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भारतीय मानक IS 3400 (Part 9) : 2020

ISO 2781 : 2018
Indian Standard

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वल्कनीकृत रबड़ की परीक्षण पद्धतियाँ
भाग 9 रबड़, वल्कनीकृत या थर्मोप्लास्टिक —
घनत्व ज्ञात करना
(  चौथा पनु रीक्षण )

Methods of Test for Vulcanized

Rubber
Part 9 Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic —
Determination of Density

( Fourth Revision )

ICS 83.060

© BIS 2020

भारतीय मानक ब्रयू ो

B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S TA N D A R D S
मानक भवन, 9 बहादरु शाह ज़फर मार्ग, नई िदल्ली – 110002
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI-110002
         www.bis.gov.in  
www.standardsbis.in

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Methods of Test for Rubber and Rubber Products Sectional Committee, PCD 29

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NATIONAL FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 9) (Fourth Revision) which is identical with ISO 2781 : 2018 ‘Rubber,
vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of density’ issued by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on recommendation of
the Methods of Test for Rubber and Rubber Products Sectional Committee and approval of the
Petroleum, Coal and Related Products Division Council.
This Indian Standard was originally published in 1967 and subsequently revised in 1978 and 2014.
This standard was first published by taking assistance from ISO 2781 : 1975 ‘Determination of density
of vulcanized rubbers’. In the first revision, determination was made by observation of gravitational
forces under different conditions, but for convenience, these forces were expressed in mass units.
The Committee, therefore, decided to revise this standard to completely align with ISO 2781 : 1988. The
third revision was carried out to align it with the latest published International Standard on the subject.
The fourth revision of this standard has been undertaken to align it with the latest version of ISO 2781
: 2018.
The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an Indian Standard
without deviations. Certain terminologies and conventions are, however, not identical to those used in
Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:
a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should be
read as ‘Indian Standard’.
b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker, while in Indian Standards, the current practice
is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.
The technical committee has reviewed the provisions of the following International Standards referred
in this adopted standard and has decided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this
standard:

International Standard Title

ISO 18899 : 2013 Rubber — Guide to the calibration of test equipment
ISO 23529 Rubber — General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces
for physical test methods

In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value,
observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for
rounding off numerical values ( revised )’.
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IS 3400 (Part 9) : 2020

ISO 2781 : 2018

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2781:2018(E)

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR VULCANIZED RUBBER

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PART 9 RUBBER, VULCANIZED OR THERMOPLASTIC —
Rubber, vulcanizedDETERMINATION
or thermoplastic — Determination
OF DENSITY of
density ( Fourth Revision )
WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
determine applicability of any national regulatory conditions.
WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document might involve the use or generation
of substances, or the generation of waste, that could constitute a local environmental hazard.
Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after use.

1 Scope
This document specifies two methods of test for the determination of the density of solid vulcanized
and thermoplastic rubbers.
Such determinations are of importance in the control of the quality of a rubber compound and in the
calculation of the mass of rubber required to produce a given volume of material.
This document does not cover the determination of the relative density of rubber, which is the ratio
of the mass of a given volume of rubber to the mass of an equal volume of pure water at a given
temperature.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 18899:2013, Rubber — Guide to the calibration of test equipment
ISO 23529, Rubber — General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test methods

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
density
mass of unit volume of the rubber at a stated temperature
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3).

4 Principle
Two methods, A and B, are given.
1

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ISO
IS 2781:2018(E)
3400 (Part 9) : 2020
ISO 2781 : 2018

In method A, the mass of the test piece and the mass of water equal in volume to the volume of the test
piece are determined using a balance equipped with a pan straddle. The apparent mass of the test piece
when immersed in water is less than that in air by the mass of water displaced, the volume of water

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displaced being equal to that of the test piece.
Method B is intended to be used only when it is necessary to cut up the test piece into small pieces to
eliminate air spaces, as in the case of narrow-bore tubing and electric-cable insulation. Measurements
are made using a balance and a density bottle.

5 Test apparatus
Ordinary laboratory apparatus and the following.

5.1 Analytical balance, accurate to ±1 mg.

5.2 Balance pan straddle, of convenient size to support the beaker and permit determination of the
mass of the test piece in water (for method A).

5.3 Beaker, 250 cm3 capacity (or smaller if necessitated by the design of the balance) (for method A).

5.4 Density bottle (for method B).

6 Test piece

6.1 The test piece shall consist of a piece of the rubber with smooth surfaces, free from cracks and
dust, and having a mass of at least 2,5 g. For method B, the shape of the test piece shall be such as to
permit cutting into suitable pieces (see 11.3).

