ED 103 common values and culture.

As a community, the
school is guided by the following essential
CHAPTER 1
elements:
Schools play an important role in the development
Vision - a sense of direction of what the school
of individuals and societies. Schools are vital
hopes to accomplish for itself, for the people, and
sources of knowledge and innovations, they are
for the society.
contributors to economic development, they are
agents of social and cultural development, and they Values - provides a framework for organizational
are warehouse of information. culture and behavior of the entire school
School as an organization – it has its own system Leadership - provides administrative and
of governance influenced by a fixed organizational management support for the day-to-day activities
structure or bureaucracy. and functions of the schools; and
In basic education, the Department of Education Culture - pertains to shared values and behavior of
determines the bureaucratic structure of schools students, teachers, staff, and administration.
from national, regional, division, and the local
school level. School as a Social Organization - Schools are
important organizations that prepare young
At the national level, the DepEd Secretary acts as children of their future roles as productive citizens
the head of the whole bureaucracy supported by in the country. The way schools fulfill this function
Undersecretaries and Assistant Secretaries. has a strong effect on the quality of education they
The Central Office is composed of 4 bureaus provide.
namely (1) Bureau of Curriculum Development (2) The systems theory is best to explain the nature of
Bureau of Learning Delivery (3) Bureau of Learning school as a social organization. Under the systems
Resources (4) Bureau of Educational Assessment. theory, it is best to examine some of the
The Regional Offices are headed by Regional characteristics of schools including structure,
Directors supported different education culture, climate. leadership, decision-making, and
supervisors. the relationships among personnel (Bozkus, 2014)

The Division Offices are headed by the Structure: As social systems, school structures
Superintendent and also supported by educational have characteristics of rational, natural, and open
supervisors. systems. They have hierarchies of authority, goals,
and role expectations similar to bureaucratic
The District Offices are headed by District organizations.
Supervisor and supported by educational
supervisors. A school is structured in a Seamless Bureaucracy
that includes positions and offices based on the
At the school level, the Principal serves as the chief type of programs and services offered by the
administrative and academic officer of the school. school. The size or the population of the school
Master teachers and classroom teachers support also determines the structure of the school.
the principal in accomplishing various tasks.
Culture and Climate: School culture is preserved
School as a learning organization - its main and transferred to new members by the
function is to help learners to learn and develop socialization process (Kowalski, 2010). New
knowledge, skits, and values essential for every teachers learn shared values, beliefs, and norms
individual. Its main function is to implement the when they interact and build relationships with their
curriculum prescribed by the Department of colleagues. The school culture is influenced by the
Education. Guided by the different principles and philosophy and core values of the school.
theories of teaching and learning.
Norms are influential in shaping students'
School as a community - it is composed of character and values system. Oftentimes, the
teachers, administrators, students, staff, and other norms or school culture create a sense of place
stakeholders united in one purpose and guided by among students. School has become not only a
place for learning but also a home for them. the human interactions and relationships that
transform cultural and social transformation. These
Climate on the other hand represents an
changes occur over time and often have profound
organization's distinguishing characteristics,
and long-term effects for the society.
feelings, and behavior that can be presented with a
framework which consists of four elements: (1) Digitalization and technological advances
physical frame is the physical factors of a school technological advancement is impacting the
like equipment, classrooms; (2) social frame is the finance industry as new challengers are emerging
social factor; (3) environment mostly related to and growing customer expectations drives
social behavior of individuals within a school; and significant IT infrastructure investment
(4) structural frame represents factors such as
Demographic and behavioral changes - the
hierarchy, authority, role, and symbolic frame is the
changing demographics geographical, and
parts of culture like believes, norms, values
behavioral profile of customers are forcing financial
(Kowalski, 2010).
Institutions to deal with divergent customer
Leadership and Decision Making: In social systems expectations, and new customer bases and
of schools an important aspect of leadership is the workforces.
quality and systematic effects of functions and
Global talent and skills race - talent capable of
behaviors of principals as leaders (Bozkus,2014).
navigating a rapidly evolving financial landscape
The Governance of Basic Education Act provided a will be required to respond to increasing regulatory
way to enhance the system of leadership and pressures, a changing approach to risk
decision-making process in the school. management and the emergence of new markets.

