Power System Analysis I
Lecture 1
Lecture by : Manish Pyakurel
December 2022
Course Syllabus
Reference Books and Evaluation Scheme
Course Instructor
Name : Manish Pyakurel
Power System Analysis I
Chapter 1 General Background
Lecture by : Manish Pyakurel
December 2022
Structure of Power System
Structure of Power System
Structure of Power System
• Electric power system is network of electrical
elements used to generate, transmit and
distribute electrical energy.
• It consists of number of generators
interconnected to form grid.
• Several voltage levels are used which are
separated using transformers.
Structure of Power System
➢ Generating station:
In generating station electric power is produced by 3-ϕ alternators (synchronous generators) operating in parallel.
Generating voltage is about 11 kV or may be 1 kV, 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV depending upon the power to be generated. For the
economic reasons the voltage generated at this level is further stepped up by the transformer to high voltage range i.e.
to 33 kV, 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV or even more depending upon the length and power to be transmitted. At high voltage
power loss decreases.
➢ Transmission system:
Usually generating stations are located far from the load centres. Hence an adequate system is needed to transmit this
bulk amount of power from generating station to the load centre.
Primary transmission:
Electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-ϕ, 3 wire overhead system to the boundary of the city. This forms primary
transmission.
Secondary transmission:
The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station (Grid s/s) at grid substation the voltage is reduced to
33 kV (66 kV) by stepdown transformer. From this station, electric power is transmitted to various distribution s/s (city
s/s) located at strategic points in the city. This forms secondary transmission.
Structure of Power System
➢ Distribution system:
It is the final stage in the delivery of electrical power to the end users. It receives power from the transmission system
and delivers it to the consumers.
Primary distribution:
Transmission line voltage is reduced from 33 kV to 11 kV, 3-ϕ, 3 wire system. This 11 kV line supplies power to
medium large consumer like factory, commercial complex.
Secondary distribution:
The power received at 11 kV voltage level is reduced to 380 V (3-ϕ line to line) and 220 V (phase voltage).
Reading Assignment :
http://www.ecowrex.org/sites/default/files/4_isolated_vs._grid_connected.pdf
https://scienceguru.co.in/subject.aspx?id=2&code=7EE5A&unitid=22&topicid=108#:~:text=Isolated%20systems%20are%
20much%20smaller%20than%20interconnected%20systems.&text=In%20addition%20of%2C%20the%20magnitude,than
%20in%20an%20interconnected%20one.
Video Watching Assignment:
https://youtu.be/fUWRyhsutL8
https://youtu.be/nBM1kd_ECog
https://youtu.be/SbdaGnKglCo
Power System Evolution
Power system was first evolved in 1870s.
Power System Evolution
Power System Evolution
watch video assignment : https://youtu.be/Y7XEVlvoiAk
Power System Evolution
Standardization of Frequency
The frequency of oscillation of alternating current in an electric power grid in large part of the world is 50 Hz though in
America and parts of Asia it is 60Hz. During the development of commercial electric power system in the late 19th and
early 20th century many different frequencies were used (also different voltages). Also large investment on equipment
with one frequency made standardization process slow. But in the 21 st century 50 Hz frequency tend to use 220-400 V
and 60 Hz frequency system tend to use 100-127 V. Several factors influence the choice of frequency in an AC system.
Lighting, motors, transformers, transmission lines, generators all have characteristics which depend upon the frequency.
All these factors interact and make the selection of frequency a matter of considerable importance. The best frequency
is the compromise between contradictory requirements. In the late 19th century designer would pick a higher
frequency for system consisting transformers and so as to economize on transformer material but would pick lower
frequency for system with transmission line feeding primarily motor loads. When large central generating station
became practical choice of frequency was made based on the nature of intended load. Eventually the improvements in
machine design allowed using single frequency for both lighting and motor loads. System Interconnection is possible
only with the use of standard frequency.
Major Electrical Components in Power Station
Alternators:
The generators employed in power station are usually 3-ϕ synchronous generator, referred as alternators. The mechanical
energy obtained from the turbine is converted into electrical energy by alternators. It consists of two windings namely
stationary stator winding and rotating field winding or rotor winding.
The field circuit excited by dc supply, when rotated with the help of prime mover (turbine), induces an emf in the stator
winding of the machine. If a load is connected across the stator terminal, current will start to flow and hence electric power is
consumed on the load.
Transformer:
Transformers are used in power system either to step up or step down the ac voltage level. In generating station the voltage
levels are stepped up before transmission so as to reduce power and energy losses. It is again step down to utility level in the
distribution side.
For regulating the voltage, transformers used are provided with tap changing facility.
Bus bars:
Bus bar is the main bar or conductor carrying an electric current to which many connections may be made. Bus bars are
merely convenient means of connecting switches and other equipment's into various arrangements.
The bus bars used are usually bare rectangular cross-section bars but they can be of other shapes such as round tubes, round
solid bars or square tubes. They are usually made of aluminum due to its numerous advantages such as low cost for equal
current carrying capacity, excellent corrosion resistance, ease of formability etc.
