ploughing is also necessary to destruct the roots of weedy plants and exposing eggs of crop
pests that buried in the soil to heavy sun hit. In heavy clay soils (poorly drained soils), to
prevent water logging conditions, crops have to be grown on raised beds; and hence needs
making broad bed furrows (BBF), especially during wet seasons, by using the BBM (broad bed
maker) farm tool.

Planting method and planting materials: In order to have vigorous growth and obtain
optimum yields, recommendations of seeding rates (plant populations), spacing between plants
and rows should be followed and adopted for the proposed crops. Sowing has proposed on
rows. Standardized and quality planting materials that are free from insect pest, disease and
weed seeds, unbroken seeds and healthy seedling materials should be used. Uses of improved
seeds (crop varieties) have paramount importance to ensure increased crop production and
productivity.

Fertilizer application: Fertilizers are used to increase crop production by adding nutrients to
the soil and to restore and to maintain the soil fertility. Furthermore, it is important to use the
proper type, placement and application rate at the right time so as to ensure increased crop
production and productivity. Apart from supplying essential plant nutrients, organic manures are
useful to improve the physical structure of the soil, water holding capacity, drainage, workability,
etc. Hence, application of organic fertilizers (compost, farm yard manure, crop residues, green
manures, etc) is very important since it improves soils physical, chemical as well as biological
conditions.

Irrigation:During irrigation season sufficient amount of water should be provided to the irrigated
crops and also supplement in wet season crops when rain shortage occurs. According to the
recommended schedule, particularly during the crucial moisture sensitive crop growth stages,
consideration has to be taken.

Harvesting: Harvesting of grain crops should be executed when the crops attains full
physiological maturity and optimum moisture content. Harvesting of vegetable and fruit crops
depends on the purpose to be used, availability of storage facility and maturity. Sesame should
have to be harvested before shattering occurred.

Threshing: After harvesting grain crops should be sun-dried, for a certain period (days) in the
field, to reduce the moisture content, for threshing. Threshing should be done if possible on
threshing canvas or concrete grounds; otherwise on clean, well-compacted and animal dung
plastered ground.

Storage:The crop product to be stored should be clean, dry and free from field and/or cross-
infestation of insect pests. Furthermore, the storage structures should be clean, aerated, rodent
as well as termite proofed. To control storage pests attack different chemicals, botanicals and
cultural methods including IPM methods can be used.
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14.3 Agricultural Extension

Strong agricultural extension services, trainings, demonstrations, and experience exchange

tours should have to be arranged. Demonstrations on new technologies and improved working
practices would have to be carried out to the project beneficiaries on the field of FTC (farmers
training center). Providing trainings for farmers on different techniques and crop management
practices is essential. Seasonally scheduled trainings should be provided for extension staffs
including DAs and concerned wereda experts.
Irrigation development agent, who is qualified in plant sciences/general agriculture and well
trained/experienced in irrigated agronomy, has to be assigned in order to deliver irrigation
aspect extension service for the beneficiaries of the project.

14.4 Research and Demonstration

Extension activity should be in liaison with agricultural research at government institutions and
universities. Fields/subjects of research should include crops and livestock as well as cross-
cutting disciplines such as soil and water management, soil conservation, water harvesting,
plant nutrition, irrigation, crop protection and agro-meteorology.

Research should concentrate on site-specific irrigation and fertilization requirements of major

crops that are produced in the project command area. A joint extension-research effort will
upgrade the capabilities of technical units, such as plant health clinics, crop-water-soil
laboratories and weather stations. This will assist in identification of pests and disease that are
associated with intensified cropping patterns and will allow specialists to fine tune
recommendations with specific soil, water, and crop and weather indicators. The issues that
need prompt research include:

 Develop improved crop management practices specifically in irrigated agronomy,

integrated pest management practices (IPM) and post-harvest technology.
 Varieties development for irrigated cropping.
 Demonstration works such as on farm verification and adaptive field trial should be
carried out to demonstrate for farmers practically.
 Irrigation method and Irrigation scheduling
 Inputs utilization rates and any other irrigation agriculture research agendas etc.

14.5 Extension Delivery Alternatives

1. Diagnostic Visits: Regular visits by extension agents should be carried out frequently on a
predetermined date agreed with the communities to diagnose or identify current problems. If
the development agents are unable to solve, they will consult the appropriate technical
specialist at supervisor or project office level. For example if problems raise about pests and
disease occurrence and where diagnosis is uncertain research staff and university
academicians can be requested for assistance.
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2. On Farm Practical and Demonstration Plots: As the name implies, the purpose of these
plots, is to practice farmers on the skills relevant to aparticular crop or farm practice and
observe the results. Prior to setting up the demonstrationplot, plan would be drowning up,
which describe the plot objective, a sketch and detail activitiesto be carried out. Results will
be recorded and cost benefits calculated. Tasks on the plots should bedemonstrated where
possible with farmers practice. The observable and quantifiable results willmake available to
other farmers physically and in photographs.
3. Demonstration /Pilot Trials Site: Any agricultural production problems and/or new
technologies etc. anticipated in the studyshould be tested and resolved prior to operation of
the project. Therefore, it is highly advisable toestablish at least 0.5ha multipurpose
demonstration site for farmers training how to practice newlyintroduced technologies. The
SNNPRS research institute has a responsibility of integrating the pilotissues in to the
existing research program.
4. Training and Experience Sharing: Experts, supervisors, development agents and
beneficiaries need short-term training andexperience sharing to develop their technical
capacity on crop management. The extensionofficer has great responsibility to facilitate
these activities.
The training will be aimed at ensuring that all staffs are capable of carrying out their duties in a
manner that will meet the objectives of the agricultural extension sector. The major functions of
extension staff are dissemination of information, advice, training and evaluation and monitoring
of its effect. To do this effectively they will have to know or acquire.

The technical knowledge and skills that have to be transferred to farmers

The skills that is necessary to be able to transfer this knowledge and its associated
practice
An understanding of the working procedures and the organizational skills, necessary to
perform their duties effectively and correctly. Regular skill upgrading program should be
devised accordingly at each hierarchy
5. Farm Tools and Equipment: Farm tools, farm machineries and equipment, which are
suitable to the area and level oftechnology, have to be provided through appropriate credit
system. This farm tools includes,fork, hoe, mower, rake, etc.

14.6 Credit and Financial service

Credit supply mechanisms are imperative for sound agricultural development. The project
beneficiaries’ can get credit services from their water users association. Credit arrangements
are common in agricultural communities worldwide. So that government intervention could be in
the facilitation of credit and financial services like safety net and other sources, etc.
Arrangement and provision of credit facilities to beneficiaries is one step for the successful
implementation of the project.

14.7 Preparing Composting

Soil nutrient depletion is one of the issues identified while assessing soils of the study site.
Hence, integrated soil fertility management is recommended to improve the soil fertility of the
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area. This method integrates all practices aimed at improving soil fertility and due consideration
is given to soil fertility management, the application of well decomposed farmyard manure,
compost preparation, crop residue and use of crop rotation. The availability of farmyard manure
depends on the presence of animals; whereas compost can be easily prepared around
homesteads or in the farmlands of each farmer. Currently some farmers are applying cow dung
on crops growing near their homesteads. For the proposed irrigated agriculture, it is planned
that every farmer is going to prepare compost pits and heap method during the dry and wet
season respectively. This compost heaps is going to be prepared and used for the irrigated
area.

14.8 Establishment of Integrated Pest management

Integrated management strategies have their goal providing maximum economic yields to the
farmer, while improving or maintaining the production site and protecting the environment.
Examples of integrated pest management (IPM) procedures to improve economic yields while
reducing inputs include: the integration of pesticides with cultural techniques for disease control;
and biological, behavioral, and environmental controls of pests such as weeds. Biotechnology
promises to have a major impact on IPM through the use of recombinant DNA techniques to
genetically engineer microbes for the control of diseases, insects, and weeds, and to generate
plants that resist insects, pathogens, and herbicides. Examples of each management procedure
follow:

1. Cultural controls: crop variety selection or host-plant resistance, double cropping

and/or crop rotation patterns, minimum or reduced tillage, use of organic fertilizers, and
prescription pesticide application.
2. Biological controls: natural pathogens or predators of insects and weeds. Several
cultural techniques mentioned above (such as variety selection) relate directly to
biological control. This can be attained close linkage with nearby research institutes and
universities with the facilitation of zone and Wereda agriculture and natural resource
development office.
3. Behavioral controls: release of sterile insects, pheromone traps, and development of
lethal natural products that attract insects. These techniques have only recently received
attention in IPM; they relate to pest behavior modification based on insect
communication.
4. Biotechnology: microorganisms with novel features that are currently impacting IPM
strategies include viruses and bacteria that were developed for control of insects, weeds,
and/or fungal pathogens. These practices are likely to impact substantially on IPM
procedures regarding the development of plants having novel characteristics such as
herbicide tolerance and insect resistance.
5. Environmental controls: alterations of soil pH, moisture status, use of topography,
temperature, and light intensity are among the environmental approaches. However,
such manipulations are difficult to perform. While closely related to cultural practices,
environmental controls relate to alterations in the physical environment to maintain yields
and reduce stress.
Finally, an excellent opportunity exists to introduce expert systems and computer-aided
decision-making processes into IPM strategies. Many different IPM options should be
assembled into a stepwise approach that evaluates each practice, and recommends the most

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appropriate choice. The best options for a specific cropping system will always depend on the
probability that desired results will occur; thus, computerized applications are an obvious choice
for future IPM planning and implementation

14.9 Establishment of Nursery plan

14.9.1 Seed production and demonstration

During the assessment of the existing agricultural situation of the study area, it has been noticed
that shortage of improved varieties has become one of the major constraints to crop production
and hence productivity of crop become low and farmers are not getting optimum return from a
given farm land. The supply of seed to the area is undertaken by the seed enterprises, NGO’s
and cooperatives. However, it is far behind the ever increasing demand of the growers.
Therefore, to address these issues, seed of suitable varieties will be produced in demonstration
site with close supervision and technical support from Wereda agricultural office staffs, various
research centers and DAs assigned to the project area. Farmers’ cooperatives and union will
play key role in implementing the seed production and demonstration interventions.

The goal of the seed production system should be provision of seeds of adequate varieties for
use by small farmers. Moreover, beneficiaries will get opportunities to train themselves and
adopt all the necessary packages used for seed production activities. Consistent evaluation
system will be developed and carried out by implementing agencies. Joint periodical technical
supervision will be under taken to secure seedquality.The major benefits derived from this
intervention are:

 Income from the sale of improvedseeds

 Increase crop production of indicatedcrops
 Reduce production cost because he can use seed from ownsource
 Supply of reliable seeds on time at reasonableprice

14.9.2 Training

Considering the importance of technical staff in the implementation of the project, training must
be provided in Irrigation agronomy, management and maintenance of irrigation system, and
application of irrigation water to the Development Agents (DAs) and Farmers Research Group
(FRG). The technical staff both at Wereda and kebele level play important role in project
sustainability through skill transfer to the beneficiary farmers. It is the responsibility of the
Wereda office to recruit and train staffs in irrigation agronomy and other technicalactivities.

The training to be given should be specific; time bounded and should be supported with
manuals. On job training will also be organized to DAs. The training will be carried out through
discussion and experience sharing. Besides training, demonstration will be undertaken to show
the performance of technologies in different stages

Skill upgrading both the technical staff at Wereda level and extension workers will perform their
duties at expected quality and efficiency. Moreover the intervention will help to update their
knowledge on ever changing agricultural technologies
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14.10 Establishment of FRG

It is believed that the involvement of farmers by way of FRG facilitates appropriate technology
development adaptation and dissemination. Therefore, the need to get most out of such
approaches should be considered thoughtfully. It is with such strong philosophy and comments
that the irrigation project beneficiaries need to establish FRG to strengthening technology
development verification, transfer and adaptation through it.

14.11 Stages of Informing and Operation

The process of FRG formation and establishment involves various steps which are summarized
as follow:
1. Situation analysis: Where existing scenarios are assessed and opportunities as well as
gaps identified
2. Forming groups: Based on the result of the situation analysis groups are formed on
particular problem area. Membership in a particular group is mainly dependent on the interest
of the farmer to work on a problem the group is formed to solve.
3. Planning and designing activities: The group sits together to analyze its activities, set time
table, establish group norms, design experiment and share responsibility
4. Implementation: The group implements activities planned in previous stages
5. Monitoring and evaluation: The group follows up, monitor, and evaluate the implementation
of the planned activities
6. Sharing results with others: The group will share its experience with other farmers and
FRGs

While forming the groups care has to be taken in:

 Social issues (it should not violate the cultural and social arrangements)
 Proximity/agro-ecology
 Diversity of actors (male and female)
 Preference and interest of farmers

14.12 Composition of FRG

FRG can be composed of diversity of actors from similar categories. In group composition, care
need to be taken to avoid different class representations to prevent influence and dominance of
those from higher classes. Farmers from different classes often have significant difference in
their interest, resources, visions, level of control (power) and risk taking behaviors which all
render the partnership shaky and infeasible.

In such condition it is advisable to give farmers the opportunity to form their own groups. Group
of people who are in the same category have common interest, vision and can easily discuss
and negotiate on their social problems than a group involving farmers from different categories.
In case of this project, for example, group can be established based on interest and farm

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neighborhood (farmers in the tail, middle or head of the command). Group composition does
have strong implication on participation.

Extension experts, researchers, politicians, NGOs and other supporting/funding organization

can be members of a group. However, they should not play a leading role in any group activities
and decisions making process.