Principals are now the local executives in their Business Operating Model pressures - regulation
schools. They help to develop the vision and plans and the increasing cost of capital is exerting
for improving the school and for helping students pressure on business operating structures driving
improve their scholastic performance. segmentation, and disintermediation in the
financial sector,
Annually, the schools are mandated to submit their
annual school improvement plan (SIP), which Regulatory changes and complexity - regulatory
serves as the basis for their budget and for pressures arising from the financial crisis have
evaluating their performance. Likewise, the increased the cost of capital, prompted large-scale
teachers are now empowered to develop divestment, reshaped attitudes toward risk, and
innovations that will improve students' redrawn the boundary between retail and wholesale
achievement and performance banking.

Relationships: Social organizations like schools are Changes in investment, capital sources and
stemmed from interaction among people both returns - non-bank financial institutions, fintech
within and outside of the organization. companies, and new investors are bringing fresh
Relationships within school building and with the capital into the sector while barks meet capital
community are essential elements of socialization: requirements, manage stress tests, and spend on
and have a significant impact on many vital compliance upgrades
processes (Bozkus, 2014).
These social changes, among others, demands that
Social change and its Effect in the Educational all educational institutions at any level must not
System only respond to these changes but they must also
evolve and be changed.
Social change is a broad term and every society
develops and evolves in a unique way as influenced 1. New ways of teaching and learning must be
by various social factors and events. Change is developed and introduced
always happening in every of the society and it is
2. Instruction must focus on the holistic
inevitable.
development of every learners 3. Technology must
Sociologists define social change as changes in be utilized to improve access to quality education
4. Curriculum must be progressive and innovative c. Globalization
5. Alternative learning system must be harnessed d. Millennial Workforce
6. New iteracies and skits must be developed e. e Mobility
7. Teachers must be equipped with high level of t. Technological Advancement
technological, pedagogical, content knowledge
g. New Behaviors
(TPCK)
The 4th Industrial Revolution calls for the
8. Classrooms must be equipped with technology
educational system to develop graduates who are
9. New subjects and courses must be developed to equipped with knowledge and new skills and
respond to the needs of the society prepared for responding to the various social
challenges that may come. In order to produce
10.Old disciplines must evolve to embrace new
qualified graduates, the curriculum needs a new
research and developments in the
orientation.
field
Data Literation - the ability to read, to analyze, and
11. Critical thinking, creativity, and innovation must to use information in the digital world.
be developed among students
Technology Literation - The ability to understand
12 Industry-school partnerships must be developed mechanical (system) work, to use the application of
technology like (Coding. Artificial Intelligence, &
Social Changes and Challenges Brought by the 4th
Engineering Principles).
Industrial Revolution
Human Literation - Humanities, Communication,
The concept of Fourth Industrial Revolution,
and Design. This calls for development of
according to Davis (2016) builds on the Digital
leadership skills, social competence, collaboration
Revolution with cyber-physical systems providing
and teamwork, professionalism, and new sets of
new mechanisms and allowing technology to be
values to be developed among students.
embedded within societies and even the human
body. It is marked by emerging technology With the changes and challenges of the 4th
breakthroughs in a number of fields including Industrial Revolution, schools need revisit their
robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology academic programs and focus on what are
quantum computing, biotechnology, internet of essentials skills that need to learn for human
things, 3D printing and autonomous vehicles beings to become productive and enjoy the fullness
(Bemard et al. 2016). of life. The wo Economic Forum in 2016 identified
examples of these skills:
Schwab (2016) describes how the 4th Industrial
Revolution is fundamentally different from the *Complex Problem Solving
previous three industrial revolutions. Accordingly,
these new and emerging technologies have great *Innovation Skills
potential to continue to connect billions more *Critical Thinking
people to the web, drastically improve the
efficiency of business and organizations, and help *Creativity
regenerate the natural environment through better *People Management
asset management.
*Collaboration
The Fourth Industrial Revolution brought significant
social transformation that created a new world *Emotional Quotient
economy characterized by: *Decision Making
a. Wider Employment Opportunities *Negotiation Skills
b. Demand for Quality, Competitive and flexible *Entrepreneurship
Workers
*Cognitive Fluency Reviewing the current literatures on the
characteristics of a good school makes us
Change Forces
conclude that good schools are generally described
Sergiovani (2000, pp. 154-155) identified six forces as being learner-centered.
affecting changes in schools. bureaucratic,
Good schools make an effort to serve all types of
personal, market, professional, cultural, and
students by providing a good physical and socio-
democratic. Each of these forces is influential in
emotional environment for all students. They
implementing changes in schools:
provide instructional support system to help
Bureaucratic forces are rules, mandates, and other students to learn effectively and to
requirements intended to provide direct supervision,
Indicators of a Good School from Six Composite
standardized work process, or standardized
Perspectives
outcomes that are used to prescribed change.
Pupil
Personal forces are personality, leadership styles,
and interpersonal skills of change agents that could Pupils are nice to each other
push for changes to happen in school.
Everyone is treated fairly
Market forces are competition, incentives, and
There is a friendly atmosphere
individual choice that are used to motivate change.
Teachers control the classes but not too strict
Professional forces are standards of expertise,
codes of conduct, collegiality, felt obligations, and Teachers help you with things you are not good at
other professional norms intended to build
professional community to compel change. Teacher

