International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 6 Issue 6, September-October 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Development, Environment and Rural Poverty

Dr. Irsad Ali Khan
Associate Professor, Political Science, Government Bangur College, Didwana, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Dr. Irsad Ali

The causes of rural poverty are complex and multidimensional. They Khan "Development, Environment and
involve, among other things, culture, climate, gender, markets, and Rural Poverty" Published in
public policy. Likewise, the rural poor are quite diverse both in the International Journal
problems they face and the possible solutions to these problems. This of Trend in
Scientific Research
pamphlet examines how rural poverty develops, what accounts for its
and Development
persistence, and what specific measures can be taken to eliminate or (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
reduce it. 6470, Volume-6 |
Issue-6, October IJTSRD52105
Broad economic stability, competitive markets, and public
investment in physical and social infrastructure are widely 2022, pp.1494-
1503, URL:
recognized as important requirements for achieving sustained
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economic growth and a reduction in rural poverty. In addition,
because the rural poor's links to the economy vary considerably, Copyright © 2022 by author (s) and
public policy should focus on issues such as their access to land and International Journal of Trend in
credit, education and health care, support services, and entitlements Scientific Research and Development
to food through well-designed public works programs and other Journal. This is an
transfer mechanisms. Open Access article
distributed under the
Poverty and environment are closely interrelated. Whilst people terms of the Creative Commons
living in poverty are seldom the principal creators of environmental Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
damage, they often bear the brunt of environmental damage and are (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
often caught in a downward spiral, whereby the poor are forced to
deplete resources to survive, and this degradation of the environment KEYWORDS: development, rural,
further impoverishes people. When this self-reinforcing downward poverty, environment, competitive,
spiral becomes extreme, people are forced to move in increasing programs, economic
numbers to marginal and ecologically fragile lands or to cities.

INTRODUCTION
About one-fifth of the world's population is afflicted among the poor reflect highly complex interactions of
by poverty—these people live on less than $1 a day. cultures, markets, and public policies.
Poverty is not only a state of existence but also a
Rural poverty accounts for nearly 63 percent of
process with many dimensions and complexities. poverty worldwide, reaching 90 percent in some
Poverty can be persistent (chronic) or transient, but
countries like Bangladesh and between 65 and 90
transient poverty, if acute, can trap succeeding
percent in sub-Saharan Africa. (Exceptions to this
generations. The poor adopt all kinds of strategies to
pattern are several Latin American countries in which
mitigate and cope with their poverty.[1,2]
poverty is concentrated in urban areas.) In almost all
To understand poverty, it is essential to examine the countries, the conditions—in terms of personal
economic and social context, including institutions of consumption and access to education, health care,
the state, markets, communities, and households. potable water and sanitation, housing, transport, and
Poverty differences cut across gender, ethnicity, age, communications—faced by the rural poor are far
location (rural versus urban), and income source. In worse than those faced by the urban poor. Persistently
households, children and women often suffer more high levels of rural poverty, with or without overall
than men. In the community, minority ethnic or economic growth, have contributed to rapid
religious groups suffer more than majority groups, population growth and migration to urban areas. In
and the rural poor more than the urban poor; among fact, much urban poverty is created by the rural poor's
the rural poor, landless wage workers suffer more efforts to get out of poverty by moving to cities.
than small landowners or tenants. These differences Distorted government policies, such as penalizing the

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agriculture sector and neglecting rural (social and groups, reflecting the poverty-mitigating strategies of
physical) infrastructure, have been major contributors the poor in response to changes in the economy and
to both rural and urban poverty. The links between society.
