11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Trends, Networks, and Critical

Thinking in the 21st Century
Quarter 4 – Module 4:
Social Relationships and Political Movements
Trends, Networks, and Critical Thinking in the 21 st Century – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 4: Social Relationships and Political Movements
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright
holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis - Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Cherry Lyn Ozoa-Sulitana

Editor: Bryan Miko M. Cadiz
Reviewers: Divina May S. Medez
Illustrator: Typesetter
Layout Artists: Jessie V. Alcala
Aileen Rose N. Cruz
Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Rosela R. Abiera
Joelyza M. Arcilla, Ed.D. Maricel S. Rasid
Marcelo K. Palispis, Ed.D. Elmar L. Cabrera
Nilita R. Ragay, Ed.D.
Carmelita A. Alcala, Ed.D.

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 What I Need to Know

This Learning Module is an alternative instructional design that uses

developed instructional materials which are based on the needs of the students. They
are encouraged to independently work the different activities that will develop them
to be a productive people in our society.

This course presents some relevant information about democracy which can
be applied in facing challenges in our world today. You shall be able to learn some
skills and ideas that you may use for your daily living in this democratic society. By
studying this module, you will learn not to abuse the independence you have and
appreciate its value. You will also become a productive citizen by understanding your
role in this democratic world. Thus, you could be an influence of “change for the
better” in our challenging world.
Happy learning!

Content Standard
The learners understand the meaning and dimensions of democracy.

Performance Standard

Using any form of oral presentation, the learner explains creatively the ill
effects of undemocratic practices related to factors such as gender biases, poverty,
political marginalization, racial inequality, cultural domination, crisis of
representation and politics of recognition.

Most Essential Learning Competencies

The learner is expected to:

1. Explain how information communication technology can facilitate social
relationships and political movements (occupy movements)
(HUMSS_MCT12-IId-f-5)
2. Propose a creative intervention to improve human life using ICT
(HUMSS_MCT12-IId-f-6)

At the end of the module, you are expected to:

1. explain how ICT can facilitate social relationships and political movements;
a. understand the importance of ICT in facilitating social relationships and
influencing political movements
b. distinguish the importance of ICT in forming social relationships and
influencing political movements
c. recognize ICT as part of the driving force in forming social relationships
and influencing political movements in the modern world
2. propose a creative intervention to improve human life using ICT

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 What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully and use your notebook to write your answers.
Write only the letter of the correct answer.

1. What of the following refers to technology?

a. The application of scientific knowledge to create a device that helps
complete a task or solve a problem
b. The completion of tasks or solving of problems using some ingenious
method
c. Using personal experience to complete a task or solve a problem
d. Any physical object or device that changes society for the better

2. Which of the following is NOT considered as part of technology?

a. Computers c. The human hand
b. Door handles d. The wheel

3. Which of the following is NOT a major contribution brought by technology to the

society?
a. Better hygiene and health
b. Greater human productivity
c. Free and available information helping to level up the playing field
d. Changing the nature of human relationships -- less emotional connection

4. What does ICT mean?

a. Internet Center Technology
b. Information Class Technology
c. Information and communications Technology
d. I do not know

5. How do businesses most often send documents?

a. Post b. Email c. Fax d. Courier

6. Which of these technologies has made it possible for more employees to work from
home?
a. Video games c. Mobile phones
b. Video conferencing d. Viruses

7. Which is TRUE? ICT influences the way we _____________.

a. Do the jobs we do c. Digest our food
b. Drive our vehicles d. Sleep in the evening

8. Over-availability of communication leads to problems like___________.

a. Not eating enough c. Too much electricity used
b. Overheating of systems d. Never really switching off

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9. April gives her friend a website address. She recommends that her friend check
it out and possibly sign up. April explains that the website is for a group of friends
to use to connect with each other. Which of the following best describes the type
of website April is recommending?
a. Social network c. Online gaming
b. Collaborative group d. Wiki

10. When you are using social networking sites, which information should you never
post publicly?
a. Your favorite places to explore
b. Your high scores on popular games
c. Your address or phone number
d. Your favorite athletic teams

What’s In

Task 1. Name It!

Identify the social networking sites or terms represented by each icon.

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 What’s New

Task 2. My Relationship with Others and ICT

List the names of people whom you have relationship with and write the technology
to communicate with them.

NAME RELATIONSHIP MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

What is It

Smartphones and Internet connection have significantly contributed to the

transformation of collective action. Easy Internet access through smartphone has
given people from all classes equal opportunities to mobilize and spread information
and other services. People perceived as marginalized now find more courage in
reaching out to those in the mainstream by connecting with sociopolitical movements
with similar interests online.

