INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH

R. Deshpande and M.S. Raviprakasha Vol.8, No.4, December, 2018

Power Quality Analysis of Electrical Distribution

Systems with Asynchronous Generators
Raghvendraprasad Deshpande*‡, M. S. Raviprakasha*

*Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, Karnataka, India- 573201
([email protected], [email protected])

‡
Corresponding Author: Raghvendraprasad Deshpande, Research Scholar, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engiering,
Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, Tel: +91 953 864 7166, [email protected]

Received: 04.10.2018 Accepted:07.11.2018

Abstract- In recent times, it has been observed that the implementation of efficient Distribution Systems are the back bone of
smart grids. Further, the need of the hour is to realize a more flexible system involving energy savings and encouraging
environmental factors leading to development of Distributed Generation Systems (DGs), which are expected to play an
important role in efficient operation. In this context, efforts are made to determine the effect of DGs on the electrical
distribution networks. Different electrical configurations of asynchronous generator - wind turbines have been considered
leading to an algorithm developed to determine the influence of optimally placed DGs at various buses in the system. The
system is analyzed through different Power Quality Indices (PQIs), which are calculated by applying probability concepts, that
overcome the limitations associated with traditional methods of calculations. Additionally, a new PQI based on Total Demand
Distortion (TDD) is also presented. An intelligent control algorithm based on machine learning concepts is incorporated,
enabling to initiate power quality improvement/control strategies to be adopted by the distribution manager. A 17-bus test
system is considered and modelled using Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS). The results obtained are analyzed
by MatLab - OpenDSS Component Object Model (COM) interface. The efficacy of the results is imminent based on a
comparison with similar results obtained by the authors in the related literature.

Keywords Electrical Distribution System, Distributed Generation, Smart Grid, Power Quality, Harmonics.

1. Introduction

In flexible Electrical Power systems (EPS), In general, DGs provide voltage support, reduce losses
Distributed Generation systems (DGs) are considered as a and improve Power Quality (PQ) of the system. However,
subset of distributed resources connected to a system area wind power generators inject power into the grid, resulting
through a point of common coupling [1]. Wind, Solar in voltage rise/sag/swell/fluctuations. Thus, it is probable
Photovoltaic, Diesel Generator, etc. are some of the that, depending on their configuration, DGs introduce
examples for such generations. Of the many forms of DGs disturbances that may result in reduction of PQ [4–12].
used in practice, the use of Asynchronous Generator with For example, in case of wind turbine equipped with PE
wind turbine, in different configurations, has been widely converter, harmonics are injected into the system by the
preferred. There are four types of electrical configurations converters [13]. Hence, the assessment of PQ level is
of Asynchronous Generator-wind turbine: Fixed-Speed required for studies connected with the smart distribution
Wind Turbine (FSWT) - also known as Squirrel cage systems involving DGs. The assessment can be carried out
Induction Generator (SCIG), Wide-Slip Wind Turbine in two stages: PQ assessment before DG installation and
(WSWT), Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind PQ assessment after the installation of DG, requiring
turbine, and full converter wind turbine [2-3]. different tools and quantities, with the scope of these
assessment methods being different.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH
R. Deshpande and M.S. Raviprakasha Vol.8, No.4, December, 2018

