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10 Ghz Optical Modulator using CPS structure for communication and
Sensing
To cite this article: P. Daud et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 622 012018
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3rd MRS-ID meeting 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 622 (2019) 012018 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012018
10 Ghz Optical Modulator using CPS structure for
communication and Sensing
P.Daud1*, D.P. Kurniadi1, D. Mahmudin1, Y.N. Wijayanto1, P.Putranto1,
E.J.Pristianto1, A.Nurrahman1,Andriana2, Zulkarnaen2,O.Vertus2
1
ResearchCenter for Electronics and Telecommunication (PPET), Indonesian Institute
of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Electro, Universitas Langlangbuana, Bandung, Indonesia
Abstract. The combination of of wireless millimeter-wave (MMW) bands and fiber optic cables
is able to compensate the propagation loss of millimeter waves in broadband communications
and high-resolution imaging. This paper discusses the design and the realization of optical
modulator using coplanar stripline (CPS) structure completed with the u-slot antenna patch for
RF signal input. The substrate used for CPS structure is Lithium Niobat (LiNbO3) due to its
large electro optical coefficient. A 10 Ghz radio wave frequency is inputted via microstrip u-
slot antenna patch array 2 x 1 with input impedance 50 Ω, and acceptable return loss -10 dB. The
light waves for the carrier are generated from the laser diode. Several measurements have been
completely done and reported. The design is carried out by means of varying physical variable
value which results in specification of the operating frequency 10 GHz. This is a pure research
since the obtained results are not directly applied to the radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology.
Keywords: Coplanar Stripline(CPS), Radio over Fiber, Radio Wave (RF), light wave, optical
modulator
1. Introduction
Wireless telecommunication system is increasingly growing [1]. This made radio frequency (RF) band
is getting crowded so that the frequency usage is increasingly shifting to millimeter wave (MMW) / 30
GHz - 300 GHz wavelength and light waves (LW). One of the applications of RF–LW interaction
whichis important in the telecommunications system is a device or circuit module called converter or
better known as optical modulator. This converter has several advantages such as having low induction
effect and low power consumption. This device usually be applied in telecommunication systems with
wide bandwidth and in electromagnetic field measurement systems with low induction effects.
The use of a millimeter-wave (MMW) band optical modulator for wireless telecommunications
systems combined with fiber optic cables can also compensate the propagation loss of high-frequency
band (millimeters-wave band) which is used for broadband communications and high resolution
imaging.MMW wireless technology is promising for fifth generation (5G) mobile communication
systems due to its outstanding characteristics for broadband data transfer and massive connection
capability. MMW is also important for high-resolution radar, remote sensing, and imaging systems.
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3rd MRS-ID meeting 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 622 (2019) 012018 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012018
Therefore, studies on MMW components, devices, and sub-systems have recently been attracting a lot
of researchers. However, MMW is not suitable for long distance (>10 km) free-space transmission since
it has a large propagation loss in air [2]. Radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology is a solution to connect
many cells over a small coverage area by the use of extremely low-loss silica fibers (~0.2 dB/km at 𝜆 =
1550 nm) in wireless MMW communication systems [3]. Moreover, RoF technology is useful for radar
and sensing application systems. In MMW RoF systems, a signal conversion device from MMW to LW
is significant. We have proposed several devices for converting MMW signals to LW signals using
planar antennas and electro-optic (EO) crystals [4,5]. Although MMW has positive advantages for
communication system, microwave (MW) is still better for long distance because of its small
propagation loss.
In this paper, a new EO integrated modulator using 4 coplanar stripline array structure is proposed.
With array structure, the gain of the electric field induced across the narrow gap for optical modulation
are all increased. Therefore, the conversion efficiency from RF to LW is expected to be improved.
2. Theorem
2.1. Coplanar Stripline
There are several kind of exploitable structures to make an optical modulator. One among them is
resonator electrode structure [6]. The main idea of this structure is that once the light wave enter the
structure at passband frequency of the resonator, the electro-optic effect occurred and resulted in changes
of refraction index. In the design, the utilized resonator electrode structure is Coplanar Stripline (CPS).