14.13 Size of FRG

There is no standard rule that obliges to have a certain number of members in an FRG. The
number of group members in a given FRG often varies from place to place and from country to
country based on socio-cultural and agro-ecological settings. For instance, in Ethiopia the
number of members in a given FRG varies from 13 to 30. In fact, the size of a group does not
have that much significant effect provided that there is understanding among the group
members and the size is manageable. Nevertheless, in most cases, it is preferable to have an
average number of 20 to 30 members in a group than having a larger number for ease of
communication, exchange of information, clear understanding and active involvement of
partners.

14.14 Function of FRG

The function of FRG needs to be focused on innovation process, in general, and group’s daily
routine, in particular. In this regard farmers’ of reference such as identity, power and conflict
management need to be realized and given due attention. A system that help groups to function
jointly or a system that helps one to complement and reinforce the other is very essential. To
achieve this, it is advisable to prepare group action plan jointly prior to any further steps of FRG.
The action plan needs to be based on missions, goals, purpose, and long and short term
objectives of the group. In practice, the functions of FRG are often framed to on-farm activities
such as observation, discussion, and analysis, collective decisions making presentation and
taking appropriate actions on farm activities. This could be done through organizing workshops,
seminars, training, field days and other suitable forum. The function of FRG should not be
limited to technology “intake” that comes from researchers. It has to be also able to initiate new
ideas, system, and technologies that fit to changing environmental conditions. The FRG should
also attempt to focus on looking and developing sustainable system that will take care of the
present and future needs of the community. In addition, functions like conflict resolution and
management need to get high emphasis in FRG activities since conflict is one of the critical
problems that often affects the innovation development process. In this regard, each member in
a group is expected to show commitment for the development of new social relations and
partnerships at all levels. On top of these, group training on a regular basis to gain more
confidence in their knowledge and capacity development should be the major focal area of
group function. The daily function of the FRG should also be able to influence research agenda
so as to fit the needs and interest of the groups. For such duties and functions, it is also
advisable to prepare by-laws that clearly guide and oblige group and group members to follow
order.

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14.15 Timing of FRG Meeting

For group work frequent meeting is critical and this has to be manifested in the rules and
regulations of the group. Meeting dates, time, and place should be notified in advance and all
group members need to be informed. In other words, group meeting should be done at a time
when it is convenient for group members. All group members, other supporting agencies and
facilitators are expected to attend group discussions and respect whatever the group decides.
As explained above under the sub title of group function, any worries and inquires that arise
from the group members need to be critically discussed and get solutions before group decision.
The meeting can be done once in a week or twice in a month. Nevertheless, as explained above
it has to be indicated in the by-law and agreed upon by all group members. The result of each
meeting should address the FRG problems and indicate actions to be taken.

During the meeting sessions, extension experts and researchers are expected to play a
facilitation role. The facilitators could also play a major role in giving feedback and indicating
future directions for the FRG. Researchers could provide source of information. During each
meeting it is critical to visit on-farm activities of individual members, mainly, to assess the
performance as well as functions of each group member. In addition to temporary meetings,
there must be permanent meetings on quarterly, biannual or annual bases to discuss on general
outcomes and problems of the groups.

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15 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

15.1 Conclusions

Yanda Dam and irrigation development project covers two kebeles in Karat Zuria Wereda and
one kebele in Segen Zuria wereda where a number of households’ farmers encountered with a
problem of food in-secure areas of Konso Zones of SNNPRS. The erratic and unpredictable
nature of rainfall and the increasing population and land pressure has worsened the status of
poverty and household security in the farming community of the locality. In addition to erratic
rainfall the problem of drought, low soil fertility, limited utilization of improved crop production,
pest problems, etc. are major constraints of the project site. Further more, the current evaluation
of soil result having the limiting factors that downgrade the suitability of the area such as
drainage, flooding, soil texture, coarse fragments, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, sodicity
and pH (soil reaction).

Regardless of the constraints, the project site has vast potential of irrigable land with gentle
slope, high flood, livestock population and suitable agro-climate and soil for diversification of
crops. Nevertheless, the potential for increasing food crop and pasture production and income
from natural rain fed cropping is very limited, exacerbated by low duration and erratic nature of
the rainfall pattern and which is aggravated by land degradation due to soil erosion and crop
suitablility issues of physical and chemical characteristicsthe soil. The potential for increasing
food crops and forage production and income from traditional rainfed cropping is very limited
due to erratic rainfall; the soil degradation resulted from unexpected high intensity of rainfall and
the low level of improved inputs utilization due to uncertainty of climate. This situation leads to
the practice of supplementing the natural precipitation for increasing production of food, forage,
horticultural and other value adding crops. In order to alleviate the gap between food crop
requirements of the community and livestock forage requirement problems in the study area,
site specific water resource potential assessment and development have got due attention by
the government and is the question of the community.

Moreover, irrigated agriculture is very essential in the study area being rainfall variability is
frequent that causes crop failures and shortage of livestock feeds and subsequently yield
reduction and the diversified crop production plan could generate many new opportunities that
includes increased crop productivity and production, saving livestock from death, boosting
income of the target households and creates ample job opportunity to other people within the
study area and surroundings.
The future food, market and pasture/forage crops for irrigation development were carefully
selected based on their agro ecological adaptability and their water demand was computed by
considering meteorological data from the nearest station of the study areas.

15.2 Recommendations

Since the main objective of the project is to improve the living standards of the beneficiaries
through achieving maximum production with optimum and sustainable utilization of the existing
resources. Based on the existing situation of the project area, crops which are adaptable to the
climatic and soil conditions of the area such as maize, sorghum, haricot bean, mung bean,
onion, tomato, sweet potato, cotton, mango, banana and forages crops were proposed. Beside
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climatic suitability, forages and crops are selected based on their yielding potential, for food/feed
consumption and demand in the market so that they can provide food self-sufficient and
generate cash income for the producers. In selecting crops, crop rotation requirements are also
considered.

For the proposed crops, production of two cropping in a year (double cropping) have been
recommended, one as first irrigation (during “Belg” season) and second season irrigation
(during “Meher” rainy season) crop production since the site has low intensity and short bimodal
rainfall pattern. Crop system, management (improved cultural/agronomic practices) and
agricultural plan of the project were also recommended for the proposed crops. In selection of
crops most attention was given for forage/pasture crops for livestock feeds, high value cereals
and vegetable crops in terms of food and source of income and legume crops as soil fertility
management.

Moreover, the cropping pattern of the study area is established considering the preferences of
the beneficiary and suitability of the agro-ecology and soil and land resources. However, given
the limited experience of modern irrigation practices for most of the farmers in the study area,
for future development of irrigation scheme will only be viable and sustainable when the
following conditions are met.

 Replacing local varieties by high genetic potential varieties and hybrids and introducing
crop varieties which may preferably be resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, high
yielding, and responsive to irrigation and other inputs;

 The proposed agronomic practices, irrigation activity plan and implementation should be
properly realized with frequent capacity building and continuous follow up from extension
workers to achieve the proposed production and productivity of crops and forages;

 Increasing the number of well-trained grass-root level staff and equipping them with
proper and upto-date technology and its dissemination activities of the different
technologies through on-farm trial and demonstrations;
 It is strongly recommended to satisfy the water demand of the proposed food and forage
crops in the target areas: the proposed agronomic practices and irrigation method
should be properly implemented through recuirting its own development agents, with
frequent capacity building and follow up from extension works;
 An acid needs to be added to drive the carbonate off as carbon monoxide and then the
pH comes down. So, you use acids or elemental sulfur that converts to sulfuric acid or
urea-sulfuric acid fertilizer, or long-term use of acid fertilizers like iron sulphate,
ammonium sulfate or organic mulches that gradually create acid conditions;

 Reclaiming sodic soil by replacing the exchangeable sodium with calcium through
applying gypsum, increasing organic matter, use deep-ripping, using raised bed or
deepened seedbeds and land use options;
 Land management practices like integrated soil fertility management, soil darainage
improvement, soil organic carbon improvement or increase organic carbon, deep
cultivation, flood protection and gypsum application should be implemented in the area
to improve the productivity of of the land and sustainable use of the land;

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 To full fill the objectives of the project, all the agronomic recommendations given for the
crops should be followed by the development agents and the beneficiaries;
 The provision of extension service must be strengthened to adequately address the
essential agronomic practices including timing of the various operations, land
preparation, cropping techniques, maintenance of soil fertility, managing water
application, crop protection and harvesting, storing of produces and crop rotational
needs;
 Ensuring the supply of quality seeds of improved varieties and fertilizer types
recommended for the project command at a reasonable and affordable cost;
 Adequate and timely supply of agricultural inputs including, improved and viable seeds,
fertilizers and agro-chemicals;
 Improving the supply of high yielding seeds through introducing seed multiplication or
production in-village seed production scheme in and around the project command after
proper capacity building of the participating farmers with appropriately developed seed
distribution systems. This scheme would ensure the production of adequate certified
seed of suitable varieties in the area, at a reasonable cost and also help as a
demonstration unit;

 All the agronomic recommendations given for each crop should be followed and
implemented by the development agents, line sectors and the beneficiaries;
 Infrastructural development including storage facilities, market systems and price
information;
 Soil and water conservation measures (structural measures, vegetative measures,
agronomic/production measures, and protection measures) should also be strengthened
in and surrounding the farm areas through integrating the indigenous knowledge
systems of the Konso People of the command area with some
modern/scientific/knowledge;
 The link between research … extension … farmers services linkage should be
strengthened so that every research work geared towards the development of
agriculture, and in particular irrigated farming, should be based on demand driven
approach to generate technologies most needed by resource poor farmers;
 Establish FRG not be limited to technology “intake” that comes from researchers but
also able to initiate new ideas, system, and technologies that fit to changing
environmental conditions;
 Planting perennial fruit crops and forages along the river side & command site farm
borders to reduce erosion hazards and also planting beneficial trees for wind breaks
along farm borders like moringa;
 Establishing Water users Association (WUA) and continuous community consultation,
training and capacity building are essential to ensure sustainability of the Irrigation
development;
 Adopting economically feasible crop protection measures preferably integrated pest
management;

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 Introducing and adopting tractor, oxen-operated (drawn) farm implements and tools
(ploughing and harrowing) and for seed-bed making for timely and satisfactory farm
operation practices;

 Regular monitoring and managing of drainage risks in command site and percolation of
water through termite holes/galleries;

 Production and productivity of crops and soil should be enhanced through improved farm
management practices and cropping systems like crop rotation, inter-cropping, alley
cropping, green manuring, composting and mulching through demonstration plots in the
vicinity of the farmers;
 Establishment of irrigation agronomy trials and on-farm water management/
demonstration and trials are also very important;
 Involving women and youth in agricultural development activities with proper training and
extension support. They could be given skill training on scientific crop production, fruit,
vegetable preservation and other value-adding activities after formation of women-based
Self-Help Groups;

 Appropriate land levelling and improving furrow slopes to enhance efficiency of water
use through a more uniform distribution of water in the fields;

 Increasing the availability of water throughout the year through controlling water losses
in termite galleries, controlling overwatering, removing weeds, avoiding silt deposition,
canal blockage and structural breakages;
 Livestock may share irrigation water for drinking as the availability of other sources
Limited. Therefore, cattle trough shall be integrated with the irrigation and drainage
system design to access of drinking water for livestock during the critical seasons; and
 Lastly, but most important, care shall be considered in proper irrigable land allocation i.e.
based on national irrigation land use 0.5ha per household and to maintain proper
irrigation water management and use. If not, the irrigation practice might induce an
element of conflict of interest among water users.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 102 March, 2021
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REFERENCES
Alemayehu Mengistu. 2002. Forage production in Ethiopia: a case study with implications for
livestock production. Ethiopian Society of Animal Production, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Engels, J.M.M. (1990): Konso Agriculture and Its Plant Genetic Resources, in Riley, et al:
Mountain Agriculture and Crop Genetic Resources, Aspect Publishing

Ministry of Agriculture (2011-207): Plant Variety Release, Protection and Seed Quality Control
Directorate, Issue No. 14, 17, 18, 19 and 20. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Robertson, A.D. 1990. Final Report on Forage Development Activities and Proposals. FLDP,
Ministry of Agriculture, Ethiopia.

Watson, E.E. (1998): Ground Truths: Land and Power in Konso, Ethiopia, PhD Thesis,
Cambridge University, UK.

Wiel Nyle C. and Brady; 2016, the Nature and Properties of soils, Tenth Edition, Macmillan
Publishing Campany, New York, Collier MaCmillanPuplishers, Londen.

