RESEARCH

FOR B.SC. NURSING STUDENTS

HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION

CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• This study aimed To determine the occurrence Of hospital acquired infection rates, main infection sites,
and common microorganism, patient included in the study were taken from a newborn intensive care,
and intensive care unit, in a hospital.

JAESIM JEONG 2006.

• Hospital acquired infection are a worldwide problem today. They are among the leading causes of death
and cause significant mortality among patient.

Deepak B phalke.(2015)
1.2 NEED OF THE STUDY
A nosocomial infection is one that is hospital acquired. These infections can have
significant morbidity and mortality and have a large financial impact on
hospital resources. They lead to increased stay length of infected patients,
resulting in decreased total throughput of patients.
Armine Margaret Sefton (2004)
1. Urinary tract infection due to catheterization
2. Infection related to intravenous cannulas
3. Preventive Measures for respiratory tract infection
4. Antiseptic prophylaxis for surgical – Site infection
5. Biomedical waste Management
1.Urinary tract infection due to catheterization
Urethra, bladder and the complete urinary tract, gets infected due to the easy
entry of micro-organism, and also the inner lining gets injury from erosions and
trauma. Catheterization also leads to fever and pevicatheter discharge.
2. Infection related to intravenous cannulas :---
The use of an intravenous cannula after result in localized or systemic sepsis.
Skin micro—organisms stick to the cannula and gain entry into tissue and
circulation, there by causing bacteremia. The infection causing, skin flora is ether
patient own flora or hospital-acquired organisms.
3. Preventive Measures for respiratory tract infection :--

Increased incidences of nosocomial pneumonia and other respiratory tract infection in intensive care
unit (ICU) are responsible. Selective decontaminations of the digestive tract (SDD) in popularly known
for the prevention of resp tract infections.

4. Antiseptic prophylaxis for surgical – Site infection :--

This will reduce skin microflora/bacteria, and venae lower the incidences of hospital Acquired surgical
site infections using of plastic adhesive dropped protect the surgical site from the infections micro—
organisms present on the surrounding skin.

5. Biomedical waste Management :--

These include chemical disinfection, incinerations, autoclaving and appropriate treatment of liquid
waste with disinfections before their disposal. If not managed carefully, biomedical waste can be serious
pollutants of soil water, and air, several methods of waste treatment in order to minimization the
Incidences of infections, need to undergo thought the process of disinfection.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
• What is the level of “knowledge” of students in infection, prevention and control within a
B.sc.nursing student of JDCN Indore(MP)…?

• What is the level of “practices” of students in infection, prevention and control within a
B.sc.nursing student of JDCON Indore(MP)…?

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ----

A exploratory study to assess the knowledge regarding hospital acquired infection
among B.sc.Nursing student of JDCN Indore (MP).
1.5 OBJECTIVES ----
• To assess the knowledge regarding hospital acquired infection among B.Sc.Nursing students.
• To find out association between knowledge source regarding hospital acquired infection with their selected
demographic variables.

• To assess the pre – test knowledge score

• To assess the effectiveness of self introduction module on knowledge regarding menstrual among
adolescent girls.

1.6 ASSUMPTIONS
• Individual student may have different level of knowledge, on hospital acquired infection.
• The questionnaire may Change or improve their level of knowledge on hospital acquired infection.
• The B.sc nursing student may have knowledge regarding prevention of hospital acquired infection.
• Deficit knowledge about hospital required infection.
• Appropriate care of general population with HAI is essential to minimize the complication related to HAI.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
• “HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION”
Hospital acquired infection formerly called nosocomial infection is define as infection acquired in the hospital
within 48 to 72 hours of hospitalization that were neither present nor including upon admission. Infection that
present within 10 day after hospital discharge are considered on HAIs.
According to WHO
• CLINICAL ENVIRONMENT
A clinical environment is a location where nursing practice takes place which includes direct parent care from
preventative care to chronic care to end of life care.
• KNOWLEDGE: -
In this present study it’s refers to correct verbal response of general population regarding hospital acquired
infection as measured by the structure interview schedule.
• PREVENTION:-
prevention is the action amied at Eradicating, eliminating or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
1.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
• Ethical approval was obtained from the Principal of Jagadguru dattatray college of nursing for
conducting the study and was ensured that there should be no interference during the collection
of data. A written consent was taken from B.sc nursing 1st and 2nd year students of Jagadguru
dattatray college of nursing.

• Ethical reviewing and approval were obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the
JCON. Preliminary permission Letter to conduct the study was obtained from the Ethics
Committees. Permission to collect data was Obtained from the Ankita, Deepak and research group
and the head of the JDCN where the study was conducted.
1.9 DELIMITATION
• We are not taking students below, 18year of age .
• We are not taking students of, 3rd and 4th year.
• We are not taking the person who are not willing participated.

1.10 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• Nurse:
The nurse plays an important role in the translation of knowledge to attitude
And practice in infection prevention and control. Nightingale acted out
prevention and Control practices through her knowledge, attitude regarding
infection prevention and Control which placed the patient in the best
possible position for healing (Hegge, 2013 and Gurler, 2014).
• Figure 1.1: Florence Nightingale’s conceptual frame work on environmental Theory (Hegge, 2013
and Gurler, 2014 ).

