Dam Earthquake Engineering

Yoshikazu YAMAGUCHI
Team Leader, Dam Structures Research Team Hydraulic Engineering Research Group Public Works Research Institute

Dam Earthquake Engineering

Seismic Design of Dams

Dam Structures Research Team Hydraulic Engineering Research Group Public Works Research Institute

Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Geological Condition Earthquake Observation System Past Earthquakes Seismic Design of Dams Advanced Seismic Design of Dam

Geological Condition

Location of earthquakes occurred in the world

JAPAN

Location of earthquakes occurred in Japan

Plate tectonics
trench
a him his h C nc tre

Japan tre nch

Eurasia Plate

Pacific Plate

gh trou kai Nan

Sagami trough

IzuOgasawara trench

Philippine Plate

Earthquake types

Inland Type

Trench Type

Compression force Land Plate

Ocean Plate Fault

Movement of Plate Several centimeter per year

Active Faults in Japan

Earthquake Observation System

Definition of earthquake size by Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

JMA operates a network made up of about 180 seismographs for continuous earthquake monitoring and 650 Seismic Intensity Meters, together with Seismic Intensity Meters of about 2000. The observational data are collected by the Earthquake Phenomena Observation System (EPOS) at the Headquarters of JMA and the Earthquake and Tsunami Observation System (ETOS) at the District Meteorological Observatories. As soon as an earthquake occurs, EPOS/ETOS processes the observational data to locate the epicenter and to determine the magnitude. After the occurrence of earthquake JMA quickly announces information on epicenter, magnitude and the distribution of seismic intensity to the public through mass media as well as to the disaster prevention organizations. It also provides these observational data for the International Seismological Centre (ISC) in the UK which collects and analyzes seismic observational data over the world.

JMA Seismic Intensity Scale

JMA Scale Explanation In most buildings, wall tiles and windowpanes are damaged and fall. In some cases, reinforced concrete-block walls collapse. In many buildings, wall tiles and windowpanes are damaged and fall. Most unreinforced concrete-block walls collapse. In some buildings, wall tiles and windowpanes are damaged and fall. In many cases, unreinforced concrete-block walls collapse and tombstones overturn. Many automobiles stop due to difficulty to drive. Occasionally, poorly installed vending machines fall. Most people try to escape from a danger. Some people find it difficult to move Many people are frightened. Some peolpe try to escape from a danger. Most sleeping people awake. Felt by most people in the building. Some people are frightened. Felt by many people in the building. Some sleeping people awake. Felt by only some people in the building . Imperceptible to people.

7 6Upper 6lower 5Upper

5lower 4 3 2 1 0

Earthquake Observation Systems

National Research Institute For Earth Science and Disaster Prevention Strong Motion Seismograph Network K-net (Surface of ground) KiK-net (Rock foundation)

Online Earthquake Observation Systems for Dams

Seismographs

Dam Office Earthquake Data Real Time

NILIM (Tsukuba)

Database

About 60 dams are connected on line now. In the future, 410 dams will be connected.

Headquaters of MLIT (Tokyo)

Past Earthquakes

Recent Major Earthquake Disasters in Japan

Date Earthquake Magnitude 8.0 8 1/2 7.9 7.3 8.1 7.2 7.9 6.8 8.0 7.1 7.7 7.8 7.2 Number of Lost persons 7,273 22,072 142,807 2,925 3,064 1,083 998 1,961 1,330 3,796 104 230 6,427

Oct. 28, 1891 Nobi Earthquake June 15, 1896 Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami Sept. 1, 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake Mar. 7, 1927 Kitatango Earthquake Mar. 3,1933 Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami Sept. 10, 1943 Tottori Earthquake Dec. 7, 1944 Tonankai Earthquake Jan. 13, 1945 Mikawa Earthquake Dec. 21, 1946 Nankai Earthquake June. 28, 1948 Fukui Earthquake May 26, 1983 Central Japan Sea Earthquake July 12, 1993 Southwest of Hokkaido Earthquake Jan. 17, 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake

Oct 6, 2000 Western Tottori Prefecture Earthquake

6.6

Hyogo-ken Nambe (Kobe) Earthquake

Date : 17 Jan 1995 am 5:46 Epicenter : 3436 North Latitude 13502 East Longitude Focal Depth : 16 km JMA Magnitude : 7.3

Distribution of Seismic Intensity

Epicenter

Location of Nojima Fault

Nojima Fault
Osaka Kobe

Photo 1

Collapse of Highway Overpass

Photo 2

Collapse of Buildings

Photo 3

Appearance of Nojima Fault

Location of Dams near the Epicenter

About 50 dams exist within 50 km from the epicenter

Special Safety Inspections of Dams

Primary Inspection Visual Inspection immediately after the earthquake Secondary Inspection Both a detailed visual inspection and safety checks of data recorded by instruments

The special safety inspection of 251 dams were completed by January 21, 1995 (occurrence of the earthquake was Jan. 17) No damage requiring emergency protective countermeasures was reported.

Horizontal Accelerations observed at dam sites

Acceleration Response Spectrum

Relationship between the Distance and the Horizontal Accelerations

Relationship between the Distance and the Vertical Accelerations

Relationship between the Distance and the Horizontal Accelerations (Soil Sites)

FEM Analysis (Concrete Gravity Dam)

Results of FEM Analysis (Concrete Gravity Dam)

Results of FEM Analysis (Concrete Gravity Dam)

Conclusions of Dam Safety Evaluation during Hyogo-ken Nambu Earthquake

The special safety inspections by site officers and detailed investigations (using dynamic analyses) by PWRI engineers confirmed that there was no serious damage affecting dam safety or requiring protective countermeasures. The dams were constructed on the rock foundations where the earthquake motion were substantially smaller than those at soil sites. It is one of major reasons why dams were safe during the earthquake. Careful geological investigation and site location, adequate safety factor in designing dams, high-quality construction were also important to ensure the safety of dams.

Seismic Design of Dams

Essentials of a design

The dam shall be of a structure possessing safety under anticipated loads, the necessary durability and watertightness, and good operating properties. Also, It should be designed with consideration to its economics.

Essentials of Design
A Concrete Dam should have such a structure that will not slide or overturning under the estimated loads. An Embankment Dam should have such a structure that will not show sliding or seepage failure under the estimated loads. Foundations for dams should be safe from sliding, or seepage failure under the estimated loads.

Difference in Design Methods in accordance with Dam Types

Type of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Concrete Arch Dams Embankment Dams

Basic Assumptions 2-Dimentional Elastic Body 3-Dimentional Elastic Body 2-Dimentional Non-Elastic Body

Conditions of Dam Design 1) Middle third condition 2) Hennys formula (Fs4) 3) Allowable stress 1) Allowable stress 2) Hennys formula (Fs4) 1) Sliding method (Fs1.2)

Design Water Levels

DFL SWL NWL

DFL SWL NWL Drop rapidly MWL

LWL Empty

LWL Empty

Concrete Dam

Embankment Dam

Design Loads (1)

Reservoir condition Concrete Gravity Dam
Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Silt pressure Uplift pressure Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Silt pressure Uplift pressure Inertia force Hydrodynamic pressure Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Uplift pressure Inertia force Hydrodynamic pressure

Concrete Arch Dam

Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Silt pressure Uplift pressure Thermal load Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Silt pressure Uplift pressure Thermal load Inertia force Hydrodynamic pressure Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Uplift pressure Thermal load Inertia force Hydrodynamic pressure

Embankment Dam
Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Pore pressure

Design flood level

Normal water level And Surcharge water level

Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Pore pressure Inertia force

Lowest water level

Design Loads (2)

Reservoir condition Middle water level When the water level drops rapidly Empty reservoir
Self weight Inertia force Self weight Inertia force

Concrete Gravity Dam

Concrete Arch Dam

Embankment Dam
Self weight Hydrostatic pressure Pore pressure Inertia force Self weight Pore pressure Inertia force

