International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 6 Issue 4, May-June 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Emulgel: Novel Drug Delivery System

Trupti Shinde*, Mansi Kandge, Dr. Vijaya Barge

P.D.E.A.'s Shankarrao Ursal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Centre,

Kharadi, Pune, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Trupti Shinde |

The important component of dermatological therapeutic Mansi Kandge | Dr. Vijaya Barge
armamentarium are the topical therapies in cream, ointment and gel "Emulgel: Novel Drug Delivery System"
formulation. On the other hand, emulgel, mixture of gel and mixture Published in
has many advantages as compared to other formulations. Topical International Journal
of Trend in
delivery of drug is the direct effect of drug containing medicament of Scientific Research
drug most of the time to cure disorders. and Development
The rationale for the use of the emulgel is to deliver more topical (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
drugs. It is defined as the dual control release of drug. Emulgel is 6470, Volume-6 | IJTSRD50105
defined as the emulsion which is gelled by using gelling agent. The Issue-4, June 2022,
pp.647-656, URL:
main limitation which was encountered were the delivery of
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50105.pdf
hydrophobic drugs. The emulgel provides the properties such as
greaseless, thixotropic, emollient, long shelf life, and bio friendly. Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and
It is defined as the recent technology in NDDS. It is used to treat It is International Journal of Trend in
used for the delivery of analgesics, anti-inflammatory anti-fungal, Scientific Research and Development
anti-acne drugs. In order to understand the potential of emulgel as Journal. This is an
Open Access article
drug vehicles, these review gives the idea about the properties,
distributed under the
formation and characterization emulgel. terms of the Creative Commons
KEYWORDS: Emulgel, Emulsion, Gel, Topical drug delivery system Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
*Corresponding Author: Trupti Shinde

INTRODUCTION
The skin is the largest sense organ of the body and the It is also used to avoid the risk and inconvenience of
pH of the skin is 4.0 to 5.6. The skin contains four I.V route therapy. At some instances the use of both
layers namely non-viable epidermis, viable epidermis, the formulation is formulated to enhance the delivery
viable dermis, and subcutaneous connective tissue. of drugs. Emulgel is such type of the formulation. The
The topical drug absorption is done by three different emulsion and gel have both specific properties. As the
mechanisms transcellular, intracellular and follicular. gel shows limitations for the hydrophobic drugs, this
Transcellular are the shortest and direct route. limitation is overcome by emulgel. There are two
Intercellular mechanism is the common route and types of topical delivery are internal and external
follicular mechanism is the mechanism through hair products. Externals products are applied by spraying
follicles and sweat glands. Topical formulations are and spreading method and the internal products are
the formulations which are administered through the applied using orally, vaginally or rectally.
skin. It has the main advantage to avoid first pass Emulgel is mostly prepared by the incorporation
metabolism. Topical formulations are prepared in method. Emulgel prepared both in Oil-in-water which
different consistency such as solid, semisolid and is used for lipophilic drugs and water-in-oil emulsions
liquid. In the preparation of each formulation with the which is used for hydrophobic drugs.
active ingredient the use of the excipients is necessary.

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SR no Brand name Active Ingredient Manufacturer Uses

Voltarol 1.16% Diclofenac Diethyl
1 Novartis Anti- inflammatory
emulgel Ammonium nitrate
Miconaz – H- Miconazole nitrate Medical union Topical corticosteroid,
2
emulgel Hydrocortisone pharmaceuticals Antifungal
Denacine Beit Jala pharmaceutical
3 Clindamycin Phosphate
emulgel company
Diclofenac Anti-
4 Diclon emulgel Med pharma
Diethylamide inflammatory
5 Catalan emulgel Diclofenac potassium Novartis Anti- inflammatory