Aside from the traditional sociopolitical movements or Social Movement

Organizations (SMO), Internet-based movements which are highly dependent on
online propagation and e-movements, arising entirely online have emerged. Their
operations somewhat differ from the traditional SMO in the sense that the former
possess a Collaborative Innovation Network (CoIN) which refers to a highly motivated
group with a collective vision and is aided by the Web in attaining a common goal
through fast information and work exchanges.

Impact of ICT in Various International Events

Arab Spring

This phenomenon in the Arab world was inadvertently sparked by Mohammad

Bouazazi, a street vendor in Tunisia who set himself on fire in 2010 to protest after
a council inspector confiscated his vegetable stall. News about this spread and others

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saw this as an opportunity to protest against the larger socioeconomic ills of the
country. Soon, the ensuing riots overthrew the dictatorship of the president.

The Arab Spring, as what it is now known, brought about destabilization and
disturbed the order in some Arab authoritarian countries particularly Tunisia, Egypt,
Libya, and Yemen. Several awakenings, protests, and uprisings erupted in many
Arab countries in the years that followed. Syria, for one, is now in a bloody civil war
with rebels trying to oust the regime of Bashar al-Assad.

One of the factors perceived to have contributed to such political upheaval

was ICT. Through television, Internet, smartphones, Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and
other social media outlets, the world became aware of the protests which eventually
snowballed and gave people the courage to act against dictatorships. The causes of
protests varied: economic failure, rampant corruption, act against security forces,
and demand for more liberal and democratic way of governance. The unfolding events
in Tunisia were watched by its neighboring countries and seemed to have inspired
them. The use of Facebook, SMS (text messaging), and Twitter enabled users to
sustain interest and eventually moved them to action. Facebook allowed people to
express their political beliefs without fear of apprehension by state authorities. Like-
minded Facebook users established citizen networks with political objectives.

In Libya, the reporting about the civil war and subsequent NATO and UN
intervention was conducted using social media technology in the absence of
professional journalists who were banned in Libya. In Bahrain, the situation was
different. The government co-opted the media by asking for help in identifying some
leading protesters. It took the opportunity of political divisions which weakened the
protesters. Thus, no change of regime occurred in Bahrain.

A Pew Research Center article noted, “Social media indeed played a part in
the Arab uprisings. Networks formed online were crucial in organizing a core group
of activists, specifically in Egypt. Civil society leaders in Arab countries emphasized
the role of ‘the internet, mobile phones, and social media in the protests. Additionally,
digital media has been used by Arabs to exercise freedom of speech and as a space
for civic engagement.”

Since 2011, the goals of many Arab Spring protesters have been denied as
autocratic governments regain power and crack down on civil liberties. Nonetheless,
the uprisings have shown the power of mass demonstrations and peaceful protest,
as well as the ability of social media to both fuel protest and communicate its goals to
the outside world. The tumult of the Arab Spring also showed autocratic
governments—and the rest of the world—that millions of people living in Islamic
nations believe in free expression and democratic governance.

Occupy Wall Street

Twitter played a significant role in facilitating communications among the

participants of Occupy Wall Street, an anti-capitalism movement. Twitter became
a forum where the participants shared information and interacted with one another.
At the local level, Occupy protesters used Twitter to communicate sensitive
information about the protests and police actions. They used Twitter to pave the way

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for interstate communication exchanges. Through Twitter, a group capable of
collective framing process which provided the social movement with shared
languages, purpose, and identity was formed. Other people around the world copied
the Occupy protest success and staged their own versions in what was later known
as the Occupy Movement.

Terrorism

Extremists and terrorist groups have also used ICT, especially websites,
Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter, to further illegal and destructive acts and recruit
members and adherents. Jihadist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the so-called Islamic
State (IS)
are two
notable
terror
groups that
have used
ICT.

The IS,
in
particular,
seems to
have
members Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-others/a-70-page-islamic-state-
who are terror-manual-found-online/
well-versed
in using ICT in their operations. They produce well-scripted and choreographed
videos and recorded executions. They also have an online presence through
Instagram, and they publish an online monthly magazine. In addition, they utilize
online messaging services, even launching a hashtag campaign, among others. An
article in Popular Science noted, “From its start, social media has been integral to
ISIS’s rise. It enables ISIS militants to raise its prestige among terror groups and
overtake older jihadist competitors like Al-Qaeda. It serves to coordinate troops and
win battles. And it allows the group to administer the territory under its control.”

