LAND Map

Latitude
GRADE 11 USE Interpreta
tionN
Skills GRADE10 Landforms LOCATION

Direction Calculations SLOPES

GRADE 9
GIS Ortophotos MAP
GRADE 8 SYMBOLS
MAP Cross
Section Longitude
GRADE 7 CONTOURS
READING

GRADES 4, 5 & 6
POA
GRADE 12 Practical Task (Map Work)

3
 Practical Task (Map Work)

Geomorphology of
1
GRADE 10 and 11

pre-knowledge
gained in previous
years e.g., contours

3
Map Work June Map Work
November
 EXAMINATION - Question 3 - Mapwork question
PAPER 1 PAPER 2
Marks: 150 Marks: 150
Question 3
Time: 3hours Time: 3hours (Mapwork) 30 Marks
Question 1 Question 1
(Climate and Weather) 60 Marks (Rural and Urban Settlements) 60 Marks Map Skills and
Short questions (15) Short questions (15)
3 sub-questions of 15 marks each on Climate 3 sub-questions of 15 marks each on Rural and calculations (10 Marks)
and Weather Urban
Settlements Map interpretation (12 Marks)
Question 2 GIS (8 Marks)
(Geomorphology) 60 Marks Question 2
Short questions (15) (Economic Geography of South Africa) 60 Marks
3 sub-questions of 15 marks each on Short questions (15)
Geomorphology 3 sub-questions of 15 marks
each on Economic Geography of South Africa
Question 3
(Mapwork) 30 Marks Question 3
Map Skills and calculations (10 Marks) (Mapwork) 30 Marks
Map interpretation Map Skills and calculations (10 Marks)
(12 Marks) Map interpretation (12 Marks)
GIS (8 Marks) GIS (8 Marks)
GRADE 10
GRADE 11
GRADE 11
GRADE 12
GRADE 12
GRADE 12
 Mapwork Techniques (Exam Guidelines)
1. Contour lines, contour interval and height and conventional signs (10 – 12)
2. Compass direction (10 – 12)
3. True bearing (10 – 12)
4. Magnetic declination and magnetic bearing (10 – 12)
5. Map scale – types of scales and comparing the scales of topographic maps,
orthophoto maps and aerial photographs (10 – 12)
6. Calculating straight-line distance (10 – 12)
7. Calculating area of regular features (11 – 12)
8. Map reference numbers/Map index (10 – 12)
9. Alphanumeric reference/Grid reference (10 – 12)
10. Map coordinates/Fixing position – stating the coordinates (10 – 12)
11. Calculation and interpretation of gradient (11 – 12)
12. Cross-sections – drawing of cross-sections, indicating position of features on
cross- sections and identifying features represented by cross-sections (11 – 12)
13. Intervisibility (10 – 12)
14. Calculating vertical exaggeration (11 – 12)
1. CONTOUR LINES, CONTOUR INTERVAL AND HEIGHT AND
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS

CONCEPT: Lines drawn on a

map, which joins places with
CONTOUR the same height and shape of
LINES the land surface
• Contours make closed rings.

CONTOUR Topographic map – 20 m

INTERVAL Orto photo – 5 m

• Contour lines
• Trigonometrical Station: Δ
heights 367 (1331m)
HEIGHT • Spot Height: ● 1284 mark
individual heights
• Bench mark: 1112.7 mark
height indicated next to a
road
CONTOUR PATTERNS
CONCEPT: Conventional symbols are widely accepted signs or sign systems
which signify an idea or concept
How are the following represented on topographical maps?
National Freeway Bench Mark

Railway Bridge
Water Tower Communication Tower

Windpump Trigonometrical Station

Row of Trees Cultivated Land

Power Line Cemetery

Place of Worship Dam Wall

Coastal Rocks International Boundary

Store Reservoir

Built-up Area Excavation

Perennial River Non-perennial River

Protected Area Lighthouse and Marine Light

2. COMPASS DIRECTION CONCEPT: symbol indicating the
cardinal directions

4 Main directions: N, E, S, W

4 Sub-directions: NE, SE, SW, NW Measure the direction to trig station 81 from trig station 103
8 Sub-sub-directions: NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW
3. TRUE BEARING CONCEPT: The bearing expressed as a horizontal angle
between a geographic meridian and a line on the Earth;
360º
Measure True Bearing to trig station 81 /0º
from trig station 103 OR 180º + 66º = 246º

270º 90º

180º
246º
4. Magnetic declination and magnetic bearing
Calculate the current magnetic declination for the map
Difference in years:
CONCEPT: The angle between magnetic north and true 2023 – 1997 = 26 years
north is called magnetic declination. Many people
believe that a compass needle points at the North Mean annual change: = 6′
Magnetic Pole. 246º
Total annual change: = 26 x 6′ = 156′
156′ = 2°36′