Seismic Loads
Seismic Coefficient Method

Hydrodynamic pressure

Inertia Force

Inertia Force

Concrete Dam

Embankment Dam

Seismic Zone

Strong Seismic Region Intermediate Seismic Region Weak Seismic Region

Seismic Coefficient
Seismic Region Strong Seismic Region Intermediate Seismic Region Weak Seismic Region

k
Zoned Embankment Dam 0.15 0.18 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.10 0.12 0.15 Homogeneous Embankment Dam 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.12 0.18

Foundation Concrete Concrete gravity Arch Conditions Dam Dam Rock Soil Rock Soil Rock Soil 0.12 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.24 0.30 0.24 0.20 0.24

Inertia Force

I = Wk
Where,

I inertia force of the dam body during

an earthquake

W weight of dam body k design seismic coefficient

Hydrodynamic Pressure

Pd = 0.875Ww k Hh
Where,

Pd hydrodynamic pressure Ww unit weight of water k design seismic coefficient H depth of the reservoir h depth of the water from the water surface

Hydrodynamic Pressure
H w( dynamic ) = Pd dy
0 H

h H Pd

7 = Ww k H 2 12

Example
Horizontal Forces ( k=0.12 )
Forces 90 m 100 m Hydrostatic Force Silt Force 30 m Inertia Force Hydrodynamic Force Total sum Value (ton) 4,050 225 1,104 567 5,946 Percentage 68 % 4% 19 % 9% 100 %

Advanced Seismic Design of Dam

Advanced Seismic Design

Modified Seismic Coefficient Method Dynamic Analysis using FEM

Modified Seismic Coefficient Method

Distribution of Seismic Coefficient k

Seismic Coefficient Method

Modified Seismic Coefficient Method

Modified Seismic Coefficient Method

1991.6 SEISMIC DESIGN STANDARD FOR EMBANKMENT DAMS (DRAFT)
0.0 0.2

y/H

y
1.76

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0

k / kf

Example of Dynamic Analysis

Oct 6, 2000 Western Tottori Prefecture Earthquake

Kasho Dam Epicenter

Kasho Dam

Dynamic Analysis using FEM

Gate House

reservoir

Dam Body Dam Body

Dam Body
Z X

Earthquake Record (Input Data)

5 00 .0

20.480 0.010 -503.345 5.930

ACCELERATION

2 50 .0

Horizontal

0 .0

-2 50 .0

-5 00 .0 0 .0 2 .0 4. 0 6 .0 8 .0 10 .0 1 2. 0 14 .0 16 .0 1 8.0 20. 0

5 00 .0

20.480 0.010 485.209 6.680

ACCELERATION

2 50 .0

Vertical

0 .0

-2 50 .0

-5 00 .0 0 .0 2 .0 4. 0 6 .0 8 .0 10 .0 1 2. 0 14 .0 16 .0 1 8.0 20. 0

Dynamic Analysis using FEM

V1 L1 G1 150. 140. 130. 120. 110. 100. 90. 80. 70. 60. 5.1191 50.
V1 L1 G1

Principal Stress (Compression)

0. -10. -20. -30. -7.3479 -40. -50. -60.

40. 30.

Y Z X 148.86

20. 10. 0.

Output Set: PLAN-S1 Contour: PLANE S1

Principal Stress (Tension)

-70. -80. -90. -100. -110. -120. -130. -140. -150. Y Z X -183.59 -160. -170. -180. -190. Output Set: PLAN-S3 Contour: PLANE S3

Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis using FEM

Role of Dynamic Analysis

Design
Seismic Coefficient Method Modified Seismic Coefficient Method

Inspection
Dynamic Analysis using
FEM, BEM, DEM

Unique solution can be obtained.

Results are effected by method, model, conditions

Definition of Earthquake Motions

Proposal of Earthquake Resistance for Civil Engineering Structures by Japan Society of Civil Engineering Level I Earthquake motions is the level in which structures are not damaged when these motions strike. (OBEOperation Based Earthquake)

A structure is designed so that it may not get damage

Level II Earthquake motions is the level in which an ultimate capacity of earthquake resistance of a structure is assessed in plastic deformation range. (MCEMaximum Credible Earthquake)

A structure is designed so that it may not get fatal damage