CPS consists of substrate with 2 conductor plates arranged parallel and separated by a tiny space. The
advantages of CPS are the ability to be put in series or shunt and that it is a balance transmission channel
[3,7].
The characteristics of CPS are small losses, little distortion, insensitive to substrate thickness, and
easy to build in either open-ended or short-ended [7,8]. To obtain the width of the conductor plate and
the distance between both conductors, the equation below is given.To calculate the distance between
conductor plates (W) is expressed as following equations, when the width of conductor plate (S).
𝑊 10 𝑆 10
ℎ
≤ 1+𝑙𝑛 𝜀 and ℎ ≤ 3(1+𝑙𝑛 𝜀𝑟 )
(1)
𝑟
where, h is the substrate thickness (mm) and r is the relative dielectric constant.
Hence,
𝑆 = 𝑊 × 𝐺(𝜀𝑟 , ℎ, 𝑍0 , 𝑊) (2)
With
−1
1 60𝜋 2 1 60√2𝜋
𝐺 = [8 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝑍 0.5 ) − 2] for 𝑍0 ≤ (𝜀 0.5
(3)
0 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑟+1)
0.5 0.5
1 𝑍0 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑍0 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 60√2𝜋
𝐺= exp ( ) + exp (− )for 𝑍0 > (𝜀 0.5
(4)
4 120 120 𝑟 +1)
Where
𝜀𝑟 − 1
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝜀𝑟 , ℎ, 𝑍0 , 𝑊 ) = 𝑇1 × (1 + 𝑇) (5)
𝑍0 𝜀𝑟 + 1)0.5 2
(
2
3rd MRS-ID meeting 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 622 (2019) 012018 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012018
With
𝑇1 = 1 +
𝑍02 𝜀𝑟7 𝑊 𝑊 (6)
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ { 3 8
× 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [(1 + 0.0004𝜀𝑟 𝑍0 ) 𝑙𝑛 ( )]}
720𝜋 (𝜀𝑟 + 1) ℎ ℎ
And
1+𝑔
𝑇2 = 84.85𝑙𝑛 (2 1−𝑔)for0.841 ≤ 𝑔 ≤ 1,
(7)
𝑇2 =
837.5
0.25 for0 < 𝑔 ≤ 0.841, (8)
1+(1−𝑔4 )
𝑙𝑛(2 0.25 )
1−(1−𝑔4 )
0.5 (9)
π(1+Q)W πW
exp ( ) -exp ( )
2h 2h
g= { }
π(2+Q)W
exp ( 2h ) -1
𝑄 = 𝐺 |𝜀 𝜀 (10)
𝑒𝑓𝑓= 𝑟+1
2
where 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 = effective relative dielectric constant, Z0 = line characteristic impedance (ohm). The CPS
arm length can be obtained by using the equation (11).
𝑐
𝐿𝑐𝑝𝑠 = (11)
2𝑓√𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
2.2. Transmission Line Dimension
A microstrip-type transmission line consists of 2 conductors which are a plate with width W, and ground
plane. Both of them are separated by substrate which has 𝜀𝑟 with thicknessℎ.Because Z0 is given, width
of the microstrip line can be derived by the equation below.
𝑊 8𝑒 𝐴 𝑊
ℎ
=
𝑒 2𝐴 −2
for < 2
ℎ
(12)
𝑊
=
2ℎ
{𝐵 − 1 − ln(2𝐵 − 1) +
𝜀𝑟 −1
[ln(𝐵 − 1) + 0,39 −
0,61 𝑊
]}for ℎ > 2 (13)
ℎ 𝜋 2𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑟
𝑍0 𝜀𝑟 + 1 𝜀𝑟 − 1 0,11
(14)
𝐴= √ + (0.23 + )
60 2 𝜀𝑟 + 1 𝜀𝑟
𝐵=
377𝜋 (15)
2𝑍0 √𝜀𝑟
The effective relative dielectric constant of microstrip lines can be determined by the equation below
[2].