The PQ assessment before DG installation are carried where, this index can either be positive or negative,
out based on optimization algorithms to find the optimal depending on the attribute considered. Accordingly, the
location and size of DG units, which are generally various power quality indices considered for the proposed
incorporated during planning stage [14–16]. However, it is PQ assessment studies are defined [for xi of (1)] as per the
found to be necessary to verify the effectiveness of the PQ following equations:
assessment algorithms, even after the installation of DGs. !"#! !"#!"
In this research work, the analysis of Electrical THD95_!! = ×100 (2)
!"#
Distribution Systems (EDS) from PQ perspective is !""!!""!"
presented through a selected sample-test system. Once the TDD95_!! = ×100 (3)
!""
DGs are optimally placed, variations of PQ levels are !"#$ ! !"#$!"
monitored. For all the cases of deviations observed with 𝐒THD95_V = ×100 (4)
!"#$
reference to maintenance of improved power quality, !"## ! !"##!"
proper control actions are initiated. A machine learning 𝐒TDD95_I = ×100 (5)
!"##
algorithm based on Least Square Support Vector Machine !"#$%!!"#$%!"
concept has been used for facilitating the control actions. 𝐒𝐀THD_V = ×100 (6)
!"#$%
The system is modeled and analyzed through OpenDSS-
!"#$%&!!"#$%&!"
MatLab COM interface [17]. The novelty of the results is 𝐒𝐀𝐄THD_𝐕 = ×100 (7)
!"#$%&
found to be in the PQ analysis using intelligent algorithms
corresponding to the post-DG-installation period. Here, the prefixes S, SA and SAE respectively
correspond to the System, System Average and System
2. Methodology Average Excessive indices, while the suffixes, V and I
correspond to the expressions in terms of bus voltages and
In this section, the concepts of probability for PQ bus currents only. Thus, the equations (2-3) give the site
study and calculation of various Power Quality Indices indices relative to bus-i, whereas equations (4-7) give the
(PQIs) for PQ assessment before and after the installation system index corresponding to the complete system. The
of DGs have been discussed. Implementation of the number 95 used in the PQ indices defined above refers to
algorithm to arrive at various PQIs and their effectiveness the 95th percentile Cumulative Probability (CP) value of
after the installation of DGs for selected test system are distribution, which is better than the maximum value,
presented. being less sensitive to spurious measurements [23]. For
instance, when a system's THD is monitored, STHD
2.1. Probability concepts as applied to THD calculations corresponds to the value of THD which is less than
system's THD in 95% of the measurements. It is thus
The concepts such as Fast Fourier Transform, Short evident that the remaining 5% of measurements would
Time Fourier Transform and Discrete Fourier Transform have a THD that is higher than the STHD value. Here, the
based on Fourier Transform (FT) have crept into power calculations of various indices are done as per the
quality analysis. However, there are certain limitations of fundamental equations defining the THD and TDD. For
FT based analysis. Such as, the trend of harmonics induced example, some of the indices above are obtained first as
by a particular electrical load is dynamic in nature, where per the relation:
as the limits of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) are
!
steady state limits [18]. To overcome limitations of FT, STHD = !!! !! ×!"!"(!"!! )
(8)
probability plots are developed from recorded voluminous !!

data that are compressed and represented precisely [19- ! ! ×µ×(!"! )

!!! ! !
20]. In this context, the PQ variations are monitored SATHD = (9)
!!
continuously and the data's are recorded, which are later
! ! ×!!"#
processed to obtain PQIs. !!! ! !
!"!
SAETHD = (10)
!!
2.2. Mathematical Modeling where:
s = circuit segment number
Different PQIs useful for quantification of distribution THDs = THD of circuit segment s corresponding to
system behavior are reported in [21-22]. The harmonics 95th percentile of the measurement
associated PQ attributes: THD and Total Demand NTHD = number of steady state measurements that
Distortion (TDD), corresponding to either a single bus-i or exhibit a THD value for segment s which
for the whole system (S), can be characterized by an index, exceeds the specified THD threshold value
x, in terms of either the bus-current (I) or bus-voltages (V). Ntot = total number of steady state measurements
In general, for a given n- bus system, the PQ index, xi, at recorded for segment 's' over the assessment
the bus-i, when expressed in normalized form, in terms of period.
the index values corresponding to the pre-installation and LS=connected KVA served from circuit segment s
post -installation stages of DG, is given by: Lt= Total KVA served from the system
!! ! !! !" CP95S=95th % cumulative probability value
x i= i=1 to n (1)
!!

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R. Deshpande and M.S. Raviprakasha Vol.8, No.4, December, 2018

2.3. Implementation

An example distribution system including DGs, as

shown in Fig. 1 is considered for analysis [24]. By using
all the relevant data available in literature with respect to
the selected system, the load flow analysis is carried out
using the OpenDSS software tool.