poverty, economic growth, and income distribution
Cultivators, who form the bulk of the rural poor in
have been studied quite extensively in recent developing countries, are directly engaged in
literature on economic development. Absolute
producing and managing crops and livestock. Since
poverty can be alleviated if at least two conditions are these households cannot sustain themselves on the
met:
small parcels of land they own or cultivate, they
economic growth must occur—or mean income provide labor to others for both farm and nonfarm
must rise—on a sustained basis; and
activities inside and outside their villages. Some
economic growth must be neutral with respect to
members of these households migrate to towns or
income distribution or reduce income
cities on either a rotational or a long-term basis. In
inequality.[3,4]
many countries, both small landowners and tenants
Generally, poverty cannot be reduced if economic are under increasing pressure to get out of the
growth does not occur. In fact, the persistent poverty agriculture sector altogether. Underlying this process
of a substantial portion of the population can dampen of "depeasantization" are market forces and policies
the prospects for economic growth. Also, the initial affecting landholdings, rents, prices, credit, inputs,
distribution of income (and wealth) can greatly affect and public investment in social and physical
the prospects for growth and alleviation of mass infrastructure.
poverty. Substantial evidence suggests that a highly
Noncultivators are perhaps the poorest among the
unequal distribution of income is not conducive to rural poor. Their numbers have been rising rapidly
either economic growth or poverty reduction. because of the natural increase in population and
Experience has shown that if countries put in place depeasantization. These workers depend on seasonal
incentive structures and complementary investments demand for labor in agriculture and in rural informal,
to ensure that better health and education lead to small-scale industries and services. The landless rural
higher incomes, the poor will benefit doubly through workers are vulnerable to fluctuations in the demand
increased current consumption and higher future
for labor, wage rates, and food prices. They find it
incomes.
even more difficult than small landowners and tenants
The pattern and stability of economic growth also to gain access to public infrastructure and services. In
matter. On the one hand, traditional capital-intensive, addition, unlike their counterparts in urban areas, they
import-substituting, and urban-biased growth— are often excluded from public sector safety nets
induced by government policies on pricing, trade, and (food rations, for example).
public expenditure—has generally not helped Rural women tend to suffer far more than rural men.
alleviate poverty. On the other hand, agricultural
Their poverty and low social status in most societies
growth—where there is a low concentration of land is a major contributor to chronic poverty. Substantial
ownership and labor-intensive technologies are
evidence from many countries shows that focusing on
used—has almost always helped reduce poverty. the needs and empowerment of women is one of the
Finally, sharp drops in economic growth—resulting
keys to human development.[7,8]
from shocks and economic adjustments—may
increase the incidence of poverty. Even when growth Environmental degradation due to pervasive poverty
resumes, the incidence of poverty may not improve if is a matter of great concern in both rural and urban
inequality has been worsened by the crisis. areas in the Asian and Pacific Region. The interaction
of poverty and environmental degradation sets off a
The rural poor depend largely on agriculture, fishing,
downward spiral of ecological deterioration that
forestry, and related small-scale industries and
threatens the physical security, economical well being
services. To understand how poverty affects these and health of many of the region’s poorest people
individuals and households, and to delineate the
[9,10] For example, in the Loess Plateau of People’s
policy options for poverty reduction, we first need to Republic of China in the 1960s and 1970s the drive to
know who the rural poor are.[5,6] produce more food for the burgeoning population
The rural poor are not a homogeneous group. One exacerbated land degradation and led to a decline in
important way to classify the rural poor is according agricultural productivity and income. By the mid-
to their access to agricultural land: cultivators have 1980s, more than 5 million people on the plateau’s
access to land as small landowners and tenants, and rainfed upland were surviving on incomes of less than
noncultivators are landless, unskilled workers. There $US50 a year. However, consistent government
is, however, much functional overlap between these efforts at environmental improvement combining

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erosion control with improved crop and animal production. All of the rural poor are engaged in the
raising practices reduced soil erosion and increased production of both tradable and nontradable goods
rural incomes. Despite a decrease in the area under and services. Artisans and unskilled workers provide
cultivation, the improved management of terraces and many nontradable services and some nontradable
flatlands has helped to increase total per capita grain products (such as staple foods) that small cultivators
production by 30 per cent. Local solutions on also produce. Only cultivators, however, have access
environmental adjustments have also been devised in to small parcels of land through ownership or
the Rajasthan Desert of India It is often the case that (sharecropping) tenancy. They are also the only
people and countries make an explicit trade off, groups of poor people who own or rent physical
accepting long-term environmental degradation to capital such as tools, implements, and machinery.