ድሪባ ገለቲ፣ ጌትነት አሰፋ እና ሰሎሞን መንግሥቱ. 2007. በአርብቶ-አደርና ከፊል አርብቶ-አደር አካባቢዎች ከመስኖ
ጋር ተቀናጅተዉ ሊለሙ የሚችሉ የተሻሻሉ የመኖ ሰብል ዓይነቶች የአመራረትና የአጠቃቀም ማንዋል፡
የኢትዮጵያ የግብርና ምርምር ኢንስቲትዩት እና የኢትዮጵያ ግብርና ትራንስፎረሜሽን ኤጀንሲ፣ አድስ
አበባ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡፡

መሃሪ ገ/ሚካኤል፤ ሙሀባ ሱልጣን፤ ተክሌ ዮሰፍ፤ ወዳጆ ገብሬ፤ የሱፍ እሸቴ እና አንተነህ ታደሰ. 2010. በአርብቶ-
አደርና ከፊል አርብቶ-አደር የሰብል አመራረት ፓከጅ. በደቡብ ግብርና ምርምር ኢንስቲትዩት፤ በጂንካ
ግብርና ምርምር ማዕከል የተዘጋጀ፤ መስከረም 2010 ዓ.ም ጂንካ፤ ኢትዮጵያ፡፡

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Annex 1: Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil of the command area
Depth Bulk AWC
EC Field Permanent
Profile (cm) pH-H2O pH-KCL ECe Sand Clay Denity (mm/m)
(mS/cm) Silt (%) Texture Class Capacity (% wilting point %)
Code (1:2.5) (1:2.5) (mS/cm) (%) (%) (gm/cm3
1:2.5 ) (0.33bar) (15 bar)
)
TP2 0-30 8.1 7.01 0.17 0.3 35.37 27.86 36.77 Clay loam _ _ _ _
TP2 30-80 8.09 6.97 0.14 0.22 14.24 16.49 69.27 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP2 80-145 8.26 6.94 0.22 0.39 9.89 63.54 26.57 clay _ _ _ _
TP2 145-200 8.31 7.13 0.32 0.44 2.15 75.72 22.13 clay _ _ _ _
TP3 0-30 7.82 7 0.26 0.6 6.1 72.15 21.76 clay _ _ _ _
TP3 30-80 7.88 6.98 0.76 1.51 4.77 73.69 21.54 clay _ _ _ _
TP3 80-95 7.82 7.06 1.33 3.81 39.29 31.44 29.27 Clay loam _ _ _ _
TP3 95-200 8.01 7.62 0.54 2.57 93.94 1.01 5.05 Sand _ _ _ _
TP4 0-20 8.45 7.07 0.16 0.33 7.94 18.63 73.43 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP4 20-45 8.28 7.09 0.19 0.36 34.45 16.39 49.16 Loam _ _ _ _
TP4 55-110 8.06 6.92 0.19 0.36 2.29 57.94 39.76 clay _ _ _ _
TP4 110-140 8.31 7.05 0.2 0.37 6.78 25.52 67.7 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP4 140-200 8.11 7.02 0.26 0.58 4.75 34.33 60.91 Silty clay loam _ _ _ _
TP8 0-40 8.41 7.12 0.16 0.34 17.52 15.86 66.62 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP8 40-85 8.1 6.98 0.16 0.27 8.24 63.79 27.98 clay _ _ _ _
TP8 85-130 8.33 6.96 0.2 0.43 35.15 10.06 54.78 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP8 130-165 8.76 7.34 0.06 0.17 95.96 1.01 3.03 Sand _ _ _ _
TP8 165-200 8.34 6.98 0.22 0.5 10.99 14.11 74.9 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP9 0-20 8.82 7.51 0.16 0.33 87.77 1.02 11.21 Sand _ _ _ _
TP9 20-80 8.61 7.5 0.24 0.73 42.98 3.05 53.96 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP9 80-115 8.2 7.54 0.62 3.41 95.97 1.01 3.02 Sand _ _ _ _
TP9 115-170 8.07 7.52 0.78 3.11 93.93 1.01 5.06 Sand _ _ _ _
TP9 170-200 7.92 7.2 1.83 5.92 62.07 3.16 34.77 Sandy Loam _ _ _ _
TP10 0-35 8.12 7.61 1.46 5.55 85.78 5.08 9.14 Loamy Sand _ _ _ _
TP10 35-85 8.01 7.33 0.9 3.77 87.68 3.08 9.24 Sand _ _ _ _
TP10 85-110 8.08 7.42 0.75 3.88 87.81 3.05 9.14 Sand _ _ _ _
TP10 110-150 7.78 7.15 2.08 5.26 75.15 5.18 19.67 Loamy Sand _ _ _ _
TP10 150-200 7.8 7.1 2.36 6.95 23.53 16.39 60.08 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP11 0-20 8.17 7.03 0.11 0.27 48.25 21.38 30.38 Loam 1.55 26.92 16.36 91.49

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Depth Bulk AWC

EC Field Permanent
Profile (cm) pH-H2O pH-KCL ECe Sand Clay Denity (mm/m)
(mS/cm) Silt (%) Texture Class Capacity (% wilting point %)
Code (1:2.5) (1:2.5) (mS/cm) (%) (%) (gm/cm3
1:2.5 ) (0.33bar) (15 bar)
)
TP11 20-65 8.58 7.18 0.17 0.44 66.18 3.17 30.65 Sandy Loam 1.5 15.15 7.34
TP11 65-200 9.05 7.81 0.09 0.29 93.95 1.01 5.05 Sand 1.63 2.92 1.82
TP13 0-20 7.66 6.57 0.09 0.33 42.73 18.03 39.24 Loam _ _ _ _
TP13 20-50 8.85 7.51 0.12 0.33 51.67 9.46 38.87 Loam _ _ _ _
TP13 50-80 9.05 7.82 0.13 0.5 83.45 3.1 13.44 Loamy Sand _ _ _ _
TP13 80-120 9.13 7.87 0.16 0.65 72.75 7.34 19.92 Sandy Loam _ _ _ _
TP13 120-200 8.97 7.54 0.17 0.71 68.46 3.15 28.38 Sandy Loam _ _ _ _
TP14 0-30 8.32 7.13 0.18 0.39 4.63 67.25 28.12 clay _ _ _ _
TP14 30-50 8.6 7.24 0.19 0.45 11.74 33.1 55.16 Silty clay loam' _ _ _ _
TP14 50-100 8.75 7.38 0.17 0.39 4.25 61.73 34.02 clay _ _ _ _
TP14 100-140 8.77 7.32 0.2 0.62 28.68 16.21 55.11 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP17 0-25 8.76 7.28 0.17 0.51 26.01 32.51 41.48 Clay loam 1.51 33.66 19.23 221.64
TP17 25-55 8.68 7.26 0.12 0.44 75.23 3.1 21.67 Loamy Sand 1.36 19.53 9.08
TP17 55-115 8.66 7.23 0.18 0.57 32.31 9.83 57.86 Silt Loam 1.45 36.72 17.66
TP17 115-170 8.5 7.18 0.25 0.75 42.39 7.47 50.14 Silt Loam
TP17 170-200 8.44 7.19 0.31 0.9 43.8 5.4 50.79 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP17 200-300 8.26 7.33 0.52 2.14 67.74 1.08 31.19 Sandy Loam _ _ _ _
TP17 300-400 8.3 7.41 0.47 2.11 68.75 7.29 23.96 Sandy Loam _ _ _ _
TP18 0-20 8.32 7.97 0.09 0.34 54.21 5.45 40.34 Sandy Loam 1.49 35.25 18.38 203.41
TP18 20-60 8.57 7.37 0.18 0.55 53.28 7.43 39.29 Sandy Loam 1.54 26.21 14.77
TP18 60-120 8.76 7.39 0.17 0.54 59.75 3.18 37.07 Sandy Loam 1.5 37.69 23.92
TP18 120-200 8.82 7.43 0.29 0.8 36.83 9.8 53.37 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP18 200-300 8.9 7.37 0.34 1.06 42.29 7.77 49.94 Loam _ _ _ _
TP23 0-30 7.94 6.8 6.31 19.97 70.02 1.07 28.91 Sandy Loam _ _ _ _
TP23 30-200 8.24 7.05 0.07 0.31 97.98 1.01 1.01 Sand _ _ _ _
TP25 0-20 8.93 7.42 0.1 0.27 83.27 1.05 15.68 Loamy Sand 1.59 14.52 7.17 210.74
TP25 20-50 9.34 8.52 0.25 0.9 74.9 1.05 24.05 Loamy Sand 1.59 41.79 20.74
TP25 50-100 9.38 7.95 1.01 2.93 37.32 7.57 55.12 Silt Loam 1.65 20.33 9.79

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Depth Bulk AWC

EC Field Permanent
Profile (cm) pH-H2O pH-KCL ECe Sand Clay Denity (mm/m)
(mS/cm) Silt (%) Texture Class Capacity (% wilting point %)
Code (1:2.5) (1:2.5) (mS/cm) (%) (%) (gm/cm3
1:2.5 ) (0.33bar) (15 bar)
)
TP25 100-150 8.27 6.87 0.39 1.35 31.8 5.33 62.87 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP25 150-200 8.64 6.97 0.23 0.71 28.37 3.47 68.16 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP27 0-30 8.73 7.21 0.13 0.32 20.15 34.38 45.47 Clay loam 1.45 31.27 20.74 189.72
TP27 30-60 8.75 7.51 0.23 0.65 7.76 29.65 62.59 Silty clay loam 1.58 31.89 18.13
TP27 60-85 8.96 7.61 0.18 0.71 40.61 11.67 47.72 Loam 1.58 36.47 23.99
TP27 85-130 9.56 7.85 0.2 0.67 85.33 3.14 11.52 Loamy Sand _ _ _ _
TP27 130-200 9.56 8.14 0.24 0.93 83.18 3.15 13.67 Loamy Sand _ _ _ _
TP29 0-30 9.56 7.09 0.15 0.37 7.28 58.25 34.47 clay 1.51 39.62 28 189.41
TP29 30-60 8.76 7.45 0.22 0.39 3.67 58.49 37.85 clay 1.64 42.04 29.05
TP29 60-100 8.95 7.96 0.22 0.53 28.58 24.89 46.53 Loam 1.8 37.69 27.55
TP29 100-200 9.23 7.98 0.29 0.8 37.59 16.14 46.27 Loam _ _ _ _
TP29 200-300 9.32 8 0.4 1.26 30.88 11.88 57.24 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP30 0-25 9.28 7.21 0.63 1.76 0.09 52.39 47.52 Silty clay _ _ _ _
TP30 25-60 8.29 7.21 0.51 1.64 11.38 35.22 53.4 Silty clay loam _ _ _ _
TP30 60-130 8.35 7.19 0.78 4 19.93 14.07 66.01 Silt Loam _ _ _ _
TP30 130-200 8.55 7.27 1.24 4.86 23.63 18.55 57.82 Silt Loam _ _ _ _

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… Continued
pH-H2O pH-KCL EC(mS/cm) Sand Clay
Auger code Depth(cm) Silt (%) Texture Class
(1:2.5) (1:2.5) (1:2.5) (%) (%)
TA1 0-30 7.78 7.03 0.17 1.24 27.04 71.72 Silt Loam
TA10 0-30 7.53 6.9 0.17 0.07 82.09 17.84 clay
TA100 0-30 7.45 6.89 0.49 6.1 74.44 19.47 clay
TA101 0-30 7.67 6.97 0.25 2.14 73.39 24.46 clay
TA103 0-30 7.58 6.85 0.48 2.3 75.6 22.1 clay
TA105 0-30 7.73 7.02 0.24 1.66 58.32 40.02 Silty clay
TA107 0-30 7.79 6.97 0.14 39.54 39.19 21.27 Clay loam
TA109 0-30 7.73 7 0.15 42.48 29.86 27.65 Clay loam
TA111 0-30 7.93 7.03 0.18 1.62 62.07 36.31 clay
TA113 0-30 7.77 7.03 0.84 1.87 33.09 65.04 Silty clay loam'
TA115 0-30 7.48 6.83 0.69 29.76 5.66 64.58 Silt Loam
TA-117 0-30 7.94 7.07 0.12 40.78 31.8 27.42 Clay loam
TA-119 0-30 7.93 7.04 0.16 1.17 75.93 22.9 clay
TA12 0-30 7.95 7.01 0.22 8 71.19 20.81 clay
TA-121 0-30 7.4 6.59 0.16 3.17 63.4 33.43 clay
TA-123 0-30 7.74 6.93 0.55 0.49 75.21 24.3 clay
TA125 0-30 7.71 6.89 0.4 10.2 40.52 49.28 Silty clay
TA127 0-30 8.1 7 0.13 11.94 53.55 34.51 clay
TA129 0-30 7 6.1 0.23 64.22 3.16 32.63 Sandy Loam
TA131 0-30 7.92 7.35 0.3 97.92 1.04 1.04 Sand
TA-133 0-30 8.24 7.41 0.09 91.8 1.03 7.18 Sand
TA-135 0-30 7.97 7 0.13 43.75 30.38 25.88 Clay loam
TA-137 0-30 7.68 7.01 0.41 45.8 5.21 48.99 Sandy loam
TA-139 0-30 7.6 6.67 0.16 50 27.17 22.82 Sandy clay loam
TA14 0-30 7.97 7.07 0.16 28.93 14 57.07 Silt Loam
TA141 0-30 7.78 7.11 0.15 47.05 35.68 17.27 Sandy clay
TA143 0-30 7.42 7 0.15 63.98 9.53 26.48 Sandy Loam
TA145 0-30 7.45 7.03 0.23 45.21 7.38 47.42 Loam

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pH-H2O pH-KCL EC(mS/cm) Sand Clay