The methodology adopted for the proposed work is

shown in Fig. 2. All the available run-options of the load
flow algorithm are made use of during the simulation
process, which include: different solution modes, load
variations, wind power generator time schedules, etc..
These load flow results are further used to run the
harmonic power flow, as per a predetermined harmonic
spectrum obtained with a six- pulse converter simulated
through a MatLab platform. Here, the converter is adapted
as a substitute to the non-linear load & DFIG converter.
The results of harmonic analysis are used to verify
deviations, if any, in THD95_!! , STDD95_!! , etc., at each of
the bus and the system as a whole, by way of calculating
the various PQIs as per equations (2) to (9), presented in
section 2.2.

The objective is to realize an overall improvement in

system PQ. Till such time, a series of machine learning
based control actions are initiated by the operator through
a decision manger, as depicted in the flow diagram of Fig.
2. These control actions are initiated based on processing
of signals by using S-Transform, extracting the features
and then feeding to the machine learning algorithm [25].
Suitable time-domain to frequency-domain and vice-versa
analysis have been carried out while extracting the data
from the monitors, processing them and initiating control
actions. The proposed analysis is carried out once again
with the newer control actions incorporated and verified
for possible deviations in PQ parameters. This is
iteratively repeated, till such time that all the PQIs
correspond to an improved PQ of the system. As a further
step in this direction, the study and application of S-
transform and LSSVM technique for initiating control
actions, have also been carried out and the corresponding Fig. 2. Methodology adopted.
results have been successfully submitted as a research
article/paper at IEEE PEDES conference [26].
3. Results & Discussion

Effect of different types of DGs on the PQ levels are

evaluated for the test system considered along with SCIG
and DFIG type DGs. The results obtained are presented in
this section.
3.1. Distribution network with SCIG type DGs

Since the objective of the proposed work is to verify

the effectiveness of DGs on the distribution network w.r.t.
various PQIs and their quantification, the size and location
of DGs are selected based on available literature
corresponding to the selected 17-bus test system.
Accordingly, the studies have been conducted by varying
the installation buses as 9, 12 & 17 respectively and sizes
of DGs as 1.65 MW, 3.3 MW and 4.95 MW. Various PQI
Fig. 1. Sample test System. are obtained as discussed in section 2. The CP95 percentile

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voltage at each bus in the absence and in the presence of The THD 95th percentile variation with DG (3.3 MW)
1.65 MW, 3.3 MW and 4.95 MW DG (SCIG) at buses at specific locations are shown in Fig. 4. When SCIG is
9,12 and 17 are presented in Fig. 3. The voltage profile of connected at different buses, the values obtained are
the system is improved as depicted in this plot. A positive, indicating that, there is improvement in harmonic
comparative results of CP95 voltage at each buses during distortion. Table 2 shows the PQIs obtained at the planning
planning stage is presented in Table 1. It is observed that stage. The required indices: STHD95_V, SATHD_V and
the overall voltage profile of the system increases with the SEATHD_V are calculated with the location and sizes
increase in the size of the DG used. considered as per the base reference article [24], and the
results are in agreement. Table 2 also shows a comparative
study of results obtained vis-a-vis the results presented in
Table 1. The 95th percentile of fundamental voltage at each
[24], wherein it is observed that, the results trend remains
bus before and after the installation of SCIG. the same, although, there is an expected wide deviation in
Vf [p.u.] certain minimial cases, which could be largely due to the
Bus various operational parameters assummed by the authors
1.65 3.3 MW 4.95 MW
Without in [24]. As a further analysis, results of PQ indices are also
No. MW DG DG at DG at
DG obtained for STDD95_I by calculating TDD with the
at bus-9 bus-12 bus-17
location and sizes unchanged. From the analysis of results
1 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
presented in Table 2, it is apparent that in all the cases
2 1.0425 1.0419 1.0412 1.0403
considered (except for the case of bus #9 with 3.3 MW
3 1.0317 1.0311 1.0304 1.0295
DG, which is, in any way, not considered for further
4 1.0172 1.0164 1.0158 1.0149 analysis), when SCIGs are connected to the system, there
5 1.0098 1.0088 1.0083 1.0074 is improvement, as most of the values reported are
6 0.9917 0.9903 0.9902 0.9893 positive, indicating reduction in harmonic distortion.
7 0.9907 0.9892 0.9892 0.9883
8 0.9884 0.9881 0.9870 0.9860 It is also inferred that, at bus 17, the highest
9 0.9842 0.9883 0.9827 0.9818 improvements are realized irrespective of the size of the
10 1.0312 1.0305 1.0298 1.0289 DG. In this context, to validate the efficacy of the
11 1.0213 1.0207 1.0242 1.0247 proposed method, the system is simulated by considering
12 1.0078 1.0072 1.0138 1.0154 installation bus as 17, with variations in load. The results
13 1.0078 1.0071 1.0138 1.0154 so obtained are presented in Table 3. It may be noted that,
14 0.9840 0.98334 0.9901 0.9992 the indices given in Table 3 are obtained with new system
15 0.9828 0.98219 0.9890 0.9981 conditions (change in load, wind speed, etc.). These values
16 0.9666 0.96601 0.9729 0.9996 are in close agreement with the benchmark data available
17 0.9665 0.9658 0.9727 1.018 in literature [23]. Further, improvement in PQ for all the
cases considered is observed, as presented in Table 3.
Thus, no control actions are suggested for such cases.