It is used to treat acne, pains colds, headaches, particle size range of dispersed phase may range from
muscles, backaches, and arthritis 0.1 to 100 micrometer.
TYPES OF EMULSION:
 Oil in water emulsion
 Water in oil emulsion
 Multiple emulsion
 Microemulsion
 Pickering emulsion
Oil in water emulsion:
The pharmaceutical emulsions generally consist of the
aqueous phase with various oil phase and waxes. If the
oil phase is dispersed throughout the aqueous phase,
the emulsion is termed as oil in water emulsion (O/W)
EMULSION emulsion. They are non greasy and easily removable
Emulsion are the phases of two or more immiscible from the skin surface. They are used externally for
liquids and the one phase is dispersed into dispersed cooling effect and internally to mask the bitter taste of
medium. The various types of emulsions are prepared drug.
for stability of the formulation and emulsifier is Water soluble drugs are most commonly released
necessary. from O/W emulsion. They show positive conductivity.
The different types for emulsion are oil in water Water in oil emulsion:
emulsion, water in oil emulsion, oil in oil emulsion, This is a system in which the water globules are
multiple emulsion and microemulsion. There are the dispersed in a oil continous phase and it is termed as
various factors which affect the W/O emulsion. They normally show occusive effect
process of emulsion such as concentration of by hydrating the stratum corneum. It is also used for
emulsifier, temperature, nature of oil and emulsifier. the cleansing of skin of oil soluble dirt. They are
greasy and water washable and generally used to
avoid evaporation of moisture from the surface of the
skin. Oil in external phase is a poor conductor of the
electricity.

Emulsion is defined as the biphasic system consisting

of two immiscible liquids, is the dispersed phase is
finely and uniformly distributed as globules
throughout the continuous phase. The emulsion is
thermodynamically stable and it is stabilized by the
emulsifier. Emulsifier stabilizes the system by
forming a thin film around the globules of dispersed
phase. The dispersed phase or continuous phase may
vary in consistency. The pharmaceutical emulsion
may range from low viscosity to high viscosity. The

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Multiple emulsions: Wet gum method: In this method, the proportion of
They are the complex systems. They are generally the constituents remain same as dry gum method, the
Emulsion of emulsions. It is a complex type of system difference is just in the method of preparation.
in which the o/w or w/o emulsion are dispersed in Mucilage of acacia is used as a emulsifying agent. The
another liquid medium. The application for multiple oil is added to the mucilage drop by drop with
emulsion generally consists of the taste masking, continuous trituation
adjuvant vaccines, sorbent resorvoir of overdose Membrane emulsification method: It is based on
treatments, and also the augmentation of skin. It can the novel concept of the generating droplets
be formulated as the cosmetics such as skin
moisturizer. Prolonged release can be formulated “drop by drop” to produce emulsion. The pressure is
using the multiple emulsions. directly applied to the dispersed phase.

Microemulsion: Stability of emulsion

Coalescence
These are the systems consisting of water oil and Flocculation
surfactant. These types of emulsions are suggested by Creaming
Hoar and Schulman. There are mainly two types of Breaking
emulsions: O/W and W/O microemulsion. This
process is generally emulsion-gel-emulsion. Flocculation: It is the association of the small
emulsion particles to form large aggregate which is
Pickering emulsion: redispersible upon shaking. It is a reversible process in
These are the type of emulsion in which solid phase which the droplets remain intact. The flocculation and
are the emulsion stabilizers. It has recently emulsion droplets by excess surfactant occur because
applications in cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, oil of the depletion effect. Flocculation is also called as
recovery and waste water treatment. the precursor of the coalescence.
General method for emulsion: Creaming: It is the phenomenon in which the
 General method dispersed phase separated out, forming a layer on the
 Phase inversion method top of th continuous phase. The conclusion is that the
 Continental and dry gum method dispersed phase remains in globule state and it can be
 Wet gum method redispersed on shaking. It is generally reduced by
 Membrane emulsification method increase in viscosity
General method: These are the O/W emulsions Coalescence: A more subtle type of emulsion
which are prepared by dividing the oily phase in instability occurs when the mechanical or electrical
minute globules with the use of the envelope of barrier is insufficient to prevent the formation of the
emulsifying agent and finally suspends large droplets. These can be prevented by addition of
globules in the aqueous phase. The W/O emulsion high boiling point or the high molecular weight to the
process is converse process. The W/ O emulsion is continuous phase.
generally prepared by dividing the aqeous phase
completely in the minute globules surrounding each
by emulsifying agent envelope and finally suspending
in the oily phase.
Phase inversion method: In the following method,
the aqeous phase is first added to the oil phase so as to
form a W/O emulsion. At the inversion point, the
addition of more water results in inversion of
emulsion that is the formation of O/W emulsion.
Continental and dry gum method: This method is
generally used for the preparation of
extemporaneously emulsion. The preparation of EVALUATION OF EMULSION
emulsion is generally by mixing the emulsifying agent  Viscosity: Cone and rotational viscometer can be
usually acacia with the oil and then the mixing with used with spindle fibers can be used to measure
the aqueous phase. Continental and dry gum method the viscosity.
generally differentiate in the proportion of  PH: pH could be measured using digital pH
constituents. meter.

