m e
Applied Grammar and Usage
Family Tree
Indo-Euroapean
Balto-Siavn ina-iraia
Germanic Celtic Italic Baitic
Hellenic Slaic Incic
(Latin) (Greek) Sariskrt
Danish Gaelic French Modern Latvian ZEcn Eengai
English Irish Italian Greek Lithuanian Polisin Hirci
German Welsh Portuguese Russian
Norwegian PuTjaoi
Spanish Ukrainiar
1.11 WORD FORMATION PROCESS
The process consists of a combination of morphemes that are ruie-govemed (a new d
is formed).
Morpheme: a short segment of language:
I t is a word or a part of word that has
meaning
I t cannot be divided into smaller meaningful
parts without viciaion oi s Eaning
or without meaningless remainders.
I t recurs in differing verbal environments with a ralatively stabie mearing
Different ways
Borrowing
Affixation
Compounding
Reduplication
Backfomation
Suppletion
Blending
Acronym
Clipping
Coinage
.Borrowing
72
Borrowing
Other LangagAs
Unknown (6%) Latin(29%)
Greek (6%)
F
sermanic Lang4ages(284)
Dineh}
Norne,
ICIa
Ernglist1,
( t
rteasnch (29%)
Arxglo-Frenoh
f C K 7
S
PaS Hindi
Italian
Pr
Fi French Pizza
Dungarees
Latin
Nature
Volcano
Shampo0o
Exit Restaurant Traffic
Bungalow
Dictator
Cabinet Solo
Jungle
Alias
S Cafe Studio
Pa Maximum Chutney
Chef Piano
Pr
R Monitor Curry
Cheque Opera
Campus Loot
Justice Stiletto
Investigator Pukka
Bureau Confetti
Virus Bangle
Artist
Museum
P
Affixation to morphemess
affixes
words by adding
Process of forming suffixes
English uses prefixes and
sing + e r singer =
unreal
+ real
=
un
rar
(A) Prefixes oniy
word and
the lexical meaning of a
A prefix usually changes non-smoker
rewrite, smoker encircle. lare
speech. e. g. write
-
are sometimes
used to form new verb, e.g. circle
-
enc
Prefixes
etc
Grammar and Usage 73
Applied
A prefix usually changes the lexical meaning of a word and only rarely parts of
speech, e. g. write - rewrite, smoker - non-smoker
Prefixes are sometimes used to form new verb, e.g. circle - encircle, large - enlarge
etc
un unable, untair, unpack ir-: (before r) irregular, irrational
dis-: disagreeable, dislike non-: non-smoker, non-scientific
a-: amoral, atypical de-: decode, defrost, devalue
in-: intormal, in experience
re-: reread, rebuild, reunited
im-:(before b, m, p) impossible, immoral en-/em-: enrich, enlarge, embitter
il-:(before)illegal, illogical
(B) suffixes: Noun-forming suffixes
or: actor, visitor, director
er/eer: speaker, engineer, opener
ist: scientist, satirist, journalist
-
ess: hostess, stewardess, actress
ty/lity: cruelty, purity, stupidity
ance/ence: appearance, preference
-
hood: likelihood, brotherhood, neighbourhood
-
ing: reading, opening, beginning
on/sion/tion/ation: operation, permission, description
ness: kindness, goodness,
wilingness
-
y/ery: difficulty, enquiry, robbery, slavery
-
ship: partnership, membership, kinship
-ment: government, development,
movement
-
t: complaint, restraint
ure/ture: failure, exposure, mixture
dom: freedom, kingdom,
age: passage, marriage, postage
Adjective-forming suffixes:
able/ible: comfortable, fashionable, sensible
ic/atic: atomic, heroic, systematic
ful: beautiful, helpful, careful
y: bloody, dirty, sunny
less: useless, homeless, careless
preferential
74
i n f l u e n t i a l ,
personal, sensitive
tial:
al ial active,
creative,
itive: excellent
ative
ive different,
pleasant,
ent: woollen
ant
golden,
wooden,
FC en:
like: childlike, shell-like
charming
interesting.
amusing.