Fig. 3. 95th percentile bus-voltages without and with SCIG at specific locations.

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Fig. 4. THD 95th percentile variation with SCIG (3.3 MW) at specific locations.

Table 2. PQIs before installation of SCIG type DGs (Planning stage)

DG Capacity= 1.65 MW DG Capacity= 3.3 MW DG Capacity= 4.95 MW

Methods
Indices DG location DG location DG location
Considered
#9 #12 #17 #9 #12 #17 #9 #12 #17
Proposed Method 1.60 2.1 2.45 3.58 4.5 14.21 7.21 13.49 21.65
SATHD_V
Results as per [24] 3.85 5.42 7.21 6.64 10.48 15.51 9.84 15.62 22.64
Proposed Method 3.007 4.8 2.1 -0.24 5.514 13.12 4.57 5.78 8.117
STHD95_V
Results as per [24] 1.58 5.14 1.42 -0.14 5.74 15.62 5.21 6.48 18.01
Proposed Method 0.012 0.045 0.175 0.28 0.49 1.75 0.74 2.74 10.21
SEATHD_V
Results as per [24] 0.018 0.65 0.187 0.278 0.65 2.97 0.84 2.95 11.46
STDD95_I Proposed Method 0.009 0.012 0.118 0.15 0.21 0.28 0.34 0.57 0.89

.
Table 3. Verification of effectiveness of PQIs after affect the PQ of the system. In this context, for the same
installation of SCIG system, with the location and sizes of DGs unchanged,
further analysis is carried out by placing DFIG. The CP95
DG Location #17 percentile voltage at each bus in the absence and in the
Improve- presence of 1.65 MW, 3.3 MW and 4.95 MW DFIG at
Indices (%) DG capacity (MW) ment in buses 9,12 and 17 are presented in Fig. 5.
1.65 3.3 4.95 PQ
SATHD_VDG 1.61 1.42 1.54 As the size of the DG increases, overall voltage profile
Yes of the system improves, as evident for the case of SCIG.
STHD95_VDG 4.34 4.12 3.98 The THD 95th percentile variation with DFIG (3.3 MW) at
specific locations are shown in Fig. 6. It is evident that, as,
PE converters of DFIG injects harmonics, the PQ indices
3.2. Distribution network with DFIG type DGs obtained are negative, indicating increased level of
harmonic distortion, as given in Table 4.
The DFIG type DGs are generally interfaced to the
electrical network through PE converters. Hence, they may

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Fig. 5. 95th percentile bus-voltages without and with DFIG at specific locations.