Cultural forces are shared values, goals, and ideas Communication is good among all members
about pedagogy, relationship. and politics intended Staff development is good
to build covenantal community that is used to
compel change. The environment is good to work in

Democratic forces are democratic social contacts Pupils are happy and well-motivated
and shared commitments to the common good All pupils are helped to achieve what they are
intended to build a community that is used to capable of
compel change.
Parent
Internal commitment is an essential contributor to
school effectiveness, internal commitment means There is a welcoming friendly atmosphere
faculty, administrators, and staff experience a high
Staff are caring and communicate well with pupils
degree of ownership and feeling of responsibility
on the changes that they wish to happen. Discipline is good
Cooperation, collaboration, and open Extra time is spent with children who learn less
communication is essential Responding to the quickly
different change forces requires empowerment of
every member of the school community. It also Relationships are good between teachers and
requires ethical and moral leadership from school parents
managers and administrators. Management
Characteristics of a Good School as an Agent of Pupils are safe
Social Change
All members of the school community work toward
To effectively serve as an agent of social change, clear objectives
schools need to evolve and be a model of a good
social institution. A high quality of information is given to parents and
visitors
Rules are applied evenly and fairly There must be a strong school and home
relationship, and
All pupils are helped to achieve what they are
capable of All members of the school community must be
treated with respect
Support Staff
Responding to the Needs of the Country and Local
Resources are good and up to date
Communities
Classrooms are clean, warm, and comfortable
Community school were expected to contribute to
Support staff are given credit for their competence economic and cultural development of the people
and contribution and the communities where they served. They are
shrines of knowledge and wisdom when there are
The environment is friendly and welcoming only few basic education schools in the country.
Staff development involves all staff They are concrete reflections of state's
commitment to ensure equity and access to quality
Board Member, Trustee education.
Excellent reputation with the local community Trade and agricultural schools are also good
models of how a school can influence positive
Strong leadership from senior management
social changes. These schools aim to contribute to
A happy and welcoming environment the economic development of the people and the
community. Over the years, these schools have
Pupils being helped to reach their individual
produced professionals and scientist who are
potential
helpful in the development of agriculture and food
A safe place for pupils production in the country.

As an agent of social change, a school must set an The University of the Philippines, Manila also made
example of a good social institution Schools need an outstanding contribution in developing local
to model a dynamic social organization doctors who are serving in local communities in the
characterized by the following country. Its satellite campuses in Leyte, Davao, and
Aurora are excellent models on how schools can
The school climate must be professional and help serve the people.
friendly to all
Silliman University, a private protestant school
There must be a positive relationship among established during the time of the Americans in
students, faculty, staff, administrators, and Dumaguete City is a good example of how a school
stakeholders, can influence the transformation of the society.
The classroom atmosphere must be mentally and Silliman did not only produce outstanding leaders
emotionally engaging learning: and professionals in various disciplines and fields
in the country.
There is enough and adequate support for learning
The UP Baguio research on the indigenous
The teachers and other staff received support for people's culture in the cordillera region.
professional and personal growth.
The school must be efficient in managing its
resources, Ateneo de Manila University is also known for its
contributions in helping the poor people in various
There must be an efficient communication system parts of the country and it has collaborations with
among teachers, students. administrators, staff, other agencies and institutions like Gawad Kalinga,
parents, and other stakeholders; in its mission to end poverty and serve the poor.
The school has a system to recognize good works Merriam College in partnership in developing
and other achievements, children's literacy in poor communities.
St. Scholastica's College program for empowering In the study of Ball (2000), the enormous
women and in promoting gender equity. complexities of today's world require a new vision
for schooling that responds to the needs of the
The UP College of law, Law Center for providing
global and multicultural society in which we live.
free legal assistance for
There is a need to prepare students who possess
poor people. high level of knowledge and skills that include high
level of cultural literacy.
The Central Visayas Institute of Technology for
developing science literacy by building a good In the same note, Tilghman (2007) emphasized that
science and mathematics program in a small town instilling a global perspective among students;
of Jagna in the province of Bohol. exposing them to the histories, languages, religious
traditions, and cultures of countries other than their
Mindanao State University for advancing the own; and building academic bridges between
education of Muslims and indigenous group in schools and colleges and their respective faculties
Mindanao. around the world is today a scholarly which is a
Mary Johnston college of Nursing for serving the global concern among educators and governments,
health needs of poor families in Tondo, Manila. I is the key and addressing various needs, challenges
TESDA schools all over the country, are helping to and problems posed by cultural diversity.
develop vocational and technical skills of millions Diakno (2010) observe that the internationalization
of students, has opened the door for many countries to improve
All schools under the K-12 Education Program are their educational systems, especially in higher
expected to function as agents of social change education. Specifically, internationalization in
and transformation. They are expected to education ranges from various activities such as
contribute to nation building developing holistically faculty and students exchange programs,
developed and functionally literate learners development to offshore campuses or satellite
characterized by: campuses, establishment of joint research projects
and university linkages among others.
A healthy mind and body.
Roles of Administrators, Teachers, and Students in
Sold moral and spiritual groundings; Promoting Schools as Agents of Social changes
and Transformation
Essential knowledge and skills to continuously
develop himself/herself to the fullest.
Engagement in critical and creative problem solving: Leadership and collaboration are essential
Contribution to the development of a progressive elements to ensuring success in all education
and humane society; and endeavors.