𝜀𝑟 + 1 𝜀𝑟 − 1 1
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
2
+
2 √1 + 12ℎ/𝑊 (16)
2.3. Array Structure
Array structure is a structure that allows several components to be used simultaneously. In this design,
T-Junction is used as divider circuit producing a parallel impedance distribution. Inputs are distributed
with a pair of output lines so that the input impedance equivalent with the parallel circuit impedance in
the output line [7].
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3rd MRS-ID meeting 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 622 (2019) 012018 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012018
2.4. Matching Imepdance Technique
Matching impedance technique is used to adjust the different impedances which are line characteristic
impedance (𝑍0 ) and load impedance (𝑍𝑙 ). In this design, transformer 𝜆/4 is used as impedance matching
technique in the transmission line. The length of transformer 𝜆/4 line is gained by this equation [4,6].
𝜆𝑔
𝑙𝑓 = (17)
4
𝜆𝑔 =
𝜆0
=
𝑐 (18)
√𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑓√𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
3. Designing and Simulation
In this section, we will show the design, simulation, realization and measurement results, from
prototypes of the antenna and optical modulator that the authors created.
3.1. Simulation of Antenna Patch U-Slot
In a microstrip slot the inductive coupling antenna is induced from the supply line to the slot. The greater
coupling effect that occurs will reduce the circuit quality factor. The decreasing quality of the circuit
quality factor will increase the bandwidth [9].
Figure 1. TheVSWR of antena Inset-Fed Arraywith U-Slot
Figure 2. Design of Inset-Fed Antenna Arrays Figure 3. Realization ofInset-Fed Arrays with
with U-SlotsAntenna U-Slots
3.2. Simulation of Optical Modulator
The opticalmodulator consists of 4 CPS modules which are calculated to generate impedance values is
shown in Fig. 4. The substrate used is Lithium Niobat (LiNbO3) which has a large electro optical
coefficient;[ [6,10,11]. Frequency of radio waves (RF) to be used for 10 Ghz which is planned to be fed
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3rd MRS-ID meeting 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 622 (2019) 012018 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012018
through Microstrip Patch-u slot 2 x 1 array antennas. Light wave used for carrier is generated from laser
diode with wavelength 1550 nm.
The simulation of optical modulator using electromagnetic simulation software application [4] and
the simulation results are shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that frequency response shown by S11 parameter
at 10 Ghz optical modulator works well with value of 90 dBm.
Figure 4. Designof Optical Modulator Structure 4x1 Array
Figure 5. Graph S11 optimum optical modulator result of 4x1 array
The modulator design is depicted in Fig. 6. On the left hand side, there is a discrete modulator where
the microstrip patch and the CPS are separated by a cable. On the right hand side, there is a compact
structure of integrated modulator consists of CPS that is united with the patch, without using a cable.
Figure 6. Block design of Discrete modulator and Integrated Modulator
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3rd MRS-ID meeting 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 622 (2019) 012018 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012018
4. Measurement and Analysis
The measurement detail of the fabricated antenna as shown in figure 3. isnot reported here , but the
simulation result can be seen in figure 1.that the antenna is operated for 10GHz microwave bands and
has VSWR 1.1. The measurement result of integratedmodulator using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
can be seen infigure77. Based on this results, the both devices can be used and integrated between the
patch antenna and optical modulator for receiving wireless 10GHz microwave bands and converting it
to lightwave signals.
Figure 7. Frequency Response Measurement Results from Optical Modulator
5. Conclusion
The 10 GHz integrated optical modulator with CPS 2x1 array antenna has been made and evaluated. By
analyzing the frequency response, it can be concluded that this system works well according to the
simulation. The array structure can reduce the return loss, the more array structure used, the smaller of
the return loss generated. With the decrease in return loss, the power received by the device approaches
the power provided by the source. The CPS gap is related to capacitance so that the gap change from
CPS can emit the change of the working frequency and impedance of the optical modulator. With the
change of the impedance, the changes will affects to the return loss. In the future we will reported of the
antenna measurement detail and combine both with the modulator measurement.
Acknowledgement
This research activity was conducted as part of the research project “Realization of light-based integrated
sensor lighting sensors for heavy metal detection of industrial waste ”through INSINAS research
program 2018 from the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of
Indonesia.
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3rd MRS-ID meeting 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 622 (2019) 012018 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012018
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