meet their immediate needs. In many marginal, rural Artisans and small-scale farmers have only limited
areas growing populations inevitably lead to daily amounts of physical capital. They have only limited
degradation of the environment for subsistence, access to financial capital and acquire it largely
depleting not only the current environment but also through informal agents or institutions, except for
future availability. [11,12] Long-term sustainability tenants, who can use their landlords as conduits to
of resource use in degraded areas with high formal credit. Borrowed capital is often costly and is
populations is an urgent issue that governments of used to maintain consumption during hard times or to
developing countries and international donors have to buy supplies and equipment needed for farming.
address through the promotion of appropriate policy Households' labor is used both within the family—for
instruments work done by unpaid family members—and to earn
the wages paid to landless, unskilled workers in farm
Discussion
and nonfarm activities.
To understand poverty creation in rural areas and its
effects on different groups, we need to look at the All groups of the rural poor are vulnerable to serious
assets that the poor own or to which they have access, risk owing to changes in weather, health, markets,
and their links to the economy. The economic investment, and public policy. The resulting
conditions faced by the rural poor are affected by a fluctuations in the prices and quantities of their assets
variety of assets (and the returns on them) held at the and of what they produce can either deepen their
household, community, and supra-community levels. poverty or give them opportunities to escape from it.
The poor's physical assets include natural capital The main reason is that the rural poor have a very low
(private and common property rights in land, capacity to absorb abrupt financial shocks. In
pastures, forest, and water), machines and tools and addition, economic crises and natural disasters can
structures, stocks of domestic animals and food, and bring about sharp increases in poverty and make it
financial capital (jewelry, insurance, savings, and more difficult for the poor to escape it.[15,16]
access to credit).
Numerous characteristics of a country's economy and
Their human assets are the labor pools—comprising society, as well as some external influences, create
workers of varying ages, genders, skills, and health— and perpetuate rural poverty:
in the households and communities. Their political instability and civil strife;
infrastructural assets are publicly and privately
systemic discrimination on the basis of gender,
provided transport and communications, access to race, ethnicity, religion, or caste;
schools and health centers, storage, potable water, and
sanitation. Their institutional assets include their ill-defined property rights or unfair enforcement
legally protected rights and freedoms and the extent of rights to agricultural land and other natural
of their participation in decision making in resources;
households and communities, as well as at the supra- high concentration of land ownership and
community level. The first two categories of assets asymmetrical tenancy arrangements;
are largely regulated through formal and informal
networks among individuals and communities. Most corrupt politicians and rent-seeking public
rural people, particularly women and those in landless bureaucracies;
households, are greatly handicapped by inadequate economic policies that discriminate against or
assets and the low and volatile returns on exclude the rural poor from the development
them.[13,14] process and accentuate the effects of other
The differences among the rural poor are more clearly poverty-creating processes;
reflected in their links to the economy, which large and rapidly growing families with high
determine how they use their assets and participate in dependency ratios;

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market imperfections owing to high concentration drinking water is estimated at US$300 million a year.
of land and other assets and distortionary public Most infectious diseases are “environmental” in
policies; and origin, as specific environmental conditions increase
the biological organisms’ ability to thrive or spread.
external shocks owing to changes in the state of
nature (for example, climatic changes) and Even diseases such as acute respiratory infections are
linked with poor conditions within the household
conditions in the international economy.[17,18]
environment, including overcrowding, poor sanitation
Biases in national economic and social policies can and indoor air pollution. Since 1998, the Andhra
contribute to rural poverty by excluding the rural poor Pradesh government (with donor assistance) has been
from the benefits of development and accentuating assessing the overall burden of ill-health associated
the effects of other poverty-creating processes. Policy with lack of water and sanitation infrastructure, and
biases that generally work against the rural poor outlining a cost effective strategy for reversing this
include: situation. The burden of disease has been reduced by
urban bias in public investment for infrastructure 17 per cent through the provision of clean water from
and provision of safety nets; taps inside the house, private latrines and reducing
indoor air pollution through clean cooking
implicit taxation of agricultural products through fuel.[21,22]
so-called support prices and an overvalued
exchange rate; Results
To design policies that have a chance of effectively
direct taxation of agricultural exports and import helping the rural poor, the focus of policy should be
subsidies; on four major groups:
subsidies for capital-intensive technologies; small landowners who cultivate their land;
favoring export crops over food crops; and landless tenants who cultivate other people's
land;
bias in favor of large landowners and commercial
producers with respect to rights of land ownership landless laborers who depend on casual or long-
and tenancy, publicly provided extension term employment in the farm or nonfarm sectors;
services, and access to (subsidized) credit. and
These policies can have both short- and long-term women, who could also be part of any of the
effects on the rural poor. The effects are particularly three preceding groups.