6.2 A minimum of two test pieces shall be made.

7 Calibration
The test apparatus shall be calibrated in accordance with the schedule given in Annex B.

8 Time-interval between forming and testing

8.1 Unless otherwise specified for technical reasons, the following requirements for time-intervals
shall be observed.

8.2 For all test purposes, the minimum time between forming and testing shall be 16 h.

8.3 For non-product tests, the maximum time between forming and testing shall be 4 weeks and, for
evaluations intended to be comparable, the tests, as far as possible, shall be carried out after the same
time-interval.

8.4 For product tests, whenever possible, the time between forming and testing shall not exceed
3 months. In other cases, tests shall be made within 2 months of the date of receipt by the customer of
the product.

2
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ISO
IS 2781:2018(E)
3400 (Part 9) : 2020
ISO 2781 : 2018

9 Conditioning of test pieces

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9.1 Samples and test pieces shall be protected from direct sunlight during the interval between
vulcanization and testing.

9.2 Samples, after such preparation as is necessary, shall be conditioned at a standard laboratory
temperature (that is, 23 °C ± 2 °C or 27 °C ± 2 °C) for at least 3 h before the test pieces are cut from them.

These test pieces may be tested immediately but, if not, they shall be kept at the standard laboratory
temperature until tested. If the preparation involves buffing, the interval between buffing and testing
shall not exceed 72 h.

10 Temperature of test
The test shall normally be carried out at a standard laboratory temperature (23 °C ± 2 °C or 27 °C ± 2 °C),
the same temperature being used throughout one test or series of tests intended to be comparable.

11 Procedure

11.1 Preparation of sample

If fabric is attached to, or embedded in, the sample, it shall be removed before cutting out the test
pieces. The method of removal shall preferably avoid the use of a swelling liquid, but, if necessary, a
suitable non-toxic liquid of low boiling point may be used to wet the contacting surfaces. Care shall be
taken to avoid stretching the rubber during the separation from the fabric, and the liquid, if used, shall
be allowed to evaporate completely from the rubber surfaces after separation. Cloth-marked surfaces
shall be made smooth by buffing in accordance with ISO 23529.

11.2 Method A

11.2.1 Suspend the test piece (see Clause 6) from the hook on the balance (5.1) using a suitable length
of filament so that the bottom of the test piece is about 25 mm above the straddle (5.2). The filament shall
be made from a material which is insoluble in water and which does not absorb a significant amount of
water. It shall either be counterbalanced or be weighed and, if weighed, its mass shall be deducted from
subsequent weighings of the test piece (see 11.2.3).

11.2.2 Weigh the test piece to the nearest milligram in air. Repeat the weighing with the test piece (and
sinker, if required, see 11.2.4) immersed in freshly boiled and cooled distilled water or deionized water
at a standard laboratory temperature (23 °C ± 2 °C or 27 °C ± 2 °C) contained in the beaker (5.3), placed
on the straddle. Remove air bubbles adhering to the test piece (see 11.2.5 and 11.2.6) and weigh to the
nearest milligram, watching for a few seconds to make sure that the reading does not drift gradually as a
result of convection currents.

11.2.3 Where the filament used has a mass less than 0,010 g, such as is the case with thin nylon filament,
the correction to account for its mass is not necessary to ensure the stated accuracy of the final result.
However, when the test piece is smaller than the one specified (e.g. when the density of small O-rings is
to be measured), this can lead to inaccuracies and the mass of the filament needs to be taken into account
in the final calculation. If a means of suspension other than a filament is used, the volume and mass of the
suspension shall be taken into account in making the final calculation.

11.2.4 When this procedure is used for rubber having a density less than 1 Mg/m3, a sinker is necessary;
a further weighing of the sinker alone in water is required. Alternatively, a liquid of different density to
water, which does not have any interaction with the rubber, may be used in place of the water, in which

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ISO
IS 2781:2018(E)
3400 (Part 9) : 2020
ISO 2781 : 2018

case Formula (1) and Formula (2) shall be modified to replace the density of water with the density of
the liquid used.

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11.2.5 The main sources of error are

a) air bubbles adhering to the surfaces of the test piece during weighing in water;
b) surface tension effects on the filament;
c) convection currents in the water in which the test piece is suspended, to minimize which the
temperature of the water and of the air in the balance case shall be the same.