-2

-4

-6
THD95V

-8

-10

-12

3.3 MW DFIG #9
-14 3.3 MW DFIG #12
3.3 MW DFIG #17

-16

-18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Bus number

th
Fig. 6. THD 95 percentile variation without and with DFIG at specific locations.

Table 4. PQIs before installation of DFIG (Planning stage)

DG Capacity= 1.65 MW DG Capacity= 3.3 MW DG Capacity= 4.95 MW

Indices (%) DG location DG location DG location
#9 #12 #17 #9 #12 #17 #9 #12 #17
SATHD95_V -1.45 -2.1 -0.45 -2.14 -1.45 -0.21 -4.45 -3.49 -0.65

STHD95_V -4.01 -2.98 -0.51 -0.24 -5.514 -1.27 -6.57 -5.78 -1.14
SEATHD_V -0.187 -0.041 -0.0120 -0.81 -0.43 -2.1 -8.21 -3.34 -0.47
STDD95_I -0.0014 -0.021 0.21 -0.45 -0.38 -0.19 -0.65 -0.87 -1.24

Further, to obtain the improvements in PQ levels, close agreement as compared with the benchmark data
intelligent actions initiated. Two different load and wind reported in the literature [23]. It is observed that the PQIs
patterns are considered to validate the results proposed. given in Table 5 are, slightly greater than the benchmark
These results are presented in Table 5, as case-a and case- data. This is mainly due to the cyclic variations in the trend
b. Bus-17 is considered as installtion bus with DG of 4.95 of load and wind data pattern considered, which focuses on
MW. Capacitors at various locations are considered [21], the increaed concern towards use of power electronic
which are properly controlled so as to act as harmonic converters.
filter. It is seen that with the control action initiation, the
PQ levels are improved. The results so obtained are in

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R. Deshpande and M.S. Raviprakasha Vol.8, No.4, December, 2018

Table 5. Verification of effectiveness of PQIs after installation of DFIG.

DG Location #17 DG Location #17
Deviati Deviati Bench
Different DG capacity Control DG capacity
ons in ons in mark
cases Indices (MW) actions (MW)
PQ PQ Data
considered initiated
1.65 3.3 4.95 levels? 1.65 3.3 4.95 levels? [19]

SATHD_VDG 1.75 1.42 1.14 --

No Nil - - - No
STHD95_VDG 4.21 3.14 3.58 --
Determines
Case -a SATHD_VDG 2.1 2.03 1.89 location of bus 1.87 1.54 1.12 1.57
at which filter
Yes to be No
STHD95_VDG 5.12 4.97 4.85 connected to 4.89 4.76 4.73 4.04
the system
using LSSVM
SATHD_VDG 1.92 1.58 1.74 Determines 1.62 1.21 1.05 1.57
Yes location of bus No
STHD95_V 5.32 4.91 4.83 at which filter 4.94 4.72 4.68 4.04
Case -b to be
SATHD_VDG 2.24 2.18 1.97 1.75 1.53 1.24 1.57
connected to
STHD95_VDG 5.23 5.14 5.08 Yes the system No
using LSSVM 4.95 4.87 4.61 4.04

4. Conclusion

Here, an algorithm has been proposed for establishing network and there by development of a hardware prototype
the impact of the DGs on distribution networks. From the to implement PQ improvement by incorporating suitable
analysis, it is observed that, there is improvement in the control actions, so as to ensure overall improvement of
voltage and reduction of harmonics in case of SCIG. Power Quality.
Similarly, improvement in the voltage is also observed in
case of DFIG, but, power electronic interfaces of DFIG Acknowledgements
increases harmonic distortion. However, since the DFIG
has more applications like variable speed control, etc., as This work is carried out at the Research Centre, Dept.
compared to SCIG, they are widely used in practice. As of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Malnad College
such, to utilize the advantages of DFIG, some alternative of Engineering, Hassan, India, affiliated to Visveswaraya
arrangements should be made when DFIG type wind Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, under the
turbines are used to avoid the Power Quality deviations. financial assistance of World bank - MHRD initiated
TEQIP II/III program.
In this regard, the results presented in this work
highlight about both positive and negative impacts of DGs. References
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