Auger code Depth(cm) Silt (%) Texture Class
(1:2.5) (1:2.5) (1:2.5) (%) (%)
TA-147 0-30 7.65 7.1 0.14 24.46 18.28 57.27 Silt Loam
TA149 0-30 7.62 7.08 0.18 28.98 45.5 25.52 clay
TA-151 0-30 7.02 6.45 0.3 66.36 9.46 24.18 Sandy Loam
TA-153 0-30 7.69 7.13 0.16 28.93 24.77 46.3 Loam
TA-155 0-30 7 6.31 0.46 43.16 22.96 33.89 Loam
TA-156 0-30 7.85 7.1 0.13 17.8 56.51 25.69 clay
TA-157 0-30 8.1 7.27 0.12 69.36 3.06 27.58 Sandy Loam
TA159 0-30 7.12 6.72 0.48 23.92 32.45 43.63 Clay loam
TA16 0-30 7.98 7.17 0.1 52.57 9.7 37.73 Sandy Loam
TA-163 0-30 7.8 7.03 0.16 2.03 15.92 82.05 Silt Loam
TA-167 0-30 7.87 7.15 0.15 20.61 40.86 38.53 clay
TA-169 0-30 7.82 7.01 0.13 19.07 35.84 45.09 Silty clay loam'
TA-171 0-30 8 7.65 0.06 93.93 1.01 5.06 Sand
TA-173 0-30 7.81 7.07 0.18 18.14 39.79 42.07 Silty clay loam'
TA-175 0-30 7.79 7.04 0.14 28.05 34.85 37.1 Clay loam
TA-177 0-30 7.97 7.23 0.13 52.6 11.85 35.55 Sandy Loam
TA-179 0-30 7.86 7.17 0.08 65.57 7.53 26.9 Sandy Loam
TA18 0-30 7.84 7.07 0.14 25.18 18.7 56.11 Silt Loam
TA-181 0-30 7.9 7.17 0.08 52.94 9.63 37.43 Sandy Loam
TA-183 0-30 7.9 7.2 0.08 61.75 7.44 30.81 Sandy Loam
TA-185 0-30 7.93 7.18 0.09 67.05 3.09 29.86 Sandy Loam
TA-187 0-30 7.77 7.46 0.06 85.67 3.07 11.26 Loamy Sand
TA-189 0-30 7.9 7.19 0.18 26.76 17.16 56.07 Silt Loam
TA-191 0-30 7.55 7.06 0.15 2.44 63.88 33.68 clay
TA-195 0-30 7.22 7.1 0.48 31.98 19.27 48.75 Loam
TA-197 0-30 7.35 6.87 0.25 37.98 14.4 47.62 Loam
TA-199 0-30 7 7.14 0.14 52.71 5.37 41.91 Sandy Loam
TA20 0-30 7.87 7.08 0.65 83.66 1.02 15.32 Loamy Sand
TA-201 0-30 7.34 6.55 0.14 59.77 13.76 26.47 Sandy Loam

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pH-H2O pH-KCL EC(mS/cm) Sand Clay

Auger code Depth(cm) Silt (%) Texture Class
(1:2.5) (1:2.5) (1:2.5) (%) (%)
TA-203 0-30 7.28 6.41 0.18 29.16 27.67 43.17 Clay loam
TA-206 0-30 7.27 6.6 0.13 40.71 11.65 47.64 Loam
TA-208 0-30 7.31 6.43 0.14 38.1 7.74 54.16 Silt Loam
TA-210 0-30 7.23 6.35 0.17 35.89 16.58 47.53 Loam
TA-211 0-30 7.21 6.55 0.42 50.12 12.47 37.41 Loam
TA-213 0-30 7.43 6.57 0.14 34.83 14.12 51.05 Silt Loam
TA-217 0-30 7.3 6.45 0.18 38.26 16.54 45.2 Loam
TA-219 0-30 7.37 7.67 0.07 81.57 1.02 17.41 Loamy Sand
TA22 0-30 7.25 6.42 0.14 36.06 25.36 38.58 Loam
TA-223 0-30 7.27 6.51 0.15 24.14 31.03 44.83 Clay loam
TA-227 0-30 8.34 7.4 0.13 73.37 1.02 25.6 Loamy Sand
TA-229 0-30 7.88 7.4 1.43 52.94 3.21 43.85 Sandy Loam
TA-234 0-30 8.22 6.77 0.17 26.99 44.85 28.16 clay
TA-236 0-30 7.62 6.59 0.48 43.52 26.15 30.33 Loam
TA-238 0-30 8.46 7.07 0.18 39.06 17.86 43.08 Loam
TA24 0-30 8.02 7.1 0.57 39.96 13.94 46.1 Loam
TA-242 0-30 8.07 6.91 0.27 32.92 48.08 19.01 clay
TA-244 0-30 8.58 7.2 0.12 75.63 1.02 23.36 Loamy Sand
TA-246 0-30 8.69 7.26 0.11 54.67 5.15 40.18 Sandy Loam
TA-248 0-30 8.69 7.56 0.21 68.53 3.15 28.32 Sandy Loam
TA-250 0-30 8.25 7.34 0.48 33.81 38.27 27.92 Clay loam
TA-252 0-30 8.3 7.57 1.39 67.61 3.04 29.36 Sandy Loam
TA-254 0-30 8.57 7.35 0.15 53.17 7.13 39.71 Sandy Loam
TA-258 0-30 8.67 7.46 0.1 69.57 1.01 29.42 Sandy Loam
TA-259 0-30 8.43 7.07 0.23 26.66 33.62 39.73 Clay loam
TA26 0-30 8.81 7.49 0.23 12.54 46.85 40.61 Silty clay
TA-261 0-30 8.34 7.29 0.31 43.04 7.12 49.84 Loam
TA-263 0-30 8.68 7.58 0.15 29.94 13.39 56.66 Silt Loam
TA-265 0-30 8.39 7.38 0.37 61.33 3.05 35.62 Sandy Loam

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 109 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

pH-H2O pH-KCL EC(mS/cm) Sand Clay

Auger code Depth(cm) Silt (%) Texture Class
(1:2.5) (1:2.5) (1:2.5) (%) (%)
TA-267 0-30 8.69 7.51 0.15 29.71 21.71 48.58 Loam
TA-269 0-30 8.34 7.05 0.15 21.1 45.85 33.05 clay
TA27 0-30 8.37 7.24 0.19 55.27 7.12 37.61 Sandy Loam
TA-271 0-30 8.09 6.9 0.2 38.85 26.36 34.79 Loam
TA-273 0-30 8.32 7.09 0.18 40.82 32.76 26.42 Clay loam
TA-275 0-30 8.3 7.17 0.28 34.1 21.62 44.28 Loam
TA-276 0-30 7.97 7.19 0.63 32.76 38.87 28.37 Clay loam
TA-278 0-30 8.78 7.33 0.09 63.19 11.25 25.56 Sandy Loam
TA-280 0-30 8.64 7.48 0.06 93.97 1.01 5.03 Sand
TA-282 0-30 8.63 7.16 0.11 22.62 35.47 41.91 Clay loam
TA-284 0-30 8.48 7.15 0.12 36.13 17.51 46.36 Loam
TA-286 0-30 8 6.66 0.1 55.34 13.19 31.46 Sandy Loam
TA-288 0-30 8.58 7.11 0.12 26.69 50.67 22.64 clay
TA29 0-30 8.61 7.17 0.11 51.7 9.45 38.85 Loam
TA-290 0-30 8.28 7.31 0.27 50.14 23.89 25.97 Sandy clay loam
TA-291 0-30 8.32 7.04 0.14 50.77 24.61 24.61 Sandy clay loam
TA-293 0-30 8.48 7.08 0.16 25.72 45.63 28.65 clay
TA-295 0-30 9.15 7.82 0.38 28.14 24.31 47.56 Loam
TA-297 0-30 8.72 7.24 0.3 11.44 55.88 32.68 clay
TA3 0-30 7.84 7.34 3.8 55.06 3.06 41.88 Sandy Loam
TA31 0-30 8.65 7.23 0.19 73.36 1.02 25.62 Loamy Sand
TA33 0-30 8.2 6.93 0.14 29.72 38.43 31.84 Clay loam
TA37 0-30 8.5 7.2 0.15 30.78 13.64 55.59 Silt Loam
TA39 0-30 8.33 7.27 0.49 33.63 5.19 61.19 Silt Loam
TA4 0-30 8.23 7.23 0.29 42.15 3.1 54.75 Silt Loam
TA41 0-30 8.47 7.05 0.21 34.61 28.18 37.2 Clay loam
TA43 0-30 7.87 7.35 1.8 35.67 32.16 32.16 Clay loam
TA44 0-30 8.47 7.03 0.17 23.72 46.85 29.42 clay
TA48 0-30 8.17 6.81 0.14 32.64 17.89 49.47 Loam

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 110 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

pH-H2O pH-KCL EC(mS/cm) Sand Clay

Auger code Depth(cm) Silt (%) Texture Class
(1:2.5) (1:2.5) (1:2.5) (%) (%)
TA52 0-30 8.47 7.15 0.12 41.68 11.88 46.44 Loam
TA54 0-30 8.08 7.31 0.53 75.3 1.03 23.67 Loamy Sand
TA55 0-30 8.4 7.03 0.18 0.54 53.96 45.5 Silty clay
TA57 0-30 8.49 7.28 0.28 24.72 33.34 41.94 Clay loam
TA59 0-30 8.41 7.13 0.2 11.01 52.77 36.22 clay
TA6 0-30 8.49 7.04 0.12 18.69 45.05 36.26 clay
TA61 0-30 8.51 7.12 0.2 6.61 52.92 40.47 Silty clay
TA63 0-30 8.8 7.32 0.15 9.48 68.41 22.1 clay
TA65 0-30 8.94 7.52 0.12 6.9 43.22 49.87 Silty clay
TA67 0-30 8.6 7.2 0.23 7.53 70.4 22.07 clay
TA69 0-30 9.73 7.98 0.22 93.84 1.03 5.13 Sand
TA71 0-30 8.63 7.35 0.19 8.68 69.02 22.3 clay
TA73 0-30 8.53 7.47 0.36 24.38 16.68 58.94 Silt Loam
TA75 0-30 7.67 6.39 0.23 32.15 44.21 23.65 clay
TA77 0-30 8.82 7.52 0.43 89.7 1.03 9.27 Sand
TA79 0-30 8.13 7.39 4.02 42.59 3.08 54.34 Silt Loam
TA8 0-30 8.62 7.25 0.19 41.26 7.34 51.39 Silt Loam
TA81 0-30 8.82 7.57 0.14 36.68 36.03 27.29 Clay loam
TA83 0-30 8.38 7.12 0.08 79.83 1.01 19.16 Loamy Sand
TA85 0-30 8.48 6.71 0.12 39.33 1.08 59.59 Silt Loam
TA87 0-30 8.59 7.56 0.23 93.94 1.01 5.05 Sand
TA89 0-30 8.93 7.34 0.2 45.27 3.42 51.31 Silt Loam
TA90 0-30 8.07 6.78 0.08 43.83 25.84 30.33 Loam
TA92 0-30 8.55 7.57 0.37 53.72 5.26 41.02 Sandy Loam
TA94 0-30 8.85 7.35 0.23 9.49 55.78 34.73 clay
TA96 0-30 8.12 7.07 0.13 75.77 5.05 19.18 Loamy Sand
TA98 0-30 7.92 7.52 0.8 45.24 3.16 51.6 Silt Loam

…Continued

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 111 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report
Exchangeable cations Gypsum
CEC(me Organic Total Calcium Av.P Weight of
Profile (meq/100gm of soil) Sum of Cations Content
q/100 gm Carbon Nitrogen Fraction>2
Code (meq/100gm of soil) Carbonate( (CaSO4)
Na K Ca Mg of soil) (OC) (%) (TN) (%) (Mg/kg) mm (%)
CaCO3)(%) %
TP2 2.3 1.75 43.18 16.98 64.64 64.21 0.53 0.07 0.99 6.31 49.06 Trace
TP2 2.51 0.49 37.43 18.23 59.21 58.67 0.18 0.02 2.08 1.95 45.85 Trace
TP2 4.98 0.69 43.93 20.96 71.95 70.56 0.17 0.02 1.98 1.12 76.17 Trace
TP2 7.74 1.13 56.26 16.58 81.83 81.7 0.17 0.02 1.49 1.05 53.98 Trace
TP3 2.36 0.69 56.52 14.87 74.9 74.44 0.76 0.1 0.69 5.9 18.57 Trace
TP3 5.83 1.15 55.58 15.74 78.68 78.3 0.41 0.05 1.59 3.79 26.39 Trace
TP3 5.15 0.45 30.34 13.28 51.95 49.23 0.15 0.02 2.58 2.19 32.65 0.45
TP3 1.77 0.24 9.78 2.67 20.16 14.46 0.02 0.003 1.58 0.87 2.79 Trace
TP4 2.32 1.26 33.02 16.75 54.32 53.34 0.22 0.03 1.19 5.22 47.92 Trace
TP4 2.13 1.26 31.97 15.75 51.34 51.12 0.22 0.03 1.09 4.07 28.51 Trace
TP4 2.53 2.21 38.43 19.71 64.21 62.88 0.2 0.03 0.5 4.07 64.54 Trace
TP4 2.35 0.61 37.71 18.86 60.14 59.53 0.1 0.01 1.59 2.64 39.73 Trace
TP4 2.38 0.56 34.76 13.52 51.46 51.22 0.02 0.002 1.68 2.63 31.82 Trace
TP8 2.04 0.83 24.59 12.06 40.28 39.51 0.1 0.01 1.68 3.57 40.41 Trace
TP8 2.16 1.65 41.38 19.47 71.14 64.66 0.1 0.01 1.19 3.41 51.29 Trace
TP8 2.07 0.61 30.16 14.59 52.82 47.43 0.1 0.01 1.19 3.27 40.99 Trace
TP8 1.4 0.47 9.32 2.22 18.37 13.41 0.04 0.004 1.49 1.12 Trace Trace
TP8 2.11 0.94 31.8 15.66 50.6 50.52 0.04 0.003 1.59 1 54.04 Trace
TP9 1.31 6.9 11.66 3.59 33.61 23.45 0.42 0.06 0.69 56.51 0.51 Trace
TP9 1.42 3.08 12.99 4.93 28.27 22.42 0.04 0.004 1.09 3.13 2.43 Trace
TP9 1.75 0.21 7.98 2.22 19.22 12.16 0.02 0.001 1.19 1.12 4.51 Trace
TP9 2.03 0.25 9.8 4.01 22.83 16.09 0.02 0.001 0.99 0.93 Trace Trace
TP9 3.24 0.43 22.2 9.25 37.41 35.12 0.02 0.001 2.08 0.97 14.54 Trace
TP10 1.34 8.54 10.72 2.23 26.43 22.83 0.09 0.01 0.5 14.44 Trace Trace
TP10 1.59 1.95 17.16 5.42 27.61 26.11 0.06 0.01 0.5 4.11 Trace Trace
TP10 1.94 0.38 14.29 3.57 29.96 20.19 0.04 0.01 0.99 4 Trace Trace
TP10 2.74 0.9 17.29 7.74 34.12 28.66 0.04 0.004 1.09 3.95 14.02 Trace