Cyberterrorism, a term coined by Barry Collin in 1997, means “unlawful threats

of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein to
intimidate or coerce a government and its people in furtherance of political or social
objectives.” This premeditated and politically motivated violence is aimed at
noncombatant targets by clandestine agents. There are at least four elements which
characterize cyberterrorism:

1. Politically motivated attacks leading to death or physical injury;

2. Cyber-attacks causing fear and/or bodily harm from cyber-attack techniques;
3. Attacks against critical information infrastructures such as energy,
transportation, and financial and government operations, and;
4. Attacks primarily aimed at monetary profit.

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 However, attacks that focus on nonessential service are not considered
cyberterrorism. Terrorist groups use the Internet for hostile activities such as
hacking, disseminating negative propaganda, and promoting high-risk activities.
They likewise use the Internet for intergroup communication. Terrorist groups
manipulate cyber media to release their propaganda statements. A study on hosting
service providers such as Blogspot and Wordpress reveals that the virtual world is
damaged due to the promotion of terrorist activities. Videos of hostage-taking,
attacks, explosions, and bombing are even shown.
A study by Yulei Zhang et al. (2010) has come across 10,000 extremist websites
which developed technology to interpret the conversation and content of forums. The
cyberspace is said to have allowed asymmetric or unbalanced warfare between, on
the one hand, the perpetuators such as extremists, terrorist groups, and cyber
criminals having the capability to inflict damage; and, on the other hand, the
unsuspecting, naïve public. Terrorist groups can inflict damage or create difficult
conditions to nations. Several countries have established cybersecurity agencies to
protect their and other countries from cyberterrorism.

Keep In Mind

ICT has also been used to facilitate and inquire action against a regime, as what
happened in the Arab Spring and Occupy movements. It is also employed by terrorist
groups to create fear and destruction to lives and countries.

While some Internet-based movements and e-movements failed for reasons such
as lack of face-to-face interaction and inability to establish and sustain interpersonal
networks, others attained success. Jamie Friedland and Kenneth Rogerson (2009)
analyzed some of the successful Internet-based social movements and the Internet’s
role in their success. They see the Internet as having a passive nature which means
that “users discover only what they seek” and “normally find information that merely
reinforces their interests or beliefs.” Nevertheless, the Internet “streamlines the
process of political mobilization” as it allows easier interconnections among like-
minded individuals. It facilitates faster and wider spread of messages though online
sites.

The leadership structure of the traditional sociopolitical movements vary from

that of e-movements. While traditional movements possess a centralized, vertically
hierarchical command structure, e-movements have a horizontal and decentralized
structure. Leaders have more liberty to act and may not necessarily be politically
engaged. Many leaders of e-movements are computer experts responsible for starting
a full blown e-movement. They are computer-savvy individuals who are empowered
by ICT rather than political activists. These leaders are likewise unconstrained by
the limitations of traditional social movement organizations such as experiencing
pressure from members due to their unconventional leadership styles. On the
contrary, e-movements allow the leaders to practice their preferred styles, thus
providing various ways and methods if achieving the goals of the movement. The
leader may also be the member who made the best proposal as the course of action
to take. No central leadership exists in an e-movement due to its horizontal structure.
Without a traditionally rigid chain of command, members and leaders alike of online
groups of protesters connect, coordinate, and plan their actions together in a hazy

7
structure like that of modern terrorists cells (Weimann, 2006a in Friedland and
Rogerson, 2009). What binds them is a common political agenda rather than a
central leadership; hence, their flexibility and ability for evasive physical movement
and shifting strategies.

The Internet also enables SMOs to either access or bypass mainstream media.
Through low-cost, efficient, and direct communication from the SMO, the general
public and the media get to monitor its movements, which actually seek wider media
coverage. Most SMOs believe that media coverage is necessary in amplifying their
concerns to the public whose strong and sustained support can lead to the SMO’s
strength and success. They also seek to establish a well-designed and well-
maintained website where they post their messages, counter negative media
coverage, correct misconceptions, and refute criticisms. The site lends a sort of
legitimacy to the SMOs.

Information and communications technology enables groups and movements, big

and small alike, to prosper and attain success in promoting their causes even without
a centralized and hierarchical structure. The horizontal, decentralized, and flat
structure facilitates the development of sociopolitical movements whose
interconnections are based on common sociopolitical concerns, interests, and goals.

What’s More

Task 3. Memes to Movements.

Create a meme that characterizes an Internet-based movement on the current

situation of Philippine politics/society. The meme should reflect a call to action
where the audience will act to improve the situation.