significant in the context of the structural adjustment All of these groups will benefit from good
programs that many developing countries have macroeconomic management—which helps keep
undertaken to restore macroeconomic stability and inflation in check and maintains unsubsidized
expand the capacity of the economy to increase prices—because it facilitates sustained economic
production, employment, and incomes.[19,20] growth through private investment and competitive
The WHO has called poverty the world’s biggest markets. Needless to say, unfair laws or poor
killer (WHO 1995). Although efforts to reduce enforcement of existing laws, exclusion of the poor
poverty and increase disposable income levels from decision making, and pervasive corruption in the
continue, the key to identifying new strategies for public sector are no less detrimental to the well-being
achieving these objectives lies in an understanding of of the poor than they are to the country's overall
how poverty affects both the environment and human economic growth.[23,24]
health. Environmental health problems emanate from Achieving agricultural growth by applying new
a lack of access to essential environmental resources, technologies is one of the most important ways to
primarily sufficient and clean water, enough food, reduce rural poverty. The impact of such efforts on
appropriate shelter and fuel and healthy air. At least the rural poor, however, depends on initial conditions,
one in four of the region’s population has no access to the structure of relevant institutions, and incentives.
safe drinking water, and one in two has no access to Research shows that agricultural stagnation has
sanitation (see Chapter 14). Public expenditure on harmed the rural poor in sub-Saharan Africa by
water and sanitation is relatively low at only one per creating food shortages and higher prices that have
cent of the GDP for most countries. Unsafe water and reduced their ability to buy food and find work.
poor sanitation in developing countries is responsible Conversely, experience with the Green Revolution
for a large percentage of diseases and a significant showed that rapid agricultural progress made a big
proportion of mortality. In Jakarta, Indonesia alone, difference in reducing rural poverty in parts of South
the economic cost of impaired health from unsafe Asia. Researchers have found that higher crop yields

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reduce both the number of rural poor and the severity Transfers, which are both private and public, provide
of rural poverty. But these effects are strong only if some insurance against anticipated and unanticipated
certain conditions are met: economic shocks. Most of the rural poor depend on
private transfers among households, extended
land and capital markets are not distorted by a
high concentration of ownership of natural families, and other kinship groups. Public transfers
can take the form of redistribution of such assets as
resources (agricultural land), including unfair
tenancy contracts, and repression in the capital land, employment on public works projects, and
targeted subsidies for inputs and some consumer
markets (with restricted access to finance);
products. These transfers supplement or displace
public policy on pricing, taxes, and the exchange private transfers, depending on the policy instrument
rate does not penalize agriculture and encourage and how it is used. But these channels—markets,
or subsidize labor displacement; infrastructure, and transfers—do not work in the same
public investment in basic education and health way for all of the rural poor because each group has
care is high and used effectively; farmer literacy quite different links to the economy.
and good health have great influence on farm So, what are the key elements when crafting a policy
productivity; to reduce rural poverty?
public sector support for agricultural research is Competitive markets, macroeconomic stability, and
strong and resulting improvements are made public investment in the physical and social
available to small farmers is effective; infrastructure are widely recognized as important
physical capital, like irrigation systems, access requirements for sustained economic growth and
roads, is adequately maintained; reduced poverty. In addition, the first requirement of
a strategy to reduce rural poverty is to provide the
safety nets and social assistance are available for enabling environment and resources for those in the
the very poor, particularly the landless (casual) rural sector who are engaged in the agricultural
workers and rural women, in the form of public production and distribution system.