Appreciation of the beauty of the world and cares When we speak a leadership, we mean effective
for the environment for a sustainable future. leadership that pushes more innovations in a
creative organizational environment.
Responding to the Needs of a Culturally Diverse
Global Community And when we talk of collaboration, it should be
meaningful and constructive that allows creativity,
Shim (2011) pointed out that from a global critical thinking, problem solving, and decision-
perspective, people now live in the world wherein making. Thus, it is important to understand what
entanglement is an inherent condition of human drives effective leadership and meaningful
existence; constant border crossing among cultural collaboration in schools.
and language boundaries using technology
becomes inevitable. As a result, people live in What do effective leaders do? Fullan (2001)
countries, which are becoming more ethnically, identified several strategies that leaders in school
racially, culturally, and linguistically diverse every could do to be effective in complex times:
year
 achievement - the business of the school is to
ensure that all students should be successful in
1. Educational leaders must be guided by moral
their students; ensuring that all curriculum
pursue. Moral purpose is about making a positive
competencies should be mastered by the students
difference in the lives of students and to striving to
and this is measured by the assessment of their
improve the quality of working relationship in the
learning performance.
school
3. Empowerment and providing positive support to
2. It is essential for leaders to understand the
teacher – teachers need to be empowered in
change process. Any form of change in school or in
making decisions for their classes and in the
the whole education system is not easy. All
subjects they teach. trust and support for teachers
stakeholders must understand the change that is
are important morale boasters that drive teachers
going to happen and be guided in the process, it is
to do more innovations in their classes
essential to understand that opposition,
discontentment, discouragement, negative 4. Creating a clear vision and mission - any
feedbacks, is natural when undergoing some administrator should help the school community to
changes create a clear vision and a great sense of mission.
this sets the foundation of good leadership--a
3. It is essential to build relationships. If
vision and mission that is shared by all members of
relationships are improved things will surely get
the school community.
better. Thus, leader must be consummate
relationship builder within the school, the teachers, 5. Monitoring students' progress and teachers'
the staff, and students, and between the schools performance effective school leaders regularly
and with all stakeholders. Effective leaders, monitor students' progress and evaluate teachers'
constantly foster purposeful interaction and performance. This means providing instructional
communication. leadership is important.
4. Leaders must commit to knowledge creation 6. Establishing a positive school climate ensuring
and sharing. School leaders should commit transparency, integrity, and honesty in all school
themselves constantly in generating and increasing transactions, establishing clear standards to follow,
knowledge inside and outside the school could do this exercising fairness, and supporting
organization. They also share vita information to all professional growth of teachers and staffs.
teachers, staff and stakeholders.
7. Establishing linkages and collaborations with
5. Effective leaders seek coherence in everything parents, community, and all stakeholders - there is
they do. This is difficult considering the issues, an old African proverb that says it takes a village to
problems, and demands that schools and the total educate a child" which simply means that ensuring
education system are facing. However, ensuring support and participation of all stakeholders in
coherence is important constantly following logic every school activities and encouraging parents to