MEME RUBRIC
CRITERION Limited (1) Emerging (2) Skilled (3) Accomplished (4)
Execution The meme is The meme is The meme is The meme is easy to
(Student unfinished or messy, neat and read. The graphics
created the unpublished. contains colorful and and text chosen to
memes errors, or is easy to read. enhance the message.
imaginatively) difficult to
read.
Cohesion The idea that The idea that The idea that The idea that you are
Between Ideas you are trying you are trying you are trying to represent
(Words, font to represent to represent trying to and the image that
size, and font and the image and the image represent you have chosen
type all create a that you have that you have and the work very well
cohesive chosen are chosen are not image that together. You have
message)
unclear. The completely you have chosen a solid visual
picture you clear. The chosen work representation for
have chosen picture you well together.

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 lacks any have chosen You have your idea. The meme
clear and the idea chosen a is funny and creative.
connection to do not fully solid visual
your ideas. connect. representatio
n for your
idea.
Creativity Student was Student was Student's voice is
not able to able to get Student was easily seen in the
show their their voice into able to get combination of photo
Student used voice, but the images but their voice image and word
their own ideas relied on pre- relied heavily into their selection
to share their existing ideas on others for work but
voice
ideas may have
needed a
prompt from
others to
begin
Grammar & Student had Student had at Student had Student had no
Spelling more than 2 least 2 errors only 1 error errors
Student has errors
utilized spell
and grammar
check to ensure
accuracy in
writing
Required Student did Student has Student has Student has all
Elements not use the used one or all required required images from
correct source more images images but the correct sources
Student for 2 or more from an may have
successfully of their incorrect used an
created finished required source incorrect
pieces that
images source
included all
requirements
Source: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=HX37B6C&sp=yes&

What I Have Learned

Why is physical proximity becoming irrelevant in today’s movements for social

reforms in all fronts? Do you believe these movements can sustain their interest and
enthusiasm in pursuing their goals despite the physical distance? Explain your
answer. Write your answer in your notebook.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Can Do

Task 4. Apply It In Real Life!

You are a social worker in a coastal municipality where the main source of
livelihood is fishing. You learned that many fisherfolk practice dynamite fishing. To
stop this illegal practice, you coordinated with the mayor to hold an assembly of
fisherfolk and townsfolk.

You need to ask for support in terms of venue, public information, printing of
materials, and snacks for the attendees. The mayor instructs you to write a proposal
indicating the following details:
a. purpose of the assembly
b. benefits that the activity can give to the municipality and its people
c. target participants
d. date and time of the assembly
e. names and profiles of resource persons
f. budget
g. materials and services needed
h. draft of the handout

The mayor will evaluate the proposal and approve it based on content
(complete details, clear data presentation), reasonability of budget, and relevance to
the municipality. Use clean bonderpaper.

PROJECT PROPOSAL RUBRIC

CRITERION EXCEPTIONA VERY GOOD AVERAGE NEEDS POOR
L (8 PTS) (6 PTS) IMPROVEMEN (2 PTS)
(10 PTS) T
(4 PTS)
Project Description is Description The Description is It is unclear
Description clear, concise, is clear and description not clear. It what is being
and easy to generally is adequate may be proposed.
understand. easy to though the verbose or
understand need for utilize a lot of
with a few greater field-specific
exceptions clarity is jargon.
(i.e., uses apparent.
some Description
jargons). may not
explain
project
concisely or
with a clear
general
picture of
proposed
activities.