works programs, microfinance, and food
subsidies; and Other policy components for national strategies—
involving the government, the private (for-profit)
the rural poor are directly involved in the sector, and civil society—to reduce rural poverty can
identification, design, and implementation of include:
programs to ensure effective use of resources and
equitable distribution of benefits. Information gathering. The rural poor face
many different problems and are not a
Since the rural poor are a varied group, we need to homogeneous group. Therefore, a sustained effort
understand how macroeconomic changes and policies must be made to gather information about the
can affect them. The three major ways in which particular problems they face so that they can be
policies affect the rural poor are through markets, adequately addressed.
infrastructure (including public services), and
transfers.[25,26] Focus on building assets. The government
should assess what assets the poor need most to
The markets in which the rural poor participate are help them earn more. This could be agricultural
those for products, inputs (labor and nonlabor), and land or other resources, access to credit, or
finance (from formal and informal sources). Several improvements in health and education.
important features of these markets can affect Dependence on raw labor, without a focus on
conditions in rural areas. building other assets, is the single most important
The infrastructure that directly affects the rural source of persistent poverty.
sector's productivity and the rural poor's quality of The right to adequate land and water. A broad-
life includes the economic (transport, based land reform program—including land
communications, extension services, and irrigation) titling, land redistribution, and fair and
and the social (education, health care, water, and enforceable tenancy contracts—is critical for
sanitation). Given that most elements of a country's reducing rural poverty. It can make small
infrastructure are provided through public funding, (marginal) landowners and tenants more efficient
the level of spending, cost effectiveness, quality of producers and raise their standards of living.
service, and access of the rural poor to infrastructure
and public services have important effects on human Basic health care and literacy. The rural poor
capital and productivity in rural areas. need to build and strengthen their human capital

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so they can get out of poverty and contribute need different kinds of support, depending on
more to the economy and society. Basic health their circumstances. These may include food
care (immunization, provision of clean water, and supplement programs; food assistance provided
family planning) and education (literacy, through schools, health care clinics, and
schooling, and technical training)—particularly community centers; and cash transfers.
for women and children—are essential building Decentralized and targeted programs seem to
blocks and should be accessible at reasonable work best.[27]
cost.
The health effects of environmental degradation in
Local involvement. The infrastructure and selected Asian countries and their related costs are
services associated with health and education can shown in Table 9.5. These costs indicate the scale of
be funded and maintained best if the target groups the problem and the need for action, particularly in
are involved in making decisions about the the cities of the region where lead levels are a serious
design, implementation, monitoring, and health hazard. According to the World Bank, three
accountability. types of activities are important in improving the
Providing infrastructure. The rural poor cannot status of environmental health: enhancement in
knowledge of environmental health problems;
make the best use of their resources, including
human capital, if either the quantity or the quality development of appropriate response procedures and
integrating critical environmental health issues in the
of some of the key parts of the country's physical
operations of the relevant sectors
infrastructure (irrigation, transport, and
communications) and support services (research Conclusions
and extension) is inadequate. The social and The achievement of the Millennium Development
physical infrastructure and services can be funded Goals is at the centre of sustainable development.
and maintained best—that is, they will be cost- Sustainable rural development is vital to the
effective and of reasonable quality—if the target economic, social and environmental viability of
groups are involved in designing, implementing, nations. It is essential for poverty eradication since
and monitoring them, as well as in ensuring global poverty is overwhelmingly rural. The
accountability of the government officials manifestation of poverty goes beyond the urban-rural
responsible for them. divide, it has subregional and regional contexts. It is
Targeted credit. Informal and formal sources of therefore critical, and there is great value to be
credit often are too costly for, or unavailable to, gained, by coordinating rural development initiatives
the rural poor. Targeted public sector rural credit that contribute to sustainable livelihoods through
programs, especially if they are subsidized, efforts at the global, regional, national and local
benefit the nonpoor far more than the poor. The levels, as appropriate. Strategies to deal with rural
development should take into consideration the
poor want credit that is available on acceptable
terms and when they need it. Recent experiments remoteness and potentials in rural areas and provide
targeted differentiated approaches. A healthy and
with community-based credit programs, in which
the poor actively participate in the making of dynamic agricultural sector is an important
foundation of rural development, generating strong
lending decisions that are subject to peer
accountability, have been successful in reaching linkages to other economic sectors. Rural livelihoods
are enhanced through effective participation of rural
target groups at reasonable cost.