mysterious
ing famous,
dangerous,
ous: foolish
childish.,
bookish,
ish:
manly
friendly, lovely, suffixesS:
Sine ly: A d v e r b - f o r m i n g
Pa suffixes:
ISBN Verb-forming
modernize
Pe ise: civilize,
First ize glorify
simplify,
ify fy/efy: lengthen
sharpen,
en: deepen,
calmly, easily
ly: formally, afterwards,
backwards
homeward,
ward/wards:
otherwise,
sideways
clockwise,
wise/ways:
Size threefold
Page - fold: tuwofold,
1SB
Price Do a s d i r e c t e d
Rept
Noun to Adjective Harm
India Friend
Beauty Virtue
Child
Accident
Size
Adjective to Noun
Pag
ISB .Bravee
Prio Able
Rep
Happy
Noun to Verb
category
Length
.Example
Use Appropriate Prefixes
Possible (in/im)
Pag
.Mortal (im/di)
ISE Evitable (unin) Theist (a/an)
Sensitive (in/un) Passionate (imdis)
.Stable (in/un) Service (disim)
Applied Grammar
and Usage 75
Logal (un il) Forestation (un/de)
imitabe (il dis Intepret (dis/mis)
Rational (n dis)
Represent (mis/de)
.Rekvant(in m)
Compounding
.hoess that toms new words trom two or more independent words
.Examples of words formed by the compounding process:
Black+board =blackboard
text+book textbook
Reduplication
.Doubling an entire word (total reduplication) or part of a word
(partial reduplication)
.English makes use of reduplication very sporadically
Total reduplication is extremely rare!
Partial reduplication Humpty-dumpty
hocus pocus
Total reduplication
Knock-knock
Removing what looks like a typical affix in the
language.
A noun enters the language first and then a verb is "back-formed" from it.
e.g. edit, enthuse and donate
Other examples:
(a) liaise from liaison
(b) burgle from burglar
c) Televise from Television
Acronym
Words that are formed from the initials of
several words.
RAM Random Access
Memory
KIET Krishna Institute of Eng.& Tech. NIET?
RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging)
LASER (Light Amplification by the Stimulated
Emission of Radiation)
SCUBA (Self-contained Underwater Breathing
Apparatus)
UNICEF ( United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)
UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization)
CLIPPING
Shortening parts of a longer word
76
e.g. fax from facsimile, gym from gymnasium, and lab from Sot
gasoline gas laborat
doctor> doc
BLENDING/Portmanteau
Combining the parts oftwo different words
Usually the beginning of one word and the end of another.
motor+ hotel = motel
camera +recorder =
camcorder
Coinage (neologism)
A completely
new word
Often invented by
companies with new products or processes,
Examples: or taken from =
xerox
nylon
fahrenheit - Gabriel Fahrenheit
volt- Alessandro Volta
Functional Shift or Conversion
When a word can function
as a
noun, a verb, etc. without
Rise (n)- to rise
(v)
any morphological change
Eye (n) to eye (v)
- -
(a) bookworm
(b) Eurovision G) rise (n)
(c) American (k) chickenburger
(d) Edutainment (1) televise
(e) best (m) brunch
(6) Shampoo (n) nylon
(g) UNICEF
(h) gas
(i) Pizza
Quiz
1. Form
adjectives from the following nouns
accident, advice, profit, habit, using suffixes:
2. Make verbs from the humour
following adjectives by using either
wwwwwww
Usage 77
Grammar
and
olied
App
p r e f i x e s o rs u f t i x e s :
light, visual, simple,
strong
lean,
add prefixes to
to the
the following words to obtain the opposites:
Add prefixes
equality, like, common
do, load,
FAQS
Give
synonyms
of- cajole',
and feeble'. 'candid' feign'
(2014-15)
Make sentencesusing the homophones- beach' and beech' to bring out difference
between them.
(2014-15)
ichlight the
Highlight the difference in the homonyms by using them in sentence of your
Own:
(2012-13)
.Verse,Worse
Key Takeaways
The verbal elements placed at the beginning of the word are known as prefix while
the verbal element placed at the end of the word is called suffix.
There are a number of interesting ways by which new words are formed.
Homonyms
Ring
Homonyms: A homonym ('same name') is a word that has the same
spling as another word, but a different meaning. pronunciation and
Example: mean (an average) and mean (nasty) are homonyms. They are identical
in speling and
pronunciation, but different in meaning.
Here are some more homonyms.
Punch (a drink) and punch (to hit)
Dog (an animal) and dog (to follow closely)
101.
English
Bat (an animal) Homophons
and bat (baseball equipment)
omophones: The word homophone' has its origin in the combination of two elements
homo Same)
(sarme) and
and
sOundthe same but *phone' (sound). Thus, the term homophone describes the words that
have different meanings. For example, the words 'ate' and 'eight' are
pronounced in the same way but both have different meanings. Knowledge of homophones
elps the learner to
chec
eck the ambiguity in expression as well as to bring clarity. They can