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 Drug Content: suitable dilution of drug loaded formers, they tend to entangle with each other or
emulsion is made and concentration could be bound by Vander waals force
measured by UV visible spectroscopic method in
Based on the nature of solvent:
nm by keeping the reagent blank.  Hydrogels: A hydrogels is a network of polymer
 Centrifugation: This is used to measure the chains that are hydrophilic, infrequently found in
physical stability. The emulsion is generally the colloidal gel in which water is a dispersion
evaluated at the ambient temperature and 5000 medium. They are highly absorbent natural or
rpm to observe the creaming or the phase synthetic polymeric networks.
separation.  Organogels: An organogels is a non – crystalline,
 Dilution Test: In these method continuous phase non- glassy thermo reversible solid material
is added to the emulsion, it could not be separated composed of liquid organic phases trapped in the
into So repeated dilution is done 50 – 100 times 3D cross- link network. The liquid used can be
to check the phase separation or creaming. vegetable oil, an organic solvent, mineral oil.
 Zeta Potential & Micelle Size Analysis: micelle  Xerogels: It is a solid formed from a gel by
size, size distribution and Zeta potential can be drying with unrestricted shrinkage. It is frequently
measured using particle size analyzer retains high porosity and huge surface area and
 Diffusion: By D – cell at 37 degree Celsius using along with small pore size. When the solvent is
rate skin as membrane removed in supercritical conditions, the network
doesn’t shrink and a highly porous, low density
 Microbial Study Of Emultion: Ditch plate material known as aerogel is produced. The high
technique is used for bacteriostatic and fungistatic treatment of xerogel at higher temperature
activity produces viscous sintering and transforms the
 %Inhibition: Length of inhibition / whole length porous gel into thick glass.
×10 Based on rheological properties
GELS  Plastic gels: flocculated suspension of Aluminum
It is mainly constituted of the entrapment of large hydroxide exhibit a plastic flow and the plot of
amounts of hydroalcoholic or aqueous in the network rheogram gives the yield value of gels above
of the colloidal particles with the use of polymers. which the elastic gel disorts and begins to flow
Gels are defined as the semi rigid system in which the  Pseudo-plastic gels: Liquid dispersion of
movement of the dispersing medium is restricted by Tragacanth, sodium alginate, Na CMC, exhibit
an interlacing three - dimensional network The pseudo-plastic flow. The viscosity of gels
polymers may be natural, synthetic, inorganic or decreases with the increasing rate of shear,with no
organic. The higher aqueous content permits greater yield value
dissolution of drug these makes gel poor vehicle for
hydrophobic drugs. The limitations of gel can be  Thixotropic gels: The bonds between the
overcomed by emulgel. particles in these gels are very weak and broken
down by shaking. The resulting solution will
TYPES OF GELS: reverse back to gel due to particles colloiding and
 Based on the colloidal phases: linking together again. These is also called as
 Inorganic Gels reversible isothermal gel- sol-gel formation. It
 Organic Gels forms scaffold like structure.
Inorganic Gels: It is a two phase system. The Based on physical nature:
partition size of the dispersed phase is relatively large  Elastic gels: Gels of agar, pectin, Guar gum and
and form a three dimensional structure throughout the alginates exhibit an elastic behaviour. The fibrous
gel. It consists of floccules of small particles rather molecules being linked at the point of junction by
than the larger molecules and gel structure. They are hydrogen bonds. E g Alginate and Carbapol
the thixotropic forming semisolid on standing and
become liquid on agitation.  Rigid gels: This can be formed from
macromolecule in which the framework is linked
Organic Gels: It is a single phase system. These by primary valence bonds.
system consists of large organic molecules existing on
twisted strands dissolved in a continuous phase. The Preparation of Gels:
large polymers are generally referred as the gel Thermal changes: Solvated polymers when subjected
to thermal change cause gelatin. Many hydrogen