people and rural communities in the management of
Public works. A large and increasing proportion their own social, economic and environmental
of the rural poor depends on wage labor, because objectives by empowering people in rural areas,
they have either no asset other than raw labor or particularly women and youth, including through
very few assets: limited quantities of land and organizations such as local cooperatives and by
domestic animals. A flexible public works applying the bottom-up approach. Close economic
program can greatly help the near landless and the integration of rural areas with neighbouring urban
landless smooth out household consumption and areas and the creation of rural off-farm employment
avoid transient poverty. If it is used on a sustained can narrow rural-urban disparities, expand
basis, it can also strengthen the bargaining power opportunities and encourage the retention of skilled
of the poor in rural areas. people, including youth, in rural areas. There is
Decentralized food programs. Some of the rural considerable potential for rural job creation not only
poor, both individuals and households, suffer in farming, agro processing and rural industry but
from inadequate nutrition most of the time. They also in building rural infrastructure, in the sustainable

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management of natural resources, waste and residues. 5. Protect and ensure sustainable use of traditional
Rural communities in developing countries are still knowledge, including indigenous knowledge in
faced with challenges related to access to basic accordance with article 8 (j) of the Convention on
services, economic opportunities and some degree of Biological Diversity, for the management of
incoherence with regard to planning related to rural- natural resources to address the challenges of
urban divide. Investments in environmental sustainable development;
protection, rural infrastructure and in rural health and 6. Facilitate the active participation of vulnerable
education are critical to sustainable rural development
groups, including women, youth and indigenous
and can enhance national well-being. Beyond meeting peoples and rural communities, in the elaboration
basic needs, investments must be linked to the
of local and national planning of rural
potential to raise productivity and income. The
development, taking into account national
vulnerabilities of the rural poor to the economic and
legislation;
financial crisis and to climate change and water
shortage must be addressed. The success of 7. Build the resilience of rural communities to cope
sustainable rural development depends on, inter alia, with and recover from natural disasters;
developing and implementing comprehensive 8. Promote and scale up labour-intensive recovery
strategies for dealing with climate change, drought, activities in addition to capital-intensive
desertification and natural disaster.[26,27] programmes;
Related actions include: 9. Support training and capacity-building of rural
A. Promoting poverty eradication in rural areas; communities to effectively implement adaptation
B. Promoting pro-poor planning and budgeting at the programmes to climate change at the local level;
national and local levels; 10. Invest resources to enhance research aimed at
C. Addressing basic needs and enhancing provision adapting to the challenges of climate change;
of and access to services as a precursor to 11. Foster and strengthen capacities of rural
improve livelihoods and as an enabling factor of communities for self-organization for building
people? s engagement in productive activities; social capital, taking into account national
D. Providing social protection programmes to legislation;
benefit, inter alia, the vulnerable households, in B. Strengthen the human capacities of rural people.
particular the aged, persons with disabilities and In that context:
unemployed many of whom are in rural areas. 1. Strengthen rural health-care facilities and
Actions are needed to: capacities, train and increase the number of health
A. Build social capital and resilience in rural and nutrition professionals and sustain and
communities. In that context: expand access to primary health-care systems,
1. Empower women and small-scale farmers, and including through promoting equitable and
indigenous peoples, including through securing improved access to affordable and efficient
equitable land tenure supported by appropriate health-care services, including provision of basic
legal frameworks; health-care services for the poor in rural areas, in
particular in Africa, for effective disease
2. Promote equitable access to land, water, financial prevention and treatment;
resources and technologies by women, indigenous
peoples and other vulnerable groups; 2. Create and develop educational programmes for
rural communities aimed at disease prevention;
3. Support and promote efforts to harmonize modern
technologies with traditional and indigenous 3. Eliminate old and new forms of illiteracy in rural
knowledge for sustainable rural development; communities and ensure provision of primary
education and access to secondary and tertiary
4. Provide access to credit and other mechanisms as
educational opportunities as well as vocational
well as resources for farm-based activities, and entrepreneurship training including proactive
especially for small-scale farmers, including and market-related elements to build capacities
women in particular, in developing countries to within rural communities, in particular for youth,
better manage the various risks they face, young girls, women and indigenous people;
including price, weather, climate, water shortages,
land degradation and natural disasters, including 4. Encourage rural communities? participation in
by providing aid and promoting the development decision-making, promote rural communities?