rationale thinking in making decisions, being guided have active role in the education of their children
by the school values and philosophy, and being are essential
scientific and systematic in conducting business in
school. According to an article "Organization Theory" (n.d.),
"organization is basically defined as an assembly
There are other strategies that administrators,
of people working together to achieve common
teachers, and other personnel can do to ensure
objectives through division of labor."
success of the school
1. Strong principal leadership the principal plays a McNamara (n.d.) also defined organization as
vital role in the school, the principal ensures that all group of people intentionally organized to
educational goals, targets, and plans set by the accomplish an overall, common goal or set goals
school and by the department of education should which have major subsystems that functions with
be implemented effectively.
other subsystems in order to achieve the overall
2. Setting high expectations for student's goal the organization."
 Fayol's administrative principles
In an educational setting, a school is established
with a clear vision, mission goals and objectives First foundation for modern scientific management
(VMGOs). School's VMGO is a declaration of the in the early 1990 which serves as guidelines for
school's objectives which serves as a guide for decision-making and management actions.
planning and decision-making. (Van,2009) It is known as the 14 principles of
Frederick Winslow Taylor was the primary management.
contributor of Scientific Management originated un
th
the beginning of the 20 century 1. Division of Work- tasks is divided among
employees
Scientific management was based on idea of
systematization where attempts were made to
2. Authority and Responsibility- the management
enhance efficiency of procedures to be best via
has the authority to give orders to subordinates
scientific analyses and experiments. concept of
that comes with corresponding responsibility.
planning of work to achieve efficiency,
standardization, specialization, and simplification
3. Discipline- is about the core values anchored on
that promotes mutual trust between the
the vision and mission of an organization to form
management and workers.
of good conduct which essential to the successful
Four Principles of Scientific Management operation of the organization.
1. Science, not rule of thumb - develop a science of
each element of man's work, which replaces the old 4. Unity of Command- all orders received must
rule-of-thumb. come from one manager only otherwise it will
cause confusion to employees.
2. Scientific selection of the worker- scientifically
select and then train, teach, and develop the 5. Unity of Direction- this ensures that all actions
workman, whereas in the past he chose his own are properly coordinated and requires employees to
work and trained himself the best he could. perform and carry out activities as one team
leading to the same objectives using one plan.
3. Management and labor cooperation rather than
conflict- heartily cooperate the men so as to ensure 6. Subordinate of Individual Interest- is about
all of the work being done is in accordance with the prioritization of organization's interest over
principles of science which has been developed. personal interest which applies to all members of
the organization.
4. Scientific training of the worker- workers should
be trained by experts using scientific method. 7. Remuneration- is about rewards and
compensations to efforts that have been made
The following concepts suggested by Taylor in which could be in a form of monetary or non-
order to increase the level of trust (Organization monetary that keeps employees motivated and
Theories,n.d.)
productive.
The advantages of productivity improvement
should go to workers 8. The Degree of Centralization- this implies the
concentration of decision-making authority at the
Physical stress and anxiety should be eliminated
as much as possible top management.