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formers are more soluble in hot water than cold water. any sensitivity and the reaction if any.
Cooling of a concentrated hot solution will produce a  In- vitro Diffusion studies: It can be carried out
gel. Some materials like cellulose have their water at Franz diffusion cell, for studying the
solubility in water. dissolution release of gels through a cellophane
Hence these method is not used to prepare gel as a membrane.
general method.  In- Vivo studies: Inhibition of carrageenan
Flocculation: In these method, gelatin is produced induced rat paw edema: 3 groups of 6 male
just by adding sufficient quantity of salt to produce Wistar albino rats were used.
age state, but it is not able to produce complete  Stability: It was carried out at a freeze- thaw
precitipitation. It is important to ensure that there is a cycling. The product is subjected to temperature
quick mixing to avoid high precitipitation. The gels of 4 degree Celsius for 1 month, 25 degree
formed by flocculation method are thixotropic in Celsius for 1 month and then 40 degree Celsius
nature. Hydrophilic colloids such as gelatin, proteins for 1 month, Syneresis were observed.
and acacia are affected by high concentration of
electrolytes. In salt out effect, the gelatin and colloidal  Homogeneity: Set the gel in container and then it
doesn’t occur. is tested for homogeneity for visual inspection.
The presence of their appearance and presence of
Chemical reaction: In these method, gel is produced aggregates were tested.
by chemical interaction between the solute a and
solvent. E.g Aluminum hydroxide gel can be prepared  Grittiness: The formulations were evaluated
by chemical interaction between the aluminum salt microscopically to check the presence of any
and sodium carbonate. An increased concentration of visible particulate matter which is observed under
reactants will produce a gel structure light microscope.
Evaluation of parameters for Formulated Gels: Rheology
 Measurement of pH: The measurement of pH is Solutions of the gelling agents and dispersion of
done by digital pH meter. Dissolve 1 gm of gel flocculated solids are pseudoplastic. They exhibit
with 100 ml of distilled water and store for 2 Non – Newtonian behaviour. These are formed by the
hours. The measurement of pH is in triplicate decrease in viscosity and increase in shear rate. The
values. tennous structure of inorganic particles dispersed in
water is disrupted by applied shear stress due to
 Drug content: Mix 1g of gel with 100; ml of breaking down of interparticulate association,
suitable solvent. Filter the stock solution showing great tendency to flow. For the
 The different concentrations by suitable dilutions macromolecules, the applied shear stress aligns the
and measure the absorbance. Drug content was molecules in direction of stress straightening them,
calculated by equation which is obtained by linear and showing less tendency to flow.
regression of calibration curve.
Emulgel:
 Viscosity study: It is carried using Brookfield In comparison to other groups of semisolid
viscometer. preparations, the use of gels is used mostly in the
 Spreadability: It indicates the extent of area to cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Despite of providing
which gel readily spreads on application to the several benefits the gel category has limitations of
skin or affected part. The therapeutic potency also delivering hydrophobic drugs. With these approach,
depend upon the spreading value. S= M×L/T there is enhanced effect in release pattern of sustain
and control release. The presence of gelling agent
M= weight tied to the upper side converts the classical emulsion into the Emulgel. The
L= length of glass slides. use of emulgels can be expanded in analgesics, anti-
fungal, anti – acne drugs and various formulations.
T= Time taken to separate the glass
Topical drug administration is simpliest and easiest
 Extrudability study:: The formulations are filled route of delivery by various routes in the body.
in the collapsible tube, after it was set in a Topical delivery proves beneficial as it bypass the
container. It is determined in terms of weight in first pass metabolism. Topical drug mainly is used for
gm required to extrude a 0.5 cm ribbon of gel in the fungal infection. Molecules van basically
10 second. penetrate into the skin through three routes: the
 Skin irritation study: The gel was applied twice surface of the stratum corneum, through sweat glands,
a day for seven days and the site was absorbed for through sebaceous follicle.