of agricultural insurance markets; empowerment and rural leadership;

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5. Improve access by rural people and communities 4. Strengthen the links between agriculture and other
to information, education, extension services and sectors of the rural economy;
learning resources, knowledge and training to 5. Develop sustainable ways to add value to
support sustainable development planning and
agricultural products locally, subregionally and
decision-making; regionally to generate additional income;
C. Invest in essential infrastructure and services for
6. Support the development, transfer and use of safe
rural communities. In that context:
and environmentally sound construction
1. Increase public and private investments in
technologies and practices, in particular for
infrastructure in rural areas, including roads,
housing, to improve living standards and to create
waterways and transport systems, storage and
employment in rural areas;
market facilities, livestock facilities, irrigation
systems, affordable housing, water supply and 7. Support as appropriate, sustainable tourism as a
sanitation services, electrification facilities, and valuable source of employment and income
information and communications networks; supplement to farming and other primary
production activities, as well as sustainable
2. Improve access to reliable and affordable energy
natural resource management;
services, including renewable and alternative
sources of energy for sustainable rural 8. Actively promote sustainable forest management;
development; 9. Increase access of rural populations, particularly
3. Enhance access of rural populations to safe women, youth, indigenous people and other
drinking water and adequate sanitation; vulnerable groups, especially in disadvantaged
areas, to markets as well as affordable financial
4. Develop and improve access of rural populations
and business advisory services, such as market
to information and communications technologies,
literacy, microcredit, loan guarantees and venture
inter alia, to support Internet access and build
capital;
capacities for an effective use of these
technologies; 10. Expand access to markets by assisting rural
producers, associations and firms, especially
5. Develop rural public and private services that those from developing countries, to respond to
realize the potential of those technologies,
market demand;
including cellular banking and e extension
services; 11. Increase employment opportunities through
labour-intensive approaches including green jobs
6. Promote the development of rural organizations and development of rural infrastructure, taking
such as community-driven cooperatives to into account the decent work agenda of the
enhance investment in essential infrastructure and International Labour Organization as an important
services, and recognize the role of urban areas in
instrument to achieve the objective of full and
fostering rural development; productive employment and decent work for all;
7. Support improved access for all to strengthened 12. Develop the necessary infrastructure and
rural health-care services and facilities;
encourage data collection, including
D. Stimulate the creation of new jobs and income disaggregated population data, synthesis and
opportunities in rural areas. In that context: analysis, to enhance the understanding of the
1. Support rural diversification, including on-farm contribution of non-farming activities to poverty
diversification towards non-agricultural and other reduction and income generation in rural areas;
non-primary production activities;
13. Support the development of integration into
2. Provide appropriate land-use frameworks in order market of smallholder family agriculture and
to support the establishment of agricultural sharing of experiences and best practices;
activities and both agricultural and non- 14. Promote non-agricultural industries such as
agricultural services related to sustainable rural
mining, service industries, construction and
development, while respecting the rights of rural
commerce, in a sustainable manner, as a source of
communities and indigenous people; employment and income for rural populations;
3. Provide entrepreneurial training, credit and other
support to off-farm and other non-primary
production activities;

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E. Ensure environmental sustainability in rural areas. 2018). "Poverty, rural population distribution
In that context: and climate change". Environment and
1. Encourage the use of land resources in a Development Economics. 23 (3): 234–256.
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practices; change: introduction". Environment and
3. Promote sustainable natural resources use and Development Economics. 23 (3): 217–233.
management, including ecosystem conservation doi:10.1017/S1355770X18000141. ISSN 1355-
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