11.2.6 In order to minimize the adherence of air bubbles to the test piece, it is permissible either to add
a trace (say 1 part in 10 000) of surface-active material such as a detergent to the distilled water or to
dip the test piece momentarily into a suitable liquid, such as methyl alcohol or denatured spirit, miscible
with water and having a negligible swelling or leaching action on rubber. If the latter method is adopted,
precautions shall be taken to minimize the carry-over of alcohol.

11.3 Method B

11.3.1 Weigh the clean, dry density bottle and its stopper (5.4) before and after the insertion of the
test piece (see Clause 6) cut into suitable pieces. The exact size and shape of the pieces will depend on
the thickness of the original test piece. They should be such that no two dimensions are greater than
4 mm and the third not greater than 6 mm. Within these limitations, the pieces should be as large as
possible. All cut edges shall be smooth. Fill the bottle, containing the rubber, completely with freshly
boiled and cooled distilled water or deionized water at a standard laboratory temperature (23 °C ± 2 °C
or 27 °C ± 2 °C). Remove air bubbles adhering to the rubber or to the walls of the bottle (see 11.2.6 and
11.3.2). Insert the stopper, taking care that there is no air in the bottle or the capillary. Dry the outside
of the bottle carefully. Weigh the bottle and contents. Empty the bottle completely and refill with freshly
boiled and cooled distilled water or deionized water. After removing the air bubbles, inserting the stopper
and drying, weigh the bottle and water. All the above weighings shall be made to the nearest milligram.

11.3.2 The main source of error is air bubbles inside the bottle. It might be necessary to heat the bottle
and contents to approximately 50 °C to dislodge bubbles, but in this case the bottle and contents shall be
cooled before weighing. Alternatively, the bottle may be placed in a vacuum desiccator and the vacuum
applied and released several times until no more air is extracted.

12 Expression of results

12.1 Method A
NOTE The rubber industry uses the term equation for the relationships herein termed formula. The term
formula is used to describe the table of ingredients in a rubber compound.

The density, ρ, expressed in megagrams per cubic metre, is given by Formula (1):
m1
ρ = ρw (1)
m1 − m2
where

4
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ISO
IS 2781:2018(E)
3400 (Part 9) : 2020
ISO 2781 : 2018

ρw is the density of water;

m1 is the mass of the rubber, determined by weighing in air;

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m2 is the mass of the rubber less the mass of an equal volume of water, determined by weighing in
water, both at standard laboratory temperature.
This method is accurate to the nearest 0,01 Mg/m3.
For most purposes, the density of water at standard laboratory temperature may be taken as 1,00 Mg/
m3. However, for precise work, a factor to take account of the density of water at the test temperature
shall be used.
When a sinker has been used, the calculation shall be modified as given by Formula (2):
m1
ρ = ρw (2)
m1 + m2 − m3
where

ρw is the density of water;

m1 is the mass of the rubber, determined by weighing in air;

m2 is the mass of the sinker less the mass of an equal volume of water, determined by weighing in
water, both at standard laboratory temperature;

m3 is the mass of the sinker and rubber less the mass of a volume of water equal to their combined
volumes, determined by weighing in water, both at standard laboratory temperature.
Report the mean value.

12.2 Method B
NOTE The rubber industry uses the term equation for the relationships herein termed formula. The term
formula is used to describe the table of ingredients in a rubber compound.

The density, ρ, expressed in megagrams per cubic metre, is given by Formula (3):
m2 − m1
ρ = ρw (3)
m4 − m3 + m2 − m1
where

ρw is the density of water;

m1 is the mass of the density bottle;

m2 is the mass of the density bottle plus test piece;

m3 is the mass of the bottle plus test piece plus water;

m4 is the mass of the density bottle filled with water.

For most purposes, the density of water at standard laboratory temperature may be taken as 1,00 Mg/
m3. However, for precise work, a factor to take account of the density of water at the test temperature
shall be used.
Report the mean value.

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ISO
IS 2781:2018(E)
3400 (Part 9) : 2020
ISO 2781 : 2018

13 Precision
See Annex A.

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14 Test report
The test report shall include the following particulars:
a) sample details:
1) a full description of the sample and its origin,
2) compound details and cure details, where appropriate,
3) the method of preparation of the test pieces from the sample, for example moulded or cut;
b) test method:
1) a full reference to the test method used, i.e. the number of this document (ISO 2781),
2) the test procedure used (method A or method B),
3) the type of test piece used;
c) test details:
1) the standard laboratory temperature used,
2) the time and temperature of conditioning prior to the test,
3) the temperature of the test,
4) details of any procedures not specified in this document;
d) test results:
1) the number of test pieces used,
2) the individual test results,
3) the mean density;
e) the date of the test.