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EVALUTION OF EMULGEL:
 Physical Examination: The prepared Emulgel is
inspected visually for their color, homogeneity
and consistency and pH. The pH values of
Gellified emulsion is measured by pH meter.
 pH: 1% solution in water of emulgel is subjected
to measure pH by digital pH meter.
 Spreadability Measurement: 0.5 gm of emulgel
is placed on a glass slide and circle made around
it. Then the second slide is placed over it and
predetermined weight is kept for specific time
periods and then the increase diameter is to be
Drug Delivery Across the skin: noted. It is measured by apparatus called
The epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin Multimer which his suitably modified in the
and composed of stratified keratinized squamous laboratory and used for study. It consists of the
epithelium which varies in thickness in dfferent parts wooden block, which is provided by a pulley at
of the body. It Is thickest which contains elastic one end. By this method, Spreadability is based on
fibres. The skin forms a water proof layer which the “Slip” and “Drag” method.
protects the superficial layer. Blood vessels are S= M. L×T
distributed beneath the skin. In most exposed areas,
the blood vessels are also distributed into small S= spreadability
arteries through highly muscular arteriovenous M= Weight tied to the upper side L= length of glass
anastomoses. The dermatological pharmacology is slides
direct accessibility to the skin as a target organ for
diagnosis and treatment. The skin acts as a two way T= Time taken to separate the slides completely from
barrier system to prevent absorption to prevent each other.
neither absorption nor loss of water and electrolytes.  Syneresis Measurement: On rest gel shrinks and
There are three primary mechanisms of topical drug little liquid is pressed out called syneresis. these is
absorption: transcellular, intercellular and follicular. measured by using centrifuge tube.
The most common path is the path through the Syneresis %= liquid separated from emulgel /
corneocytes through lipid bilayer to viable layers Total weight of emulgel before centrifugation
through the skin. The next most common route is ×100
through the pilosebaceous route  Rheology Study: Viscosity can be measured
RATIONAL OF EMULGEL using rheometer. It is determined at 25 degree
Topical preparation generally has limitations of less Celsius using a cone and plate viscometer with
spreading, less penetration through stratum corneum, spindle 52 and connected to a thermostatically
less patient compliance due to stickiness and need to controlled circulating water bath.
apply with rubbing etc while the gels have the  Drug Content Determination: Drug content can
limitations of delivering hydrophobic drugs. On the be measured using official method in
other hand, emulgel is prepared by using emulsifier pharmacopoeia.
and they are prepared by using selected oils so the
problem of the solubility is nearly overcomed. Less  Tube Test: It determines force necessary for
dose of drug is required to obtain the pharmacological removal of emulgel from tube and is necessary for
action. Number of medicated products are applied to extrudability.
the skin membrane that either restores the  Diffusion Study: By D cell at 37 degree Celsius
fundamental function of skin or pharmacological at rate skin.
alters an action in the underlined tissues. These
 Drug Release Kinetic Study: It can be studied
products are referred as topical or dermatological
using Higuchi model and various other models.
products. Many other topical formulations have
disadvantages such as they are sticky in nature  Microbial Assay Of Emulgel: Ditch plate
causing uneasiness to patient. With these technique is preferred for microbial assay and
disadvantages, the use of novel approach as a zone of inhibition is calculated
transparent gel is expanded both in cosmetics and in  Optimization & Development Of Emulgel by
pharmaceutical preparations.