10
Adequacy & Processes and There is a Processes Processes and Processes and
feasibility of procedures are logical and and procedures procedures
design well-stated, thoughtful procedures outlined are are either
manageable, plan for for executing unclear, do not omitted, only
appropriate, manageable the project follow from vaguely
and execution of appear project stated,
comprehensive the project. manageable, objectives, unmanageabl
. but there is and/or do not e, or are
some seem entirely inappropriate
uncertainty. manageable. for the project
proposed.
Likelihood for Project has High Moderate Likelihood of The project as
success every likelihood of likelihood of success is designed as
reasonable success. success. questionable. little chance
expectation of of being
being successful.
completed.
Goals & The goals of The goals of The goals of The goals of The goals of
products the project are the project the project the project are the project
clearly stated. are clearly are not not clearly are not clearly
Significant stated. clearly stated. The stated or are
impact of the Moderate stated. The proposed inconsistent.
project are impact of the proposed products are of
properly project are products are minimal
described with described of moderate impact.
very with high impact.
reasonable community
community impact.
impact.
Budget Budget is Budget is Budget is Budget is not Budget is
(appropriaten comprehensive comprehensi comprehensi clearly unreasonable
ess & , clearly ve, clearly ve and explained and in all areas.
justification) explained, and explained, reasonable it is not Costs are not
appropriate for and but not appropriate for justified in
the activities reasonable. clearly the activities the budget
proposed. All Vast majority explained. proposed. narrative.
costs are of costs are Most costs Budget is not Many costs
justified, justified, are justified, comprehensive are not
relevant, and relevant, and relevant, and and relevant and
essential. essential to essential to reasonable. essential to
this project. this project. Some costs are this project.
not justified,
relevant, or
essential.
Timeline Timeline is Timeline may Timeline Timeline Timeline is
clearly not be meets most appears to not suitable
presented and clearly of the meet less than for the
is clearly presented activities half of the activities
suitable for but appears proposed. activities described.
and meets all to be Timeline may proposed. Not
the activities suitable for not be clearly
described. all the clearly presented.
activities presented.
described.
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/felixtbunagan/project-proposal-rubrics

11
 Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully and use your notebook to write your answers.
Write only the letter of the correct answer.

1. Highly dependent on online propagation and e-movements arising entirely

online.
a. Social movement organization c. Collaborative Innovation Network
b. Classroom organization d. None of the above

2. Refers to a highly motivated group with a collective vision and is aided by the
Web in attaining a common goal through fast information and work exchanges.
a. Social movement organization c. Collaborative Innovation Network
b. Classroom organization d. None of the above

3. The Arab Spring was sparked by a street vendor named ___________________.

a. Osama bin Laden c. Mohammad Ali
b. Mohammad Bouazazi d. Unknown

4. The Arab Spring protest started in ________________________.

a. Libya b. Egypt c. Yemen d. Tunisia

5. This social media platform played a significant role in facilitating communications

among the participants of Occupy Wall Street.
a. Facebook b. Pinterest c. Twitter d. Instagram

6. Unlawful threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information

stored therein… to intimidate or coerce a government and its people in
furtherance of political or social objectives.1
a. Cyberterrorism b. Cyberspace c. Outer space d. Cyberattack

7. Allowed asymmetric or unbalanced warfare.

a. Cyberterrorism b. Cyberspace c. Outer space d. Cyberattack

8. Possess a centralized, vertically hierarchical command structure.

a. Traditional movements c. Full blown e-movement
b. E-movements d. Modern terrorist cells

9. Possess a horizontal and decentralized structure.

a. Traditional movements c. E-movements
b. Full blown e-movement d. Modern terrorist cells

10. The leaders of a movement are computer experts.

a. Traditional movements c. E-movements
b. Full blown e-movement d. Modern terrorist cells

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 Additional Activities

POSTER MAKING: Create your own poster showing the significance of ICT towards
attaining a better quality of life.

RUBRICS

Creativity 15
Content/ Message 25
Total Presentation 10
Total 50

Glossary

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

✓ ICT Information and Communications Technology

✓ SMO Social movement organization
✓ CoIN Collaborative innovation network
✓ IS Islamic State

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 14
Assessment What’s New
1. A Task 2. My Relationship with Others and ICT
2. C ➢ Answers may vary
3. B
What’s More
4. D
Task 3. Memes to Movements
5. C
➢ Answers may vary
6. A
7. B What I Can Do
8. A Task 4. Apply It in Real Life
9. C ➢ Answers may vary
10. B
What’s In
What I Know
Task 1: Name It
1. D
1. Facebook 2. C
2. Instagram 3. A
3. YouTube 4. C
4. Twitter 5. B
5. Google Plus 6. B
6. Android 7. A
7. Snapchat 8. D
8. Skype 9. A
9. Pinterest 10. C
10. PayPal
Answer Key
References

1. Urgel, Elizabeth T. (2017) Diwa Senior High School Series: Trends, Networks, and Critical
Thinking in the 21st Century Culture. Makati: Diwa Learning Systems. P 169–174
2. Brown, Heather et al. “The Role of Social Media in the Arab Uprisings.” Published 28
November 2012. https://www.journalism.org/2012/11/28/role-social-media-arab-
uprisings/. Accessed: 28 August 2020.
3. Blakemore, Erin. “What was the Arab Spring and how did it spread?” Published 29 March
2019. National Geographic.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/arab-spring-cause/.
Accessed: 1 September 2020.

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Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117

Email Address: [email protected]
Website: lrmds.depednodis.net