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 112 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report
Exchangeable cations Gypsum
CEC(me Organic Total Calcium Av.P Weight of
Profile (meq/100gm of soil) Sum of Cations Content
q/100 gm Carbon Nitrogen Fraction>2
Code (meq/100gm of soil) Carbonate( (CaSO4)
Na K Ca Mg of soil) (OC) (%) (TN) (%) (Mg/kg) mm (%)
CaCO3)(%) %
TP10 3.54 0.65 31.02 15.75 51.34 50.96 0.04 0.004 1.09 3.94 42.57 Trace
TP11 2.14 3.13 43.02 13.69 62.26 61.98 0.35 0.05 0.59 12.93 41.45 Trace
TP11 2.24 1.03 26.89 10.2 40.72 40.37 0.28 0.04 0.69 4.15 23.85 Trace
TP11 1.72 0.23 7.99 3.11 15.74 13.05 0.02 0.003 1.68 3.6 2.36 Trace
TP13 0.7 1.12 20.47 8.84 34.01 31.12 2.94 0.15 0.47 5.9 5.57 Trace
TP13 1.09 0.11 22.14 8.76 32.81 32.1 1.36 0.07 1.88 5.36 4.4 Trace
TP13 0.88 0.1 20.45 5 27.85 26.43 0.9 0.04 1.5 5.28 2 Trace
TP13 1.16 0.1 20.25 6.9 29.56 28.42 0.82 0.04 1.41 5.14 18.85 Trace
TP13 0.91 0.16 20.3 5.08 28.27 26.45 0.82 0.04 1.41 4.94 5.54 Trace
TP14 0.84 0.73 39.53 13.52 55.51 54.62 1.77 0.25 1.41 7.08 32.68 Trace
TP14 0.72 0.3 20.84 6.25 30.89 28.12 1.44 0.13 1.13 6.21 49.89 Trace
TP14 1.11 0.31 30.78 15.39 48.25 47.6 1.38 0.12 0.94 5.2 59.57 Trace
TP14 0.99 0.19 22.7 7.57 32.71 31.44 1.16 0.08 1.97 3.26 13.56 Trace
TP17 0.83 0.34 25.35 10.24 40.47 36.76 1.08 0.08 0.94 11.09 30.47 Trace
TP17 0.75 0.34 20.87 4.54 28.69 26.49 0.72 0.07 0.94 7.69 5.81 Trace
TP17 0.79 0.26 22.89 7.15 32.05 31.1 0.7 0.06 1.03 7.29 44.79 Trace
TP17 0.72 0.23 20.57 4.21 28.65 25.74 0.69 0.06 1.13 6.5 20.46 Trace
TP17 1.01 0.2 22.7 8.98 33.64 32.89 0.64 0.06 1.03 5.06 4.21 Trace
TP17 0.84 0.26 20.25 8 29.78 29.35 0.6 0.06 0.94 5.04 0.62 Trace
TP17 0.65 0.27 20.59 4.12 26.23 25.63 0.54 0.06 1.41 5.04 8.62 Trace
TP18 0.51 0.96 20.01 6.19 29.66 27.67 1.76 0.21 0.66 9.61 14.52 Trace
TP18 0.75 0.2 20.49 5.59 28.53 27.02 1.38 0.07 3.75 9.53 2.56 Trace
TP18 0.86 0.19 20.44 6.5 29.38 28.01 1.37 0.07 2.91 9.51 14.43 Trace
TP18 1.41 0.17 24.75 11.9 39.04 38.23 1.21 0.06 3.47 8.8 22.63 Trace
TP18 1.7 0.24 22.24 10.64 35.36 34.82 1.19 0.06 3.85 8.79 15.08 Trace
YP23 1.95 0.92 16.89 8.44 29.2 28.2 2.08 0.18 2.53 19.19 4.54 0.29
YP23 0.49 0.19 16.02 3.56 21.1 20.25 0.25 0.03 0.56 9.51 0.55 Trace

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 113 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report
Exchangeable cations Gypsum
CEC(me Organic Total Calcium Av.P Weight of
Profile (meq/100gm of soil) Sum of Cations Content
q/100 gm Carbon Nitrogen Fraction>2
Code (meq/100gm of soil) Carbonate( (CaSO4)
Na K Ca Mg of soil) (OC) (%) (TN) (%) (Mg/kg) mm (%)
CaCO3)(%) %
TP25 0.54 2.78 20.2 4.59 28.58 28.12 1.85 0.09 0.47 13.67 Trace Trace
TP25 4.08 1.27 16.53 7.81 29.95 29.7 0.68 0.09 0.94 9.68 Trace Trace
TP25 11.5 0.21 17.97 8.98 39.25 38.75 0.65 0.09 0.56 8.81 37.32 Trace
9
TP25 1.72 0.13 22.42 11.21 39.69 35.48 0.64 0.06 0.56 8.14 26.11 Trace
TP25 1.48 0.29 26.46 10.48 38.97 38.71 0.55 0.06 1.03 7.56 Trace Trace
TP27 1.28 0.56 30.93 6.77 40.11 39.54 1.78 0.25 1.88 12.03 12.53 Trace
TP27 1.84 0.18 31.15 8.63 42.15 41.8 1.18 0.15 1.83 8.79 39.95 Trace
TP27 1.8 0.18 21.86 10.7 39.53 34.54 1.15 0.09 6.66 8.67 23.98 Trace
TP27 5.91 0.24 15.64 6.9 29.55 28.69 0.6 0.07 7.98 7.94 33.78 Trace
TP27 6.29 0.24 12.92 6.46 27.36 25.91 0.6 0.07 7.51 7.55 9.48 Trace
TP29 1.71 0.26 34.67 16.32 53.4 52.96 2.26 0.13 1.5 17.11 50.37 Trace
TP29 2.43 0.58 34.74 14.89 52.97 52.64 2 0.13 2.82 11.59 61.33 Trace
TP29 4.68 0.3 26.04 7.1 39.29 38.11 1.68 0.12 2.82 10.27 29.18 Trace
TP29 6.52 0.25 22.14 10.36 39.57 39.28 0.91 0.05 3.75 9.14 26.36 Trace
TP29 1.21 0.25 24.1 11.82 39.23 37.38 0.84 0.05 4.22 8.59 24.3 Trace
TP30 0.88 1.5 31.13 10.38 44.09 43.89 3.83 0.33 4.23 9.67 36.26 Trace
TP30 1.07 0.87 31.53 10.84 44.79 44.32 1.02 0.13 1.03 9.56 23.35 Trace
TP30 1.83 0.14 29.35 8.05 39.76 39.37 0.84 0.11 4.69 9.18 13.2 Trace
TP30 1.9 0.19 28.6 8.58 39.57 39.28 0.78 0.11 3.29 8.96 35 Trace

…Continued
Soil Profile Analysis Database
Profile Code Depth(cm ESP (%) PBS(%) OM(%) C/N Ca/Mg Mg/K Ca+Mg/K K/CEC(%)
TP2 )0-30 3.56 99.34 0.91 7.59 2.54 9.69 34.32 2.71
TP2 30-80 4.24 99.08 0.31 7.86 2.05 37.05 113.1 0.83
TP2 80-145 6.92 98.06 0.29 7.01 2.1 30.54 94.53 0.95

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 114 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

Soil Profile Analysis Database

Profile Code Depth(cm ESP (%) PBS(%) OM(%) C/N Ca/Mg Mg/K Ca+Mg/K K/CEC(%)
TP2 )
145-200 9.46 99.84 0.29 7.09 3.39 14.67 64.46 1.38
TP3 0-30 3.15 99.39 1.31 7.41 3.8 21.63 103.83 0.92
TP3 30-80 7.41 99.52 0.71 7.51 3.53 13.73 62.21 1.46
TP3 80-95 9.92 94.76 0.25 7.46 2.29 29.3 96.26 0.87
TP3 95-200 8.76 71.71 0.04 8.42 3.67 11.19 52.23 1.18
TP4 0-20 4.27 98.2 0.38 7.3 1.97 13.29 39.48 2.32
TP4 20-45 4.15 99.56 0.38 7.23 2.03 12.47 37.8 2.46
TP4 55-110 3.94 97.94 0.34 7.08 1.95 8.91 26.3 3.44
TP4 110-140 3.91 98.98 0.17 7.3 2 30.98 92.95 1.01
TP4 140-200 4.63 99.54 0.03 7.3 2.57 24.02 85.8 1.09
TP8 0-40 5.05 98.08 0.17 7.3 2.04 14.58 44.3 2.05
TP8 40-85 3.04 90.9 0.18 7.3 2.13 11.83 36.98 2.31
TP8 85-130 3.91 89.79 0.17 7.3 2.07 24.06 73.77 1.15
TP8 130-165 7.64 73 0.07 9.1 4.2 4.77 24.79 2.53
TP8 165-200 4.17 99.84 0.06 11.95 2.03 16.66 50.47 1.86
TP9 0-20 3.9 69.76 0.73 7.45 3.25 0.52 2.21 20.52
TP9 20-80 5.04 79.3 0.06 8.32 2.64 1.6 5.82 10.89
TP9 80-115 9.12 63.26 0.03 12.02 3.6 10.46 48.13 1.1
TP9 115-170 8.91 70.49 0.03 14.28 2.44 15.76 54.28 1.11
TP9 170-200 8.67 93.85 0.03 12.72 2.4 21.72 73.85 1.14
TP10 0-35 5.08 86.39 7.88 4.8 0.26 1.52 1.52 32.3
TP10 35-85 5.75 94.58 7.12 3.17 2.78 11.59 11.59 7.05
TP10 85-110 6.48 67.39 0.07 6.98 4 9.4 47.01 1.27
TP10 110-150 8.04 84.02 0.06 8.09 2.24 8.63 27.92 2.63
TP10 150-200 6.89 99.24 0.06 9.56 1.97 24.2 71.87 1.27
TP11 0-20 3.43 99.55 0.61 7.59 3.14 4.37 18.1 5.03
TP11 20-65 5.51 99.14 0.49 7.71 2.64 9.88 35.94 2.53

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 115 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

Soil Profile Analysis Database

Profile Code Depth(cm ESP (%) PBS(%) OM(%) C/N Ca/Mg Mg/K Ca+Mg/K K/CEC(%)
TP11 )
65-200 10.93 82.88 0.04 7.63 2.57 13.65 48.75 1.45
TP13 0-20 2.05 91.49 5.06 19.7 2.32 7.91 26.24 3.28
TP13 20-50 3.33 97.83 2.34 18.39 2.53 81.51 287.43 0.33
TP13 50-80 3.16 94.93 1.54 20.43 4.09 49.67 252.88 0.36
TP13 80-120 3.94 96.12 1.4 18.39 2.93 71.5 281.23 0.33
TP13 120-200 3.23 93.55 1.41 18.39 4 32.54 162.72 0.55
TP14 0-30 1.52 98.41 3.05 7.07 2.92 18.59 72.93 1.31
TP14 30-50 2.33 91.02 2.48 10.77 3.33 20.59 89.23 0.98
TP14 50-100 2.3 98.65 2.38 11.59 2 49.76 149.29 0.64
TP14 100-140 3.03 96.13 2 15.32 3 40.38 161.51 0.57
TP17 0-25 2.05 90.84 1.86 13.79 2.48 30.03 104.39 0.84
TP17 25-55 2.63 92.35 1.23 9.85 4.6 13.41 75.08 1.18
TP17 55-115 2.47 97.03 1.21 11.49 3.2 27.98 117.51 0.8
TP17 115-170 2.52 89.84 1.19 11.49 4.89 17.96 105.75 0.82
TP17 170-200 3 97.76 1.09 10.45 2.53 45.28 159.68 0.59
TP17 200-300 2.81 98.57 1.03 9.85 2.53 30.39 107.25 0.88
TP17 300-400 2.48 97.72 0.93 9.19 5 15.44 92.66 1.02
TP18 0-20 1.71 93.28 3.03 8.21 3.23 6.48 27.44 3.22
TP18 20-60 2.65 94.74 2.37 18.39 3.67 28.6 133.47 0.68
TP18 60-120 2.94 95.31 2.36 18.39 3.14 33.37 138.23 0.66
TP18 120-200 3.61 97.93 2.07 19.7 2.08 71.5 220.22 0.43
TP18 200-300 4.81 98.47 2.05 19.15 2.09 44.94 138.91 0.67
TP23 0-30 6.67 96.55 3.58 11.49 2 9.19 27.58 3.15
TP23 30-200 2.33 95.98 0.42 8.62 4.5 19.07 104.87 0.88
TP25 0-20 1.9 98.38 3.18 20.89 4.4 1.65 8.91 9.74
TP25 20-50 13.64 99.16 1.17 7.66 2.12 6.13 19.11 4.25
TP25 50-100 29.52 98.73 1.13 7.18 2 42.9 128.7 0.53