Application of the Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory related to The

conceptual framework.
• Environment:
The nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and practices affect the clinical Environment. Nightingale stressed
that cleanliness (sanitation, hygiene) and infection Prevention and control measures in the clinical
environment contribute to improving Health care (Hegge, 2013 and Gurler, 2014).
 CHAPTER – 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Surgical site infection :
Surgical site infection (SSI) is a
commonest nosocomial infection after urinary tract infection
(UTI) responsible for increasing cost. Substation responsible for
morbidity and occasional to be major problem standard
problem of preoperative and antibiotics prophylaxis.
• Airborne infection:
Airborne diseases are caused by pathogenic
microbes small enough to be discharged from
an infected person via coughing, sneezing,
laughing and close personal contact or aerosolizing
of the microbe. The discharged microbes remain suspended
in the air on dust particles, respiratory and water droplets.
UTI infection :
Urinary tract infections are more common in women. They
usually occur in the bladder or urethra, but more serious
infections involve the kidney.
• Biomedical waste management :
Waste produced in the health care sector can prove highly
hazardous, more so in the pandemic era. If not treated, these
biomedical wastes can contribute to the rapid spread of
coronavirus and other infections.
 TOOL

TOOL CONSIST OF

• Section (A) – Socio Demographic Data

• Section (B) – Infection control related to hospital

 Section (A) – Socio Demographic Data

Q.1 Age group:-

• 18 year’s
• 19 year’s
• 20 year’s
• Above 21 year’s.
Q.2 Standard-
• 1st year’s
• 2nd year’s
Q.3 Family types :-

• Joint
• Nuclear
• Extended
Q.4 Religion:-

• Hindu
• Muslim
• Christian
• Other specify
Q.5 marital status:-

• Married
• Unmarried
Q.6 Housing:-

• Kachha
• Pakkaa
Q.7 Sanitation:-
• Yes
• No

Q.8 family income:-

• Below 10,000₹
• 10,001₹ - 20,000₹

• 20,001₹ - 30,000₹
• Above 30,001₹
Q.9 Any bed habits:-
• Tobaccos
• Drinking
• Smoking
• No any bed habits
Q.10 Are you aware about the Hospital Acquired Infection?

• Yes
• No
 SECTION – B
INFECTION CONTROL RELATED TO HOSPITAL

Q.1 Hospital acquired infection is also known as ?

• Nosocomial infection
• Nostocomial infection
• Nosocongenial infection
• Nosocomial infection
Q.2 Which of the following is the first priority in preventing infections when providing care for a client ?
• Hand washing
• Wearing gloves.
• Using a barrier between client's furniture and nurse's glove
• Wearing gowns and goggles.
Q.3 How many hours are there high chance to get nosocomial infection to patient and client ?
• 12 hours
• 24 hours
• 36 hours
• 48 hours.
Q.4 How long hands to be rubbed together for effective hand washing ?
• 1 minute
• 15 seconds
• 20 seconds
• 45 seconds.
Q.5 Can you recommended hand hygiene a contact with patient ?
• Before
• After
• Before & After
• Nothing
Q.6 Can you recommended hand washing a contact with touching of any instrument of hospital ?
• Before
• After
• Before & After
• Nothing
Q.7 The pain and fever is the indication of which nosocomial infection
• Blood stream infection
• Urinary tract infection
• Pneumonia
• Surgical site infection
• All of the above
Q.8 Factor influencing the nosocomial infection are ?
• Environmental factor
• Microbial agent
• Patience susceptibility
• All of the above.
Q.9 How many steps are there in effective hand washing ?
• 10 steps
• 7 steps
• 8 steps
• 6 steps
Q.10 When should you wash your hands using gloves ?
• After using gloves
• Before using gloves
• After & Before using gloves
• Nothing
Q.11 When to wear mask and gloves doing the procedure of invention and body fluid ?
• Always
• Sometimes
• After a procedure
• Before a procedure.
Q.12 When surgical operation sites are shaved with razors ?
• After operation
• Before operation
• while operating
• None of the above.
Q.13 Microorganism are destroyed by using ……?
• Antiseptic
• Fumigation
• Autoclave
• All of the above
•
Q.14 Which of the following is not considered a portal of entry for bacteria ?
• Eyes
• Nose
• Mouth
• Intact skin
Q.15 Which one should be considered as potentially communicative ?
• All staff
• Patients
• All staff and patient
• None of the above
Q.16 Most health care associated infection are transmitted to patient.?
• On the hands of healthcare workers
• From directly room
• From hospital food
• From medicines
Q.17 disease such as hospitals b or c become a researcher for pathogens in. ?
• Blood
• The urinary tract
• The respiratory tract
• The reproductive tract
Q.18 If the infections disease can be transmitted directly from one person to another person it is.?
• Susceptibility

• Communicable disease

• Protect of entry
• Protect of exit