MD for 2022 = map declination + total

annual change
19°38′ + 2°36′ = 21°74′ = 22°14′ W
Calculate the current magnetic
declination from trig station 81
from trig station 103

MD for 2022 = True bearing + current declination

Map year = 246° + 22°14′
WSE Mean annual change Magnetic declination = 268° 14′ West of True North
5. Map scale – types of scales and comparing the scales of
topographic maps, orthophoto maps and aerial photographs
Types Formula
Line scale

Word scale 1cm represent 500m on a topographic map

1cm represent 100m on an ortho photo scale
Fraction scale 1 : 50 000 Topographic map
1 : 10 000 Ortho photo map

KM HM DM dM Meter CM MM
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
CONCEPT: A map
scale is a ratio of the 1 0 0 0 0 0
distance on a map to 1 0 0 0 0
the actual distance of
the ground. 1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0
1
Find distance with line scale
Measure Distance on the map with paper or dividers

Kilometres

Place on zero
Move left over zero

1,9 km
 6. Calculating straight-line distance in reality
Measure the West-East length of the landing strip on a Map Use cm on a ruler

Formula = Distance x map scale

= 2.4 cm x 500 m = 1200 m
= 1200 m
7. Calculating area of regular features
Calculate the area of the topographic block in m.
Area = Length x breath
Area = (Length x map scale) (breath x map scale)
= (3.5 cm x 0.5 km) x (3.2 cm x 0.5 km)

= 1.75 km x 1.6 km

= 2.8 km²
Note:
The length is always the longest
measurement and need to substitute the
length in the formula
8. Map reference numbers/Map index
Lines of Latitude
Lines of longitude
CONCEPT: the
angular distance of a
place east or west of
the Greenwich
meridian,

CONCEPT: the
angular distance of a
place north or south
of the earth's
equator
8. Map reference numbers/Map index

A B A B
A B
C D C D
A B A B
C D
C D C D

CONCEPT: The numbers and letters you use to find a

location on a map
Map Index / Reference 3418BB– 1:50 000 Topographic map

1° Ruit
18° 00’ 15’ 30’ 45’ 19° 00’
34° 00’ 34° 00’
A B A B
3418
15’ A B
1° = 60’ C D C D
30’
There is 16 x 15′ blocks
in 1° block on a
topographic map
45’ C D

35° 00’ 35° 00’

18° 00’ 19° 00’
 9. Alphanumeric reference/Grid reference 1 ° Grid system
16° O 33° O

22° S

CONCEPT: A grid of
numbered rows and
lettered columns (or
vice versa)
superimposed on a
map, used to find
and identify features.

35° S
 Reference number 3418 BB 5 – 1:10 000 Ortho photo map
Orthophoto map
There is 25 x 3′
ortho photo blocks
in one 15′ 18° 45’ 48’ 51’ 54’ 57’ 19° 00’
topographic block 34° 00’
1 2 3 4 5
03’
6 7 8 9 10
18° 00’
34° 00’
06’
A B 11 12 13 14 15
A B
C D 09’
Topographic map
16 17 18 19 20
C D
12’
21 22 23 24 25
34° 15’
10. Map coordinates/Fixing position – stating the coordinates
The grid reference of ▲367 (block A1) is …
27°45’03” S; 30°45’28” E / 27º45,1’ S; 30º15,5’ E

15” 30” 45”

CONCEPT: The geographic
coordinate system is a
spherical or ellipsoidal
coordinate system for
measuring and 15”
communicating positions
directly on the Earth as
latitude and longitude. 30”

45”
 ACURATE CALCULATION
Grid reference

Learners need to calculate the seconds/millimeters and not estimate them

 11. Calculation and interpretation of gradient
CONCEPT: Gradient is a measure of how steep a slope is. The greater the gradient the
steeper a slope is.

Formula : Gradient = H/D

Height:
Calculate the
average 2263m – 1797m = 466m✓
gradient of the
slope between
spot height
1797and spot Distance:
height 2263 in
block A10 on 3.85cm x 500 ✓ G=H/D✓
the topographic = 1925m✓
map. Show all = 466m ÷ 466
calculations. 1925m÷ 466
= 1: 4.13 ✓
(5)
Calculate the gradient between the dot at 1 (2) and the spot height at 5 on the
orthophoto map. (4)
Height = 1181 m – 1170 m = 11 m ✓
Distance = 11,7 cm x 100 = 1170 m ✓ (1160 – 1180 m)
G = H/D ✓ = 11 m ÷ 11 (26 m)
= 1170 m (1500) ÷ 11 (26)
= 1: 106,36 ✓ (1: 57.6) (105,45 – 107,27

Difference
in Height

Distance 11,7 cm
12. Cross-sections – drawing of cross-sections, indicating position of features on cross-
sections and identifying features represented by cross-sections
Where is the Draw a free-hand
highest / cross-section from
Do you walk lowest spot height 443 to
up or down points? spot height 447.
form here?