Capabilities of worker should be developed through 9. Scalar Chain-is about the hierarchical structure
training; and
that is always present at any type organization.
The traditional "boss" concept should be eliminated. There should be a clear line of in the area of
authority from the top management down to the
lowest level. Legal, rule-oriented authority - the bureaucratic
type of authority, based on normative rules for
10. Order - this pertains to the order and safety of career, hierarchy; and
employees in order to function properly at work.
Charismatic authority- the personal authority,
11. Equity - this implies equal treatment among based on a type of "seduction" and hence, the
members of the organization. devotion of supporters.

12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel- this is about Mulder (2017) also articulated the following
the proper deployment and management of elements that support Fayol's bureaucratic
personnel by providing employees the opportunity management:
to be considered for tenured position based on
their performance. All regular activities within a bureaucracy can be
regarded as official duties;
13. Initiative- this allows employees to express
ideas that will help benefit the company. Management has the authority to impose rules; and

14. Esprit de Corps- this promotes unity among Rules can be easily respected on the basis of
employees, develops morale in the workplace, and established methods.
creates atmosphere of mutual trust and
understanding. Salient features of Max Weber's Bureaucratic
Theory (Mulder, 2017)
Max Weber - He is a German sociologist known for
bureaucratic theory of management and is 1. Task specialization - "division of labor"
considered as the father of sociology.
2. Hierarchical of authority- managers are
"Weber believed that the most efficient way to set organized into hierarchical layers, where each layer
up an organization is through bureaucracy which is of management is responsible for its staff and
way better than the traditional structure. overall performance in bureaucratic organizational
structures
BUCREAUCRACY - AN ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY MANY 3. Formal selection- all of employees are selected
RULES, STANDARDIZED PROCESS, PROCEDURES on the basis of technical skills and competencies,
AND REQUIREMENTS, NUMBER OF DESKS, which have been acquired through training,
METICULOUS DIVISION OF LABOR AND education and experience and are paid accordingly.
RESPONSIBILITY, CLEAR HIERARCHIES AND
PROFESSIONAL, ALMOST IMPERSONAL 4. Rules and requirements - Formal rules and
INTERACTION BETWEEN EMPLOYEES. requirements are required to ensure uniformity, so
that employees know exactly what is expected of
Mulder (2017) and Lagaard (2006 highlighted the them.
three types of power that can be found in an
organization based on Weber's Bureaucratic 5. Interpersonal regulation and clear requirements
model and these are the following: create distant and impersonal relationships
between employees, with the additional advantage
Traditional authority-based on historically created of preventing nepotism or involvement from
legitimacy where authority is hereditary and based outsiders or politics. Decisions must be based on
on dependent subordinates; rational factors rather than personal factors.
6. Career orientation - employees of a bureaucratic
organization are selected on the basis of their Leadership is inherent to the teaching profession.
expertise. This helps in the deployment of the right
people in the right positions and thereby optimally According to Jackson (2015), teacher leaders
utilizing human capital. transcend formally defines roles in building which
means that every teacher at some point in their
SCHOOL LEADERSHIP career, becomes a teacher leader.
Leadership is an essential factor that contributes
to the successful operation of an organization. The roles and responsibilities of teacher nowadays
are becoming more complex in view of the reform
School leadership is only secondary to teaching in in education brought about by global demands.
terms of its impact to student learning.
The skills required for teachers is no longer just for
Leadership is considered as vital to the teaching but also include administrative functions
effectiveness of educational institution. that are required of a teacher leader.

School leaders' primary function is to take charge Grade Level/ Subject Coordinator - this may
of the management of the school. include instructional leadership and administrative
functions.
Some of the important aspects of a school
leader's role highlighted by Christie, Thompson and Department Chair/ Coordinator - serve as liaison
Whitely (2009) officer between administration and colleagues.

1. Developing a deep understanding of how to Curriculum and Assessment Specialist - leads

support teachers - school leaders should teachers to follow curriculum standards and
understand the need of teachers that will develop appropriate assessment.
capacitate them in order to become effective
teachers. Mentor/ Coach- serves as a mentor for co-teachers.

2. Managing the curriculum in ways that promote Facilitators - facilitates professional development.
student learning - learners have different learning
styles; hence curriculum shall be carefully managed Leaders can influence the effectiveness of an
accordingly by planning for appropriate strategies organization through the following:
in curriculum delivery that will suit the learning style the choice of objectives and strategies to pursue;
of students. the motivation of members to achieve the
objectives;
3. Developing the ability to transform schools into the mutual trust and cooperation of members;
more effective organization to foster powerful the organization and coordination of work activities;
teaching and learning for all students -
transformational leadership is one of the leadership LEADERSHIP STYLE
theories that requires leaders to have passion and Instructional Leadership - The primary role of a
energy to achieve great things. Leaders should School Principal is to promote learning and make
have in-depth understanding of powerful teaching students successful in their academic endeavours.
and learning through the use of brain-based It requires instructional leadership that is critical to
instruction that promotes active-inquiry, in-depth the success an effectiveness of the curriculum and
learning and performance assessment including instruction. Instructional leadership is based on
culture of excellence that will lead to the effective three dimensional approach which includes
teaching and learning. defining the school's mission, managing the
instructional program, and promoting a positive
school climate (Hallinger, 2010).

Transformational Leadership → According to Bass

and Riggio (2006), this leadership theory was
conceptualized by James MacGregor Burn in 1978.
Transformational leaders are type of leaders who
inspire their followers to achieve extraordinary
outcomes by inspiring them and, in the process
develop their own capacity. This leadership
approach supports the instructional leadership
style. It focuses on developing one's capacity to
innovate and support the development of changes
to practices of teaching and learning (Hallinger,
2010).

Distributed Leadership It draws from different

perspectives to support the instructional leadership
team by establishing a system of improving
curriculum and instruction through collaboration. It
is believed that leadership can be more effective
when it is distributed among group of individuals
with different competencies but a shared mission
and to foster culture of learning.