Core Functions of Operating System
Convenience
o Making the computer system easier to use
Efficiency
o Resource management such as RAM, Hard Disk space, etc
Ability to evolve
o Frequent advancement of hardware and software such as monthly security updates
Processes
o Programs that are running
Memory Management
o Management of memory
Information protection and security
o Authentication (Verification of user) and Access Control (Permission determine function)
Scheduling and resource management
o Scheduling – Central Processing Unit
Uniprogramming & Multiprogramming
Uniprogramming runs one task at a time
Multiprogramming allows an additional task to run during the waiting time of 1 st task
Virtualization
Companies use hypervisor for various reasons:
o Consolidation – Server can run multiple VMs and thus improves its efficiency by sharing
resources
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o Rapid Development – New VM can be deployed in a very short time span as VM consists
of files, which are easy to copy
o Ease of Management – VM facilitates deployment, and software could be tested easily
Different types of virtualization
Type 1 (bare metal hypervisor)
Directly control the hardware (CPU, RAM)
Allows VM to be installed on it directly
Usually has good performance
Example: VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V
Type 2
Sits above the Host Operating System
Needs to go through the host OS to talk to the hardware
Lesser performance as compared to type 1 hypervisor
Example: Oracle VM VirtualBox, VMWare Workstation
Booting Process
Introduction to Linux Operating Systems
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Linux distribution is an OS that is based on the Linux Kernel, usually comes with a software
collection
Different distributions of Linux usually are different in the way on how they handle the different
software collections
Relatively easy to learn another distribution of Linux if you know any of the distribution (basic
commands are similar)
Examples of distribution of Linux: Redhat, Ubuntu, Debian, etc
Characteristics of Linux
o Command (powerful and flexible)
o Modular architecture (dynamic linking and stackable modules)
o Open-Sourced
Important components (processes and scheduler, file systems, and virtual memory)
Overview of Files and File Systems
File desirable properties
o Long-term existence, sharable between processes, and files can be organized into a
hierarchical structure
File systems
o Typically provide a collection of functions and operations that can be performed on files
Create, delete, close, read and write
Field
o Contains just one value
Student’s date of birth
Record
o Collection of fields
Student Record, which contains fields such as name, date of birth, phone
number, etc
File
o Collection of similar records
Example: collection of student’s records
Database
o Usually contains different types of files
Student file, lecturer file, etc
File Management Systems
o System software that provides file usage services to applications and users
o Relives the developers to develop file access functions for each application
o Meets requirements of users, which include storage of data as files, and perform
relevant operations such as create, delete, close, read and write
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Disk device driver / tape device driver
o Responsible to communicate with the disk and tape
Basic file system (physical i/o)
o Deals with blocks of data that are exchanged with disk/tape, and it does not understand
the file content
Basic I/O supervisor
o Deals with device I/O, scheduling and file status
o Selects the device based on the particular file selected
Logical I/O
o Maintains basic data about files
File Directories
Operations that can be performed in a directory
o Searching, creating file, deleting file, listing directory, etc
Tree-structured directory is popular (Linux & Windows)
Windows system has the concept of drive letters
In Linux, the file structure starts with the root folder, which is referred to as “/”
Absolute path
o Full path that points to the same location regardless of the current working directory
Relative path
o Starts from the current working directory and thus does not need to provide the full
path
File Allocation Methods
Contiguous Allocation
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o Adjacent
o File Allocation Table includes Start Block and Length
Chained Allocation
o File Allocation Table includes Start Block and Length
Indexed Allocation
o File Indexes in a separate block
o File Allocation Table includes Index Block
o Index Block includes Start Block and Length
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Linux Operating System commands
whoami
o Displays current user
man
o Manual for the command, which displays the details and additional functions for the
command
man whoami
touch
o Create new file
touch File1.txt
cp
o Copy file
cp File1.txt File1-Copy.txt
mkdir
o Create new directory
rmdir
o Remove directory
ls
o Displays the list of items for the current directory
pwd
o Displays the current directory
nano
o Text editor in the cmd
gedit
o Launch wordpad editor which will pop-up
cd
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o Change directory
cat
o display content of the txt file
ps
o Displays snapshot of the current process
ps -e
o Displays every process in the system
ps -e | grep www
o Displays process containing “www”, grep is search
kill
o Terminate process
free
o Displays memory and swap space
top
o Display data like task manager
df
o Display file system disk space usage
df -T
o print the file system Type
df -Th
o displays all the different file system and the type
Write Shell Script file
Type in cmd
touch script1.sh
can either nano or right-click edit and type in the command
type in #!/bin/bash
after writing script, go to cmd and type “chmod +x script1.sh” to make it executable
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