CONCEPT: Cross sections are line graphs that

show a sideways view of a landscape.
✓
Is the slopes
steep or
gradual?

✓ ✓
Ask these questions.
13. Intervisibility
CONCEPT: the ability to see in a direct line of sight from one position on the earth's surface to
another, considering the intervening terrain.

Will there be intervisibility between point A

and B?

A
B

A B
Refer to the feature labelled Blokhuis (4)
on the orthophoto map. Draw a cross
section on the feature from 2 to 3 on the
axes below.
14. Calculating vertical exaggeration
CONCEPT: Vertical exaggeration (VE) is a scale that is used in raised-relief maps, (cross section
perspectives), in order to emphasize vertical features, which might be too small to identify relative
to the horizontal scale.

Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the given cross

section of a slope on ortho photo

VE = VS = 1/500 .
HS 1/10 000
✓
VS = 1cm : 5m
= 1 : 500
✓ HS = 1: 10 000
1 : 500
VE = 1 . X 10 000
500 1

VE = 20 times✓
 Calculations
Calculation Formula Unit Max Marks Grade
Distance Distance = Distance/length x map scale m / km 2 10-12

Area Area = Length x breath 5 11-12

Area = (Length x map scale) (breath x map scale) m² / km²

Gradient Gradient = height (difference between two points) 5 11-12

Distance (between two points) (x map scale) 1: ____

Vertical VE = Vertical Interval (difference in height) 5 11-12

exaggeration Horizontal equivalent (distance between two points) ___ times

Magnetic MD= MD (magnetic declination of year map was printed) + 5 10-12

declination (total annual change) __⁰__ ′ W

Magnetic MB = TB (True bearing) ± MD (Magnetic Declination ± total 2 10-12

bearing variance) __⁰__ ′ W
MAP INTERPRETATION

elief BROWN Contours far – Gradual

Contours close - Steep

Types of rivers
rainage BLUE Dams
Sea

nfra struct.Main
RED BLACK
roads Railway lines

ettlements GREY Labour

Market

con. act GREEN BLACK

Farms Industries
 TERM 1

TERM 2 AND 3
Would it be warmer at the Hugenote Monument (A) or at trig station
50 (B)? Explain your answer by referring to the map.

FACTORS THAT
AFFECT
TEMPERATURE

Latitude Altitude

Distance
Ocean
from
currents
the sea
 For what purpose is
the dam used?
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
U • Canal
S • Furrows
E
D S DRINKING
R WATER
I O
N RECREATION • Purification
K F • Treatment
I
N D
G RECREATION
A
W M
A S • Hotel
T • Caravan park
E
R
• Look 1km (2cm)
around dam
List the holiday/tourist attractions found on the map

Brits is a large town

situated close to the
Hartbeespoort Dam
in North West
Province of South
Hiking trail Africa.

Write a letter to friends

from another province
to tell them why they
should visit the area
NB WORD SYMBOLS

Give three advantages

of the dam on the map
 Reasons for rows of trees
•Wind breaks - 1
1 •Reduces soil erosion - 2
•Esthetic - 3
3

2
2 3

1
 Structural landforms

LANDFORMS

Grade 11
content can
be assessed
in grade 12
Map integration
Landform, Slopes and Slope Elements Contours
Close-
MESA
Steep
Large top Landform

Contours
Far - Gradual

3 2 1
4

Slope Concave
slope Crest - 1
Cliff - 2
Talus - 3
Pediment - 4
Slope elements
 CONICAL
HILL

Determine the bearing

from the ∆ on the conical
hill to the ∆ on the mesa
154º

MESA

BUTTE Always integrate map skills

Inclined layers

A
Which one of the diagrams represents a cross-section from A to B?

✓
 •Steep slope INCLINED
•Softer layer •Gentle slope
•Escarp •Resistant layer
LAYERS
•Dip slope

Aerial photo and

topographical
map of
Escarp Magaliesberg
Contours
close Dip slope
Contours far
 Igneous rocks Granite domes

Granite domes are

formed when
batholites are pushed
up to the surface. The
covering rock layers
are then eroded away

Always integrate map skills - Intervisibility (Blocking feature)

 Inter-visibility

180
200
400 300

600

●654
600m
∆543,1
Nantes Paarl-
Dam Rock 180m
School
Paarl Rock is not inter Paarl Rock is inter
visible from the dam visible from the school
NB Massive igneous 654m
rocks - Batholith

Gordon’s Rock

Nantes Dam I cannot see Paarl

Rock from
Nantes Dam

600m
Warmer at A or B?
North-facing
Slope in SH

B
Which residential area, West End, Tuinsig or Vleiview
will have higher pollution levels
(a) Before a cold front moves over the area?
(b) After the cold front moved over the area?