Major Electrical Components in Power Station
Protective system:
Protective system of a power generating station consists of following components:
Circuit breaker:
It is an electrical device capable of breaking an electrical circuit under normal as well as abnormal operating condition. It can
be operated manually and automatically. During abnormal condition, the circuit breaker breaks the circuit automatically. But
switching on of circuit breaker is always done manually.
Isolator:
It is a manually operated isolation switch capable of making or breaking of circuit under no load condition or dead condition.
The main purpose of isolator switch is visible separation of circuit from the live parts for the purpose of maintenance.
Relay:
Relay is a sensor that when sense any abnormalities in the system, feeds the information to the circuit breaker for further
action.
CT’s and PT’s
CT’s and PT’s are current transformer and potential transformers used to sense the current and voltage respectively for the
purpose of metering and protection.
Major Electrical Components in Power Station
Automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
The magnitude of voltage available across stator terminal of the alternator depends upon the magnetic flux created by the
rotor’s magnetic field. During operation we may require to increase or decrease output voltage of alternator. To achieve this,
the excitation current (to vary the rotor magnetic flux) has to be changed. This system of varying the rotor magnetic flux
which results in variation of output voltage of alternator is commonly referred as AVR.
Metering and control panel:
Power system control panel contains various types of meters to continuously monitor the power output as well as other
parameters that are associated with the system operating status. Measuring devices in the control panel includes ammeter,
voltmeter, wattmeter, frequency meter, power factor meter etc. Control panel is a setup provided to control and monitors the
operation of whole generating station.
Energy Resources
• Energy is available in various forms from different natural sources such as pressure head of water, chemical
energy of fuels, nuclear energy of radioactive substances etc.
• The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature into electrical energy in known as generation
of electrical energy.
• Electrical energy is produced from energy available in various forms in nature . These sources of energy are
❖ Sun
❖ Wind
❖ Water
❖ Fuels
❖ Nuclear Energy
Energy Resources
• Electrical energy is produced from energy available in various forms in nature . These sources of energy are
❖ Sun
❖ Wind
❖ Water
❖ Fuels
❖ Nuclear Energy
Reading Assignment :
https://www.solarschools.net/knowledge-bank/non-renewable-energy
https://amigoenergy.com/blog/renewable-energy-vs-fossil-
fuels/#:~:text=Renewable%20Energy%20is%20Cleaner%20than%20Fossil%20Fuels&text=Renewable%20energy%2C
%20on%20the%20other,emit%20any%20CO2%20at%20all.
https://www.javatpoint.com/conventional-sources-of-energy-vs-non-conventional-sources-of-energy
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/non-renewable-energy/#:~:text=1%2F8-
,Non%2Drenewable%20energy%20comes%20from%20sources%20that%20will%20run%20out,main%20element%20
in%20fossil%20fuels.
Energy Resources
• Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are
consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are constantly being replenished.
Renewable energy sources are plentiful and all around us.
• Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - on the other hand, are non-renewable resources that take hundreds of millions
of years to form. Fossil fuels, when burned to produce energy, cause harmful greenhouse gas emissions, such
as carbon dioxide.
Renewable Sources
Renewable Sources
Video Watching Assignment :
https://youtu.be/dPXoZclyFrw
https://youtu.be/a6C0aDXCyWM
https://youtu.be/7LtgLItrSIU
Renewable Sources
Renewable Sources
Renewable Sources
Renewable Sources
Renewable Sources
VI. Ocean Energy (Tidal, Wave)
Renewable Sources
VI. Ocean Energy (Tidal, Wave)
Wave energy (or wave power) is the transport and capture of energy by ocean surface waves. The
energy captured is then used for all different kinds of useful work, including electricity generation,
water desalination, and pumping of water.
Infinite Bus Concept
• An infinite bus is one where the frequency and voltage remain constant irrespective of the amount of
load on it.
• The bus whose voltage and frequency remains constant even after the variation in the load is known as
the infinite bus. The alternators operating in parallel in a power system is the example of the infinite
bus. The on and off of any of the alternator will not affect the working of the power system.
• The capacity of a parallel operating system is enormous. Their voltage and frequency remain constant
even after the disturbance of the load. The connection and disconnection of any of the machine will not
affect the magnitude and phase of voltage and frequency of an infinite bus. In an infinite bus system
✓ The voltage and frequency always remain constant.
✓ The synchronous impedance of the bus is low because of parallel operations of the machine.
Reading Assignment :
https://circuitglobe.com/infinite-bus.html
AC vs DC Transmission
AC vs DC Transmission
Advantages of High Voltage Transmission System
Advantages of High Voltage Transmission System
Advantages of High Voltage Transmission System
Advantages of High Voltage Transmission System
Single Phase and Three Phase Power Delivery
Economic Aspect of Single Phase and Three Phase Power Delivery
Economic Aspect of Single Phase and Three Phase Power Delivery