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suitable statistical development of design of the  Formulation of gel base: The water soluble
experiment. substances are dissolved in aqueous vehicle using
 Skin Irritation Test: By Draize patch test in mechanical stirring. To avoid aggregation, the
rabbit. hydrophilic polymer is added to stirred mixture
and stirring is continued until the polymer has
 Microbial Assay Of Optimized Batch: by Ditch dissolved and the pH remains in the desired
plate technique. range.
 Accelerated Stability Study Of Optimized  Addition of base into gel base with steady
Batch: Batch Sample emulgel is sealed in blending: The gel stage is mixed into emulsion
ampoules and then put in ambient temperature. stage to the extent of 1: 1 to get emulgel.
Chemical stability could be expressed as a content
of drug.
 Globule size and distribution in emulgel:
Globule size and distribution is determined by
Malvern Zeta sizer. A 1.0 gm of drug is dissolved
in n purified water and agitated to get a
homogeneous mixture. Sample is filled in
photocell of zetasizer. Mean globule size and
distribution is obtained.
 Swelling index: To determine the swelling index
of prepared topical Emulgel, 1 gm of gel is taken
in porous aluminium foil and then placed in 50 ml
separate beaker containing 10 ml 0.1 N NAOH.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
EMULGEL
Advantages:
 Incorporation of hydrophobic drugs FORMULATION OF EMULGEL
 Better loading capacity. For the preparation of emulgel, some of the following
 Avoidance of first pass metabolism. constituents are used:
 Avoidance of gastrointestinal incompatibility.  Vehicle: They should follow the ideal
 Controlled release of the drug characteristics
 More selective for specific site.  Aqueous Vehicle: The aqueous vehicles used are
 Production feasibility and low preparation. water, alcohol etc
Disadvantages:  Oil: Oil used are mineral oils, paraffin or they are
 Skin irritation on contact dermatitis used in combination.
 The poor permeability of some drugs through  Emulsifiers: Span 80, tween 80, stearic acid,
skin. sodium stearate.
 The occurrence of bubble during formulation of  Gelling Agents: They enhance the consistency of
the emulgel. the preparation.
 Drug size of large particles is not easy to absorb  Penetration Enhancers: It helps to absorb the
through the skin. drug through the skin.
 There is possibility of allergic reactions.  pH adjusting agent
PREPARATION OF EMULGEL IDEAL PROPERTIES OF ADDITIVES:
 Formulation of O/W or W/ O emulsions:  They should be non- toxic.
The initial step of formulation involves the  They should be easily available.
dissolution of oil – soluble substances in the oil  They should be cheap.
vehicle. E.g dissolving span 20 in liquid paraffin and  They should not be contraindicated.
dissolution of the water soluble substances in n  They should be physically and chemically stable.
aqueous vehicle.( e.g dissolving tween 80 in purified GENERAL METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF
water )both the phase were mixed at turbulent stirring EMULGEL:
to ensure the dispersion of the two phase into Emulgel is prepared by incorporating gel and
droplets. emulsion. The emulsion and gel are prepared

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separately and mixed together. The gel is prepared by pharmacokinetics apharmacodynamicsmic are
using gelling agent. After the preparation of both the significantly increased.
formulation
PATENT ABILITY:
The chemicals used are the oil phase such as castor An increasing trend in topical nanoemulgel use in
oil, clove oil, liquid paraffin etc. Water and alcohol recent years has been noticed due to their better
are used as a aqueous phase. The aqueous phase is acceptability due to their invasive delivery, avoidance
prepared by mixing the tween 80 and water and the of gastrointestinal side effects, easier applicability,
oil phase is prepared by using the paraben and and good therapeutic profile. Nanoemulgel has
propylene glycol. The drug is dissolved in ethanol considered a promising formulation and has great
and two phases are mixed with the continuous stirring potential for drug delivery. The hydrophobic drugs
and then the polymers are mixed with pH of 6.0 to are also formulated using emulated as novel drug
6.5. After preparation of gel and emulsion separately, delivery.
they are mixed to form emulgel
CONCLUSION
The topical drug delivery system will be extensively
used due to better patient compliance. Emulgel
possesses an edge in terms of spread ability, adhesion,
viscosity, and extrusion. They contain a solution to
deliver hydrophobic drugs in water-soluble gel bases.
Emulsion topical dosage form is generally used in
addition to dermatology pharmacotherapy. Many
researchers have concluded that the emulgels area
novel drug delivery system fthe or local and systemic
site of action.
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[9] Guideline IHT. Stability testing of new drug Emulgel-Novel Topical Drug Delivery System-
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