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 116 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

Soil Profile Analysis Database

Profile Code Depth(cm ESP (%) PBS(%) OM(%) C/N Ca/Mg Mg/K Ca+Mg/K K/CEC(%)
TP25 )
100-150 4.33 89.38 1.1 10.61 2 85.8 257.4 0.33
TP25 150-200 3.8 99.34 0.95 8.62 2.52 36.04 126.98 0.75
TP27 0-30 3.19 98.57 3.07 7.18 4.57 12.01 66.92 1.4
TP27 30-60 4.36 99.17 2.03 7.66 3.61 46.8 215.8 0.44
TP27 60-85 4.56 87.38 1.97 12.77 2.04 59.8 182 0.45
TP27 85-130 20 97.09 1.03 8.11 2.27 29.25 95.55 0.8
TP27 130-200 23 94.7 1.03 8.11 2 27.3 81.9 0.86
TP29 0-30 3.21 99.17 3.89 17.24 2.13 62.4 195 0.49
TP29 30-60 4.59 99.39 3.44 15.67 2.33 25.74 85.8 1.09
TP29 60-100 11.9 97 2.89 13.79 3.67 23.83 111.22 0.76
TP29 100-200 16.47 99.26 1.56 19.99 2.14 41.03 128.7 0.64
TP29 200-300 3.1 95.29 1.44 18.39 2.04 47.67 144.91 0.63
TP30 0-25 2 99.54 6.59 11.49 3 6.92 27.68 3.4
TP30 25-60 2.39 98.94 1.75 8.02 2.91 12.42 48.54 1.95
TP30 60-130 4.61 99.03 1.44 7.88 3.65 56.1 260.7 0.36
TP30 130-200 4.81 99.27 1.35 7.3 3.33 44.13 191.21 0.49

Annex 2: Training for Concerned staff and FRG

No Participant Number of 1st Quarter 2nd Total training days Total

participant Quarter birr/year
1 Experts 6 6 8 9,000
2 Development Agents 6 -------- 6 5 8,000
3 FRG 60 60 10 16,000
4 WUA 3 - 3 6 7,000
Sum 40000.00

Annex 3: Equipment needed for command area

[

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 117 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

No Item Unit Quantity Unit Price Total price

1. Chair No 1 600 600
2. Table No 1 800 800
3. Shovel No 2 90 180
4. Hoe No 5 90 450
5. Axe No 1 200 200
6. Rake No 5 80 400
7. Saw No 4 80 320
8. Hoe handle No 5 50 250
9. Hammer No 4 80 320
10. Sickles No 5 180 900
11. Barbed Iron Role Role 40 375 15000
12. Nail Kg 20 80 1600
13. Corrugated sheet No 30 150 4500
14. Scissor No 5 70 350
15. Gejera No 4 150 600
16. Watering can No 10 120 1200
17. Knapsack sprayer No 2 1800 3600
18. Polyteen tube kg 25 95 2375
19. Seedling tray No 20 80 1600
20. Wheel barrow No 5 1600 8000
21. Balance 10kg No 1 50 50
22. Tap meter 50 m No 2 60 120
23. Sieve 1 m meter 10 50 500
24. Weir kg 5 50 250
25. Nylon rope 50m Role 2 200 400
26. Saw bled No 20 30 600
Sum 45165.00

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 118 March, 2021
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

Annex 4: Crop Budget for the Existing Crops under Pre-Project Condition of the Yanda Dam and Irrigation Development Project
command
Maize Teff Haricot bean Mung bean
S.N Particulars Unit Unit Unit Unit
Qua Quan Quan Quan Unit price
price (in Total price (in Total price (in Total Total
ntity tity tity tity (in Birr)
Birr) Birr) Birr)
1 Variable costs 13,772.5 11,485 13,649.59 5,840.00
1.1 Human labour md 158 55 8,690.00 132 55 7,260.00 44 55 2,420.00 44.00 55.00 2,420.00
1.2 Hiring of tractors hrs 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00
1.3 Pair of oxen od 16 100 1,600.00 16 100 1600 12 100 1,200.00 12 100 1,200.00
1.4 Seed kg 25 9.7 242.50 7.5 20 150 90 10 900.00 30 12 360.00
1.5 Fertilizers and Chemicals 0.00
(a) DAP kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
(b) Urea kg 100 14.3 1430 50 14.3 715.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
(c) NPS kg 100 15.1 1510 100 15.1 1,510.00 100 15.1 1510 100 15.10 1,510.00
(d) Murate of Potash kg 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
(e) Manures kg 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
(f) Compost kg 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
(g) Chemicals kg/lt 1 250 250 1 250 250.00 1 250 250 1 250 250.00
1.6 Tools &equipment hrs 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
1.7 Miscellaneous 50 0.00 100 100
2 Fixed cost 793.625 629.25 787.5 787.5
2.1 Land tax birr 100 100 100 - - 100.00 - - 100 - - 100
2.2 Contingency (5%) birr - - 693.625 - - 529.25 - - 687.5 - - 297
Total cost (in birr) 14,566.13 12,114.25 14,437.09 6,627.50
3 Return
3.1 Yield of main product qt 35 800 28,000.00 8 2820 22,560.00 9 1800 16,200.00 6.00 2,200.00 13,200.00
3.2 Yield of by-product qt 20 300 6,000.00 6 70 420.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00
Gross return (in birr) 34,000.00 22,980.00 16,200.00 13,200.00
Net return (in birr) 19,433.88 10,865.75 1,762.91 6,572.50
Benefit Cost Ratio 19,433.88/14,566.13 = 1.33:1 10,865.75/12,114.25 = 0.896:1 1,762.91/14,437.09 = 0.12:1 6,572.50/6,627.5 = 0.99:1

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 119 March, 2020
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

…Continued

Mango Banana Forage grass Forage legumes Tomato

S.N Particulars Unit Unit Unit Unit Qu Unit Unit
Qua Quant Quanti Quan
price Total price Total price Total anti price Total price Total
ntity ity ty tity
(Birr) (Birr) (Birr) ty (Birr) (Birr)
1 Variable costs 24,005.00 43,455.00 99,215.00 12,660.00 22,620
1.1 Human labour md 253 55 13,915.00 153 55 8,415.00 85 55 4,675.00 85. 55.00 4,675.00 350 55 19,250
00
1.2 Hiring of tractors hrs 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00
1.3 Pair of oxen Day 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 16 100 1,600.00 12 100 1,200.00 0 0 0.00
1.4 Seedling/seeds No 270 25 6,750.00 1,600 20 32,000.00 360,00 0.25 90,000.00 15 300.00 4,500.00 0.25 120 30.00
0
1.5 Fertilizers & 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Chemicals
(a) DAP kg 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00
(b) Urea kg 100 14.3 1,430.00 100 14.3 1,430.00 100 14.3 1,430.00 10 14.30 1,430.00 100 14.3 1,430.00
0
(c) NPS kg 100 15.1 1,510.00 100 15.1 1,510.00 100 15.1 1,510.00 50. 15.10 755.00 100 15.1 1,510.00
00
(d) Murate of kg 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00
Potash
(e) Manures kg 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00
(f) Compost Qt 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00
(g) Chemicals kg (lt) 2 200 400.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 1.5 200 300.00
1.6 Tools&equip hrs 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00
1.7 Miscellaneous 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 Fixed cost 1,305.25 2277.75 874.88 468 1236
2.1 Land tax birr - - 100.00 - - 100 - - 100 - - 100 - - 100
2.2 Contingent (5%) birr - - 1205.25 - - 2177.75 - - 9465.75 - - 368 - - 1136
Total cost (in birr) 25,310.25 45,732.75 100,089.88 13,128.00 12,760 23,856
3 Return 638
3.1 Yield of main qt 90 1000 90,000.00 115 1000 115,000 90 1000 90,000.00 40. 600.00 24,000.00 180 550 99,000
product 00
3.2 Yield of by- qt 0 0 80 5 400.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0
product
Gross return (in birr) 90,000.00 115,400 90,000.00 24,000.00 99,000
Net return (in birr) 64,689.75 69,667.25 -10,089.88 10,872.00 75,144
Benefit Cost Ratio 64,689.75/25,310.25 = 2.53:1 69,667.25/45,732.25 = 10,089.88/100,089.88 =-010:1 10,872/13,128 = 0.828:1 75,144.00/23,856.00 = 3.14:1
Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 120 March, 2020
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

Mango Banana Forage grass Forage legumes Tomato

S.N Particulars Unit Unit Unit Unit Qu Unit Unit
Qua Quant Quanti Quan
price Total price Total price Total anti price Total price Total
ntity ity ty tity
(Birr) (Birr) (Birr) ty (Birr) (Birr)
1.52:1

…Continued

Cotton Onion Sweet potato Sorghum

S.N Particulars Unit Unit Unit Unit
Quan Unit price Quant
price Total Quantity Total Quantity price Total price Total
tity (Birr) ity
(Birr) (Birr) (Birr)
1 Variable costs 17,565.00 22,752.50 11,077.50 13580
1.1 Human labour md 215 55 11,825.00 345 55 18,975.00 140 55 7700 155 55 8525
1.2 Hiring of tractors hours 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.3 Pair of oxen days 16 100 1,600.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 16 100 1600
1.4 Seeds kg 20 50 1,000.00 3.5 125 437.50 3.5 125 437.5 10 6.5 65
1.5 Fertilizers and 0.00 0 0
manures
(a) DAP kg 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
(b) Urea kg 100 14.3 1,430.00 100 14.3 1,430.00 100 14.3 1430 100 14.3 1430
(c) NPS kg 100 15.1 1,510.00 100 15.1 1,510.00 100 15.1 1510 100 15.1 1510
(d) Murate of Potash kg 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
(e) Manures kg 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
(f) Compost kg 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
(g) Chemicals kg/lt 1 200 200.00 2 200 400.00 0 0 0 1 250 250
1.6 Tools and equipment hrs 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.7 Miscellaneous 0.00 0.00 0 200
2 Fixed cost 983.25 1433.88 658.88 784
2.1 Land tax birr - - 100 - - 100 - - 100 - - 100
2.2 Contingency (5%) birr - - 883.25 - 1142.625 - 558.88 - 684
Total cost (in birr) 18,548.25 24,186.38 11,736.38 14364
3 Return
3.1 Yield of main product qt 30 3000 90,000.00 180 1,300.00 234,000.0 100 500 50000 10 700 7000
0
3.2 Yield of by-product qt 15 25 375.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 25 310 7750
Gross return (in birr) 90,375.00 234,000.0 50,000 14750

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 121 March, 2020
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

Cotton Onion Sweet potato Sorghum

S.N Particulars Unit Unit Unit Unit
Quan Unit price Quant
price Total Quantity Total Quantity price Total price Total
tity (Birr) ity
(Birr) (Birr) (Birr)
0
Net return (in birr) 71,826.75 209,813.6 38,263.62 386
2
Benefit Cost Ratio 71,826.75/18,548.25 = 3.87:1 209.813.62/24,186.38 = 8.67:1 33,263.62/11,736.38 = 3.26:1 386.00/14,364.00 = 0.027:1

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 122 March, 2020
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

Annex 5: Crop Budget for the Proposed Crops under Post Project Condition of Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project

Maize Mung bean Haricot bean Sweet Potato

S.N Particulars Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit
Qua Quan Quant Quan
price (in Total price (in Total price (in Total price (in Total
ntity tity ity tity
Birr) Birr) Birr) Birr)
1 Variable costs 14,697.50 6,580.00 6,870.00 14,277.50
1.1 Human labour md 163 55 8690 47.00 55.00 2,585.00 47 55 2,585.00 150 55 8250
1.2 Hiring of tractors hours 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0
1.3 Pair of oxen days 16 100 1600 12 100 1,200.00 12 100 1,200.00 16 100 1600
1.4 Seeds kg 25 9.7 242.5 30 12 360.00 90 10 900.00 3.5 125 437.5
1.5 Fertilizers &manures 0.00 0
(a) DAP kg 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
(b) Urea kg 100 14.3 1430 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 100 14.3 1430
(c) NPS kg 100 15.1 1510 100 15.10 1,510.00 100 15.1 1510 100 15.1 1510
(d) Murate of Potash kg 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
(e) Manures kg 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
(f) Compost kg 1000 0.5 500 500 0.5 250.00 0 0 0 1000 0.5 500
(g) Chemicals kg/lt 1.5 250 375 1.5 250 375.00 1.5 250 375 1 250 250
1.6 Tools and equipment Br 0 0 250 0 0 200.00 0 0 200 0 0 200
1.7 Miscellaneous 100 100 100 100
2 Fixed cost 839.88 434 438.50 818.88
2.1 Land tax birr 100 100 100 100.00 100
2.2 Contingency (5%) birr - - 739.88 334 338.5 718.88
Total cost (in birr) 15,537.38 7,014.00 7,308.50 15,096.38
3 Return
3.1 Yield of main product qt 65 800 52,000.00 15.00 2,200.00 33000 20 1800 36000.00 350 500 175,000
3.2 Yield of by-product qt 23 300 6,900.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0
Gross return (in birr) 58,900.00 33,000 36000.00 175,000
Net return (in birr) 25,986 28,691.50 159,903.62
Benefit Cost Ratio 58.900.00/15,537.38 = 3.79:1 25,986.00/7,014.00 = 3.70:1 28,691.50/7,308.50 = 3.92:1 159,903.62/15,096.38 = 10.59:1

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 123 March, 2020
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