CLOCKWISE WIND
CIRCULATION
INDUSTRIES
 X Katabatic
Night

Smoke blows
down the slope

You make a fire at 23:00 at X.

In what direction will the smoke blow?
GEOMORPHOLOGY

IDENTIFY DENDRITIC PATTERN

Looks like the

branches of a tree
IDENTIFY TRELLIS PATTERN

HARD

SOFT

HARD

SOFT

HARD

SOFT
RECTANGULAR STREAM PATTERN

Igneous rocks
with joints

River flows
in joints

90º bends(rectangular)

Tributaries join
Rectangular(90º)
Via Afika
IDENTIFY RADIAL PATTERN

What happened with

the water in these
rivers? Softer rock structure at
the bottom of the hill
result in more
infiltration than runoff
How do they retrieve
this water?

With boreholes and

windpumps

A fountain
ORIENTATION OF
MAP AND PHOTO
Rural-Urban Fringe
STREAM ORDERS
First order streams look like finger tips

   
  
 1+1=2
  2+2=3
  3+1=3
3+2=3
  3+3=4
 4+1=4

4+2=4
 4+3=4
4+4=5
etc

 
 Temporary basis of erosion

WATERFALL

1. Is the Lions River graded or ungraded?

Give ONE reason for your answer.
2. Explain how the landforms at X were formed.
Draw a cross profile from A- B

Flows faster
Erosion
Undercut
A
B Flows
slower
Deposition
Slip-off
UPPER COURSE
MIDDLE-
COURSE

LOWER COURSE
 Upper course

UPPER COURSE
• Steep
• Fast flowing
• Downward erosion
• Water falls, rapids,
interlocking spurs
Middle course

MIDDLE COURSE
• Gradual
• Slower flow
• Lateral erosion
• Meanders, spurs
 Lower course

L V L
E E
 River cuts through neck

Oxbow lake
formed

Neck gets narrower

Different stages in the

formation of ox-bow lakes
are found in the Berg
River on the topographic
map. Explain how ox-bow Erosion
lakes will eventually form
in the Berg River.
Have you ever thought about adding the
following to your mapwork questions?
• Article/ newspaper heading / written
information
• Photos
• Satellite photos
• Comparing earlier maps
• Statistics
• Simplified weather map
Using articles, newspaper headings,
written information in mapwork question

The name of the city, eMalahleni is a

reflection of the mineral mined in the
area. eMalahleni means “place of …”
A gold
B diamonds
C coal
D iron

Why can the mineral mined in

the mapped area be classified as
a non-renewable resource?
Refer to the newspaper
headline.

Name two non-conventional

energy sources that could
replace the thermal power
stations of eMalahleni
(Witbank) in the future.
Using photos in the mapwork question Match the photos with the map

A
1

B 2
C

3
Using photos in the mapwork question application of content

Middle to higher order questions

Study the photographs 1 to 3. Refer

to the topographic map extract
3318DB PAARL. The location (X, Y
and Z) is given for each photograph.
X Once you have located the feature,
read the statement and respond by
stating TRUE or FALSE. Provide a
Y Z reason for each answer, using map
evidence.

See next slide for table

 Using photographs in the mapwork question (Content Grade 12)
Photograph Location Statement True or Provide reason for
false your answer
1 The CBD is the most
accessible part of Paarl.
X

2 This feature is called a

Mesa. The altitude of the
Y mesa is 543,1 m.

3 A light secondary activity.

Z
Using satellite (colour) photos in a mapwork question

B
A

1. Identification of features
2. New areas
3. Slip-off – B /under-cut - A
Using an earlier map

2
2
4
3

2
4

Which is the more recent map of the region? Give a reason for your answer.
 Using graphs in mapwork question

Resources Employment

Farming Education

Mining Shops

• Increase or decrease
Industries Entertainment in population?
• Why are so many
people leaving the
town, Noupoort?
Which of the runways A or B will be used at PE airport for an airplane to take
off during the weather conditions shown on the simplified weather map?

A
Airplanes always
take off and land
B AGAINST the wind
Pack your bag with the following ….
ERASER
Rectify mistakes

PENCIL RULER
To draw Measure distance
Cross-section

PROTRACTOR MAGNIFYING
Measure angles GLASS
Bearing If needed
Enlarge

CALCULATOR
Non-programmable
Calculations