…Continued

Mango Banana Forage grass

S.N Particulars Unit Unit price Unit price Unit price
Quantity Total Quantity Total Quantity Total
(Birr) (Birr) (Birr)
1 Variable costs 31,015.00 47,365.00 99,515.00
1.1 Human labour md 365 55 20,075.00 205 55 11,275.00 85 55 4,675.00
1.2 Hiring of tractors hrs 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0
1.3 Pair of oxen days 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 16 100 1600
1.4 Seedling/seeds No/kg 270 25 6,750.00 1,600 20 32,000.00 360000 0.25 90,000.00
1.5 Fertilizers & Chemicals 0.00 0.00 0
(a) DAP kg 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0
(b) Urea kg 100 14.3 1,430.00 100 14.3 1,430.00 100 14.3 1,430.00
(c) NPS kg 100 15.1 1,510.00 100 15.1 1,510.00 100 15.1 1,510.00
(d) Murate of Potash kg 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0
(e) Manures kg 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0
(f) Compost Qt 1000 0.5 500.00 1000 0.5 500.00 0 0 0
(g) Chemicals Kg/lt 2 200 400.00 1.5 200 300.00 0 0 0
1.6 Tools and equipment hrs 0 0 250 0 0 250.00 0 0 200
1.7 Miscellaneous 100 100 100
2 Fixed cost 1,655.75 2,473.25 5,080.75
2.1 Land tax birr - - 100.00 - 100 - - 100
2.2 Contingency (5%) birr - - 1555.75 - 2373.25 - 4980.75
Total cost (in birr) 32,670.75 49,838.25 104,595.75
3 Return
3.1 Yield of main product qt 500 1000 500,000.00 550 1000 550,000 200 1000 200,000.00
3.2 Yield of by-product qt 0 0 82 5 410 0 0 0.00
Gross return (in birr) 500,000.00 550,410 200,000.00
Net return (in birr) 467,329.25 500,571.75 95,404.25
Benefit Cost Ratio 467,329.25/32,670.75 = 14.30:1 500,571.75/49,838.25 = 10.04:1 95,404.25/104,595.75 = 0.91:1

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 124 March, 2020
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

…Continued

Cotton Onion Sorghum Tomato

S.N Particulars Unit Unit Unit
Unit price Unit price
Quantity Total Quantity Total Quantity price Total Quantity price Total
(Birr) (Birr)
(Birr) (Birr)
1 Variable costs 18,280.00 24,027.50 13580.00 23670.00
1.1 Human labour md 218 55 11990 355 55 19525 160 55 8800 360 55 19800
1.2 Hiring of tractors hour 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s
1.3 Pair of oxen days 16 100 1600 0 0 0 16 100 1600 0 0 0
1.4 Seeds kg 20 50 1000 3.5 125 437.5 10 6.5 65 0.25 120 30
1.5 Fertilizers &manures 0 0 0 0
(a) DAP kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(b) Urea kg 100 14.3 1430 100 14.3 1430 100 14.3 1430 100 14.3 1430
(c) NPS kg 100 15.1 1510 100 15.1 1510 100 15.1 1510 100 15.1 1510
(d) Murate of Potash kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(e) Manures kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(f) Compost kg 500 0.5 250 750 0.5 375 1000 0.5 500 500 0.5 250
(g) Chemicals kg/lt 1 200 200 2 200 400 1 250 250 1.5 200 300
1.6 Tools and equipment hrs 0 0 200 0 0 250 0 0 200 0 0 250
1.7 Miscellaneous 100 100 100 100
2 Fixed cost 1,031.5 1,306.38 784 1288.5
2.1 Land tax birr - - 100 - - 100 - - 100 - - 100
2.2 Contingency (5%) birr - - 931.50 - 1,206.38 14,377.50 - 684 - - 1188.5
Total cost (in birr) 19,31 25,333.88 718.88 14364 12760 24958.5
1.5
3 Return 638
3.1 Yield of main product qt 55 3000 165,000.00 450 1300 585,000.00 40 700 28000 550 550 302500
3.2 Yield of by-product qt 16 25 400.00 0 0 0.00 27 310 8370 0 0
Gross return (in birr) 165,400.00 585,000.00 36370 302500
Net return (in birr) 146,088.50 559,666.12 22006 277542
Benefit Cost Ratio 87,232.03/32,647.97 = 7.57:1 559,66612/25,333.88 = 22.09:1 22,006.00/14,364.00 = 1.53:1 277,541.00/24,958.00 = 11.12:1

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 125 March, 2020
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation Agronomy
Final Report

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 126 March, 2020
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation
Agronomy
Final Report

Annex 6: Crop Water Requirements of Individual Dry Season and Perennial crops

MAIZE
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Jan 1 Init 0.3 1.55 9.3 0 9.3
Jan 2 Init 0.3 1.58 15.8 0 15.8
Jan 3 Deve 0.36 1.98 21.8 0 21.8
Feb 1 Deve 0.61 3.43 34.3 0 34.3
Feb 2 Deve 0.86 4.97 49.7 0 49.7
Feb 3 Deve 1.08 6.34 50.7 0.1 50.6
Mar 1 Mid 1.23 7.41 74.1 4.3 69.8
Mar 2 Mid 1.24 7.58 75.8 6.4 69.4
Mar 3 Mid 1.24 7.21 79.3 11.5 67.7
Apr 1 Mid 1.24 6.78 67.8 19.3 48.5
Apr 2 Late 1.07 5.57 55.7 25.3 30.4
Apr 3 Late 0.76 3.82 38.2 20.6 17.7
May 1 Late 0.47 2.27 20.4 13.1 5.8
593 100.7 490.8
TOMATO
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Feb 2 Init 0.6 3.49 20.9 0 20.9
Feb 3 Init 0.6 3.53 28.2 0.1 28.1
Mar 1 Init 0.6 3.61 36.1 4.3 31.9
Mar 2 Deve 0.67 4.11 41.1 6.4 34.7
Mar 3 Deve 0.84 4.88 53.7 11.5 42.2
Apr 1 Deve 1.01 5.51 55.1 19.3 35.8
Apr 2 Mid 1.14 5.94 59.4 25.3 34.1
Apr 3 Mid 1.16 5.79 57.9 20.6 37.3
May 1 Mid 1.16 5.56 55.6 14.6 41
May 2 Mid 1.16 5.33 53.3 11 42.3
May 3 Late 1.14 5.05 55.5 7.5 48
Jun 1 Late 1.04 4.44 44.4 1.5 43
Jun 2 Late 0.94 3.85 38.5 0 38.5
Jun 3 Late 0.84 3.42 30.8 0 30.7
630.5 122.2 508.4
ONION
Decad Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Stage
e coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Jan 1 Init 0.7 3.63 21.8 0 21.8
Jan 2 Init 0.7 3.7 37 0 37
Jan 3 Deve 0.7 3.84 42.2 0 42.2
Feb 1 Deve 0.78 4.39 43.9 0 43.9
Feb 2 Deve 0.89 5.15 51.5 0 51.5
Feb 3 Deve 0.98 5.77 46.2 0.1 46

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 127 March, 2021
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SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation
Agronomy
Final Report

Decad Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.

Month Stage
e coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Mar 1 Mid 1.06 6.39 63.9 4.3 59.6
Mar 2 Mid 1.07 6.56 65.6 6.4 59.2
Mar 3 Mid 1.07 6.24 68.6 11.5 57.1
Apr 1 Late 1.07 5.87 58.7 19.3 39.4
Apr 2 Late 1.04 5.4 54 25.3 28.7
Apr 3 Late 0.99 4.94 44.5 18.5 23.9
597.7 85.5 510.1
SWEET POTATO
Mont Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Decade Stage
h coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Jan 2 Init 0.35 1.85 11.1 0 11.1
Jan 3 Init 0.35 1.91 21 0 21
Feb 1 Init 0.35 1.97 19.7 0 19.7
Feb 2 Deve 0.5 2.91 29.1 0 29.1
Feb 3 Deve 0.75 4.39 35.1 0.1 35
Mar 1 Deve 0.99 5.97 59.7 4.3 55.5
Mar 2 Mid 1.21 7.4 74 6.4 67.6
Mar 3 Mid 1.22 7.13 78.4 11.5 66.9
Apr 1 Mid 1.22 6.71 67.1 19.3 47.8
Apr 2 Mid 1.22 6.38 63.8 25.3 38.4
Apr 3 Mid 1.22 6.13 61.3 20.6 40.8
May 1 Late 1.17 5.6 56 14.6 41.4
May 2 Late 1 4.63 46.3 11 35.2
May 3 Late 0.83 3.7 40.7 7.5 33.2
Jun 1 Late 0.72 3.07 9.2 0.4 8.5
672.5 121.1 551
BANANA
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Jan 1 Init 0.5 2.59 15.5 0 15.5
Jan 2 Init 0.5 2.64 26.4 0 26.4
Jan 3 Init 0.5 2.73 30 0 30
Feb 1 Init 0.5 2.82 28.2 0 28.2
Feb 2 Init 0.5 2.9 29 0 29
Feb 3 Init 0.5 2.94 23.5 0.1 23.4
Mar 1 Init 0.5 3.01 30.1 4.3 25.8
Mar 2 Init 0.5 3.06 30.6 6.4 24.2
Mar 3 Init 0.5 2.91 32 11.5 20.5
Apr 1 Deve 0.51 2.78 27.8 19.3 8.5
Apr 2 Deve 0.54 2.83 28.3 25.3 2.9
Apr 3 Deve 0.58 2.91 29.1 20.6 8.5
May 1 Deve 0.62 2.97 29.7 14.6 15.1
May 2 Deve 0.66 3.02 30.2 11 19.2
May 3 Deve 0.69 3.09 33.9 7.5 26.4

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 128 March, 2021
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SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation
Agronomy
Final Report

Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.

Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Jun 1 Deve 0.73 3.14 31.4 1.5 29.9
Jun 2 Deve 0.77 3.17 31.7 0 31.7
Jun 3 Deve 0.81 3.3 33 0 32.9
Jul 1 Deve 0.85 3.42 34.2 0.1 34
Jul 2 Deve 0.88 3.54 35.4 0 35.4
Jul 3 Deve 0.92 3.83 42.1 0 42.1
Aug 1 Deve 0.96 4.13 41.3 0 41.3
Aug 2 Deve 1 4.43 44.3 0 44.3
Aug 3 Deve 1.04 4.73 52.1 0.1 52
Sep 1 Deve 1.08 5.05 50.5 2 48.5
Sep 2 Mid 1.11 5.35 53.5 3 50.5
Sep 3 Mid 1.12 5.31 53.1 5.9 47.2
Oct 1 Mid 1.12 5.25 52.5 10.5 42
Oct 2 Mid 1.12 5.19 51.9 14 37.9
Oct 3 Mid 1.12 5.2 57.2 10.5 46.8
Nov 1 Late 1.1 5.13 51.3 5.7 45.6
Nov 2 Late 1.07 4.99 49.9 2.6 47.2
Nov 3 Late 1.04 4.95 49.5 1.8 47.7
1239.2 178.4 1060.7
MANGO
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Jan 1 Init 0.93 4.83 29 0 19.3
Jan 2 Init 0.5 2.64 26.4 0 26.4
Jan 3 Init 0.5 2.73 30 0 30
Feb 1 Init 0.5 2.82 28.2 0 28.2
Feb 2 Init 0.5 2.9 29 0 29
Feb 3 Init 0.5 2.94 23.5 0.1 23.4
Mar 1 Init 0.5 3.01 30.1 4.3 25.8
Mar 2 Init 0.5 3.06 30.6 6.4 24.2
Mar 3 Init 0.5 2.91 32 11.5 20.5
Apr 1 Deve 0.51 2.82 28.2 19.3 8.8
Apr 2 Deve 0.58 3.02 30.2 25.3 4.8
Apr 3 Deve 0.65 3.24 32.4 20.6 11.9
May 1 Deve 0.72 3.45 34.5 14.6 19.9
May 2 Deve 0.79 3.62 36.2 11 25.2
May 3 Deve 0.86 3.81 41.9 7.5 34.4
Jun 1 Deve 0.93 3.98 39.8 1.5 38.3
Jun 2 Deve 1 4.1 41 0 41
Jun 3 Deve 1.07 4.35 43.5 0 43.5
Jul 1 Mid 1.12 4.52 45.2 0.1 45
Jul 2 Mid 1.12 4.49 44.9 0 44.9
Jul 3 Mid 1.12 4.64 51.1 0 51.1
Aug 1 Mid 1.12 4.8 48 0 48
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Agronomy
Final Report

Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.

Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Aug 2 Mid 1.12 4.96 49.6 0 49.6
Aug 3 Mid 1.12 5.1 56.1 0.1 56
Sep 1 Mid 1.12 5.24 52.4 2 50.4
Sep 2 Mid 1.12 5.38 53.8 3 50.8
Sep 3 Mid 1.12 5.32 53.2 5.9 47.3
Oct 1 Late 1.11 5.22 52.2 10.5 41.7
Oct 2 Late 1.09 5.07 50.7 14 36.7
Oct 3 Late 1.07 4.98 54.7 10.5 44.3
Nov 1 Late 1.05 4.89 48.9 5.7 43.2
Nov 2 Late 1.03 4.8 48 2.6 45.4
Nov 3 Late 1.01 4.81 48.1 1.8 46.4
Dec 1 Late 0.99 4.82 48.2 0.1 48.1
Dec 2 Late 0.97 4.83 48.3 0 48.3
Dec 3 Late 0.95 4.82 53 0 53
Jan 1 Late 0.93 4.83 19.3 0 19.3
1512.3 178.5 1324.1
FORAGE

Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.

Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Jan 1 Init 0.96 4.98 29.9 0 19.9
Jan 2 Init 0.9 4.75 47.5 0 47.5
Jan 3 Init 0.9 4.91 54 0 54
Feb 1 Init 0.9 5.07 50.7 0 50.7
Feb 2 Init 0.9 5.23 52.3 0 52.3
Feb 3 Init 0.9 5.29 42.3 0.1 42.2
Mar 1 Init 0.9 5.42 54.2 4.3 49.9
Mar 2 Init 0.9 5.51 55.1 6.4 48.7
Mar 3 Init 0.9 5.24 57.6 11.5 46.1
Apr 1 Init 0.9 4.93 49.3 19.3 30
Apr 2 Init 0.9 4.69 46.9 25.3 21.5
Apr 3 Init 0.9 4.51 45.1 20.6 24.5
May 1 Init 0.9 4.33 43.3 14.6 28.7
May 2 Init 0.9 4.15 41.5 11 30.4
May 3 Deve 0.9 4.01 44.1 7.5 36.6
Jun 1 Deve 0.91 3.9 39 1.5 37.5
Jun 2 Deve 0.92 3.78 37.8 0 37.8
Jun 3 Deve 0.93 3.79 37.9 0 37.9
Jul 1 Deve 0.94 3.8 38 0.1 37.8
Jul 2 Deve 0.95 3.8 38 0 38
Jul 3 Mid 0.96 3.97 43.6 0 43.6
Aug 1 Mid 0.96 4.1 41 0 41
Aug 2 Mid 0.96 4.24 42.4 0 42.4
Aug 3 Mid 0.96 4.36 47.9 0.1 47.8

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 130 March, 2021
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SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation
Agronomy
Final Report

Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.

Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Sep 1 Mid 0.96 4.48 44.8 2 42.8
Sep 2 Mid 0.96 4.6 46 3 43
Sep 3 Mid 0.96 4.55 45.5 5.9 39.6
Oct 1 Mid 0.96 4.49 44.9 10.5 34.4
Oct 2 Mid 0.96 4.44 44.4 14 30.4
Oct 3 Mid 0.96 4.45 49 10.5 38.5
Nov 1 Mid 0.96 4.46 44.6 5.7 38.9
Nov 2 Mid 0.96 4.46 44.6 2.6 42
Nov 3 Late 0.96 4.58 45.8 1.8 44.1
Dec 1 Late 0.96 4.69 46.9 0.1 46.7
Dec 2 Late 0.96 4.79 47.9 0 47.9
Dec 3 Late 0.96 4.88 53.7 0 53.7
Jan 1 Late 0.96 4.98 19.9 0 19.9
1657.3 178.5 1468.8

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 131 March, 2021
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Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation
Agronomy
Final Report

Annex 7: Crop Water Requirements of Individual Wet (second) Season crops

COTTON
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Jul 1 Init 0.35 1.41 8.5 0.1 8.4
Jul 2 Init 0.35 1.4 14 0 14
Jul 3 Deve 0.36 1.48 16.2 0 16.2
Aug 1 Deve 0.51 2.2 22 0 22
Aug 2 Deve 0.73 3.22 32.2 0 32.2
Aug 3 Deve 0.96 4.35 47.8 0.1 47.7
Sep 1 Mid 1.17 5.47 54.7 2 52.7
Sep 2 Mid 1.21 5.84 58.4 3 55.4
Sep 3 Mid 1.21 5.77 57.7 5.9 51.8
Oct 1 Mid 1.21 5.71 57.1 10.5 46.5
Oct 2 Mid 1.21 5.64 56.4 14 42.4
Oct 3 Late 1.2 5.58 61.3 10.5 50.9
Nov 1 Late 1.05 4.9 49 5.7 43.4
Nov 2 Late 0.88 4.11 41.1 2.6 38.5
Nov 3 Late 0.71 3.39 33.9 1.8 32.2
Dec 1 Late 0.62 3.01 3 0 3
613.5 56.2 557.4
MAIZE
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
May 2 Init 0.3 1.38 8.3 6.6 2.8
May 3 Init 0.3 1.33 14.7 7.5 7.2
Jun 1 Deve 0.37 1.57 15.7 1.5 14.2
Jun 2 Deve 0.6 2.46 24.6 0 24.6
Jun 3 Deve 0.84 3.42 34.2 0 34.2
Jul 1 Deve 1.08 4.36 43.6 0.1 43.5
Jul 2 Mid 1.21 4.85 48.5 0 48.5
Jul 3 Mid 1.21 5.02 55.3 0 55.3
Aug 1 Mid 1.21 5.19 51.9 0 51.9
Aug 2 Late 1.2 5.33 53.3 0 53.3
Aug 3 Late 0.97 4.44 48.8 0.1 48.7
Sep 1 Late 0.66 3.1 31 2 29
Sep 2 Late 0.42 2.04 12.2 1.8 10.7
442.1 19.6 423.9

HARICOT BEAN
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Aug 1 Init 0.4 1.71 17.1 0 17.1
Aug 2 Init 0.4 1.77 17.7 0 17.7
Aug 3 Deve 0.55 2.51 27.6 0.1 27.5
Sep 1 Deve 0.82 3.83 38.3 2 36.3

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 132 March, 2021
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SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation
Agronomy
Final Report

Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.

Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Sep 2 Mid 1.07 5.14 51.4 3 48.4
Sep 3 Mid 1.16 5.51 55.1 5.9 49.2
Oct 1 Mid 1.16 5.45 54.5 10.5 44
Oct 2 Mid 1.16 5.39 53.9 14 39.9
Oct 3 Late 1.02 4.76 52.3 10.5 41.9
Nov 1 Late 0.54 2.51 20.1 4.5 14.4
388 50.6 336.4
MUNG BEAN
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Jul 1 Init 0.4 1.62 16.2 0.1 16
Jul 2 Init 0.4 1.6 16 0 16
Jul 3 Deve 0.55 2.29 25.2 0 25.2
Aug 1 Deve 0.82 3.51 35.1 0 35.1
Aug 2 Mid 1.07 4.73 47.3 0 47.3
Aug 3 Mid 1.16 5.29 58.1 0.1 58
Sep 1 Mid 1.16 5.43 54.3 2 52.3
Sep 2 Late 1.14 5.46 54.6 3 51.6
Sep 3 Late 0.63 3.01 24.1 4.7 18.2
331 10 319.8
ONION

Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.

Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Aug 1 Init 0.7 3 30 0 30
Aug 2 Init 0.7 3.1 31 0 31
Aug 3 Deve 0.72 3.28 36 0.1 35.9
Sep 1 Deve 0.82 3.83 38.3 2 36.3
Sep 2 Deve 0.92 4.42 44.2 3 41.2
Sep 3 Mid 1.02 4.86 48.6 5.9 42.7
Oct 1 Mid 1.06 4.97 49.7 10.5 39.2
Oct 2 Mid 1.06 4.92 49.2 14 35.2
Oct 3 Mid 1.06 4.92 54.2 10.5 43.7
Nov 1 Late 1.05 4.87 48.7 5.7 43
Nov 2 Late 1 4.66 46.6 2.6 43.9
Nov 3 Late 0.97 4.61 13.8 0.5 13
490.3 54.9 435.1
SORGHUM
Irr.
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Req.
Month Decade Stage
mm/ mm/ mm/ mm/
coeff day dec dec dec
May 2 Init 0.3 1.38 8.3 6.6 2.8
May 3 Init 0.3 1.33 14.7 7.5 7.2
Jun 1 Deve 0.31 1.3 13 1.5 11.6
Jun 2 Deve 0.43 1.78 17.8 0 17.8

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 133 March, 2021
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SNNPRS, Irrigation Construction and Schemes Administration Agency Volume III-Part I
Yanda Dam and Irrigation Project Agricultural Planning and Irrigation
Agronomy
Final Report
Irr.
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Req.
Month Decade Stage
mm/ mm/ mm/ mm/
coeff day dec dec dec
Jun 3 Deve 0.61 2.49 24.9 0 24.9
Jul 1 Deve 0.79 3.19 31.9 0.1 31.8
Jul 2 Mid 0.96 3.86 38.6 0 38.6
Jul 3 Mid 1.01 4.2 46.2 0 46.2
Aug 1 Mid 1.01 4.34 43.4 0 43.4
Aug 2 Mid 1.01 4.49 44.9 0 44.9
Aug 3 Mid 1.01 4.61 50.8 0.1 50.6
Sep 1 Late 1 4.66 46.6 2 44.6
Sep 2 Late 0.84 4.06 40.6 3 37.5
Sep 3 Late 0.66 3.16 31.6 5.9 25.7
Oct 1 Late 0.57 2.66 2.7 1.1 2.7
455.9 27.8 430.2
TOMATO
Kc ETc ETc Eff rain Irr. Req.
Month Decade Stage
coeff mm/day mm/dec mm/dec mm/dec
Aug 2 Init 0.6 2.66 15.9 0 15.9
Aug 3 Init 0.6 2.73 30.1 0.1 30
Sep 1 Deve 0.6 2.83 28.3 2 26.3
Sep 2 Deve 0.72 3.46 34.6 3 31.6
Sep 3 Deve 0.88 4.18 41.8 5.9 35.9
Oct 1 Deve 1.04 4.89 48.9 10.5 38.3
Oct 2 Mid 1.16 5.36 53.6 14 39.6
Oct 3 Mid 1.16 5.4 59.4 10.5 48.9
Nov 1 Mid 1.16 5.4 54 5.7 48.4
Nov 2 Mid 1.16 5.41 54.1 2.6 51.5
Nov 3 Late 1.12 5.37 53.7 1.8 51.9
Dec 1 Late 1.03 5.01 50.1 0.1 50
Dec 2 Late 0.93 4.63 46.3 0 46.3
Dec 3 Late 0.84 4.29 30 0 30
600.8 56.2 544.6

Annex 8: Current land suitability of surface Irrigation and proposed crops

S1 S2 S3 N1 N2 River Swamp
Irrigation and Are
crop types Area Area Area Area Area Area
a % % % % % % %
(ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)
(ha)
Surface 2274. 32. 702. 205. 2. 229. 3.
0 0 3659 51.7 0 0 9.9
irrigation 7 2 4 7 9 3 2
702. 205. 2. 229. 3.
Banana 0 0 429.9 6 1024.9 14.5 4478.9 63.3 9.9
7 7 9 3 2
702. 10. 205. 2. 229. 3.
Haricot bean 0 0 0 0 438.6 6.2 5495.2 77.7
7 5 7 9 3 2
2018. 28. 702. 205. 2. 229. 3.
Maize 0 0 3501.8 49.5 413.6 5.8 9.9
4 5 7 7 9 3 2
702. 205. 2. 229. 3.
Mango 0 0 429.9 6.1 1093 15.5 4410.8 62.4 9.9
7 7 9 3 2
1824. 25. 324. 205. 2. 229. 3.
Sorghum 0 0 1934.4 27.3 2554.7 36.1 4.6
8 8 5 7 9 3 2
Onion 0 0 0 0 1188.8 16.8 4789 67.7 658. 9.3 205. 2. 229. 3.

Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation 134 March, 2021
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S1 S2 S3 N1 N2 River Swamp
Irrigation and Are
crop types Area Area Area Area Area Area
a % % % % % % %
(ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)
(ha)
6 7 9 3 2
702. 205. 2. 229. 3.
Sweet potato 0 0 427.7 6 3329.5 47.1 2176.5 30.8 9.9
7 7 9 3 2
324. 205. 2. 229. 3.
Tomato 0 0 429.9 6.1 1093 15.5 4789 67.7 4.6
5 7 9 3 2
324. 205. 2. 229. 3.
Forages 0 0 516.3 7.3 3241 45.8 2554.7 36.1 4.6
5 7 9 3 2
324. 205. 2. 229. 3.
Cotton 0 0 420.5 5.9 3336.8 47.2 2554.7 36.1 4.6
5 7 9 3 2

Annex 9: Potential land suitability of surface Irrigation and proposed crops

Irrigation and S1 S2 S3 N1 N2 River Swamp

crop types Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area %
(ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha)
Surface 655.6 9.3 2187. 30. 3091 43. 0 0 702.4 9.9 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
irrigation 1 9 7 9 2
Banana 0 0 3323. 47 2988. 42. 0 0 324.5 4.6 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
8 1 3 9 2
Haricot bean 779.7 11 2663 37. 1406. 19. 1084. 9 702.7 10. 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
7 7 9 3 5 9 2
Maize 1634. 23. 4299. 60. 0 0 0 0 702.7 9.9 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
6 1 2 8 9 2
Mango 0 0 3316. 46. 2995. 42. 0 0 324.5 4.6 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
7 9 2 4 9 2
Sorghum 483.3 6.8 4993. 70. 835.2 11. 0 0 324.5 4.6 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
4 6 8 9 2
Onion 0 0 5854. 82. 457 6.5 0 0 324.5 4.6 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
9 8 9 2
Sweet potato 0 0 5854. 82. 457 6.5 0 0 324.5 4.6 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
9 8 9 2
Tomato 0 0 5624. 79. 685.9 9.7 0 0 324.5 4.6 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
1 6 9 2
Forages 86.4 1.2 5539. 78. 685.9 9.7 0 0 324.5 4.6 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
7 3 9 2
Cotton 758.9 10. 2462 34. 3091 43. 0 0 324.5 4.6 205.7 2. 229.3 3.
7 8 7 9 2
S1=Highly suitable, S2=Moderately suitable, S3=Partially suitable, N1=Temporarly unsuitable and
N2=Permanently unsuitable

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