6
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ISO
IS 2781:2018(E)
3400 (Part 9) : 2020
ISO 2781 : 2018

Annex A
(informative)

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Precision

A.1 Background
An interlaboratory test programme (ITP) for the determination of the precision of the density
measurement method specified in this document was conducted in 2008 using the precision procedures
and guidelines described in ISO/TR 9272.

A.2 Details of ITP

A.2.1 A total of 15 laboratories participated in the ITP. However, test results were reported by only
13 of the laboratories. A total of four materials or compounds were used, designated compounds A, B, C
and D in increasing magnitude of density from 0,97 to 1,86. The ITP was conducted over a period of four
sequential weeks. On a specified day in each of these four weeks, five individual density measurements
were made by each laboratory on each of the four materials. A test result was taken as the mean of the
five individual measurements. The analysis of the data was conducted on the basis of these test results.

A.2.2 Two separate determinations of repeatability and reproducibility were conducted. The results
from weeks 1 and 2 were used for repeatability and reproducibility evaluation No. 1 (i.e. these results
were obtained by the typical day 1 vs day 2 test protocol specified in ISO/TR 9272). The results of
weeks 3 and 4 were used in the same way for repeatability and reproducibility evaluation No. 2. The ISO/
TR 9272:2005 option 1 outlier deletion procedure was used.

A.2.3 The precision results as determined by this ITP may not be applied to acceptance or rejection
testing of any group of materials or products without documentation stating that the results of this
precision evaluation actually apply to the products or materials tested.

A.3 Precision results

A.3.1 The precision results are given in Table A.1. General statements for the use of the precision
results are also given. The results listed in Table A.1 are the mean results for evaluations 1 and 2 as
indicated above (i.e. for all four weeks). These are given in terms of both the absolute precision, r and R,
and the relative precision, (r) and (R).

A.3.2 Repeatability: The repeatability, or local domain precision, of the test method has been
established for each material as the values given in Table A.1. Two individual test results (obtained by
the proper use of this document) that differ by more than the tabulated values of r, in measurement
units, or (r), in percent, should be considered suspect, i.e. to have come from different populations. Such
a decision suggests that appropriate investigative action be taken.

A.3.3 Reproducibility: The reproducibility, or global domain precision, for the test method has been
established for each material as the values given in Table A.1. Two individual test results obtained in
different laboratories (by the proper use of this document) that differ by more than the tabulated values

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ISO
IS 2781:2018(E)
3400 (Part 9) : 2020
ISO 2781 : 2018

of R, in measurement units, or (R), in percent, should be considered suspect, i.e. to have come from
different populations. Such a decision suggests that appropriate investigative action be taken.

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Table A.1 — Precision results (type 1 precision)

Mean Within laboratory Between laboratories Number of

Compound
density sr r (r) sR R (R) laboratoriesa
A 0,966 0,001 86 0,005 21 0,54 0,002 47 0,006 91 0,72 10
B 1,223 0,001 19 0,003 34 0,27 0,001 8 0,005 04 0,41 12
C 1,366 0,000 93 0,002 61 0,19 0,002 02 0,005 65 0,41 11
D 1,857 0,001 16 0,003 25 0,17 0,002 15 0,006 02 0,32 11
Average valueb 0,001 05 0,002 93 0,18 0,002 08 0,005 84 0,37
Notation used:
sr is the within-laboratory standard deviation (in measurement units);
sR is the between-laboratory standard deviation (in measurement units);
r is the repeatability (in measurement units);
(r) is the repeatability (as a percentage of the mean value);
R is the reproducibility (in measurement units);
(R) is the reproducibility (as a percentage of the mean value).
a Number of laboratories after outliers deleted (total number of laboratories in ITP: 13).
b Simple averages calculated.

A.4 Additional comments

The absolute repeatability and reproducibility, r and R, values are essentially constant over the density
range of 0,97 to 1,86. This results in a slight decrease in relative precision, (r) and (R), over this range.
Consult Table A.1 for the actual values.

A.5 Bias
Bias is the difference between a measured average test result and a reference or true value for the
measurement in question. Reference values do not exist for this test method and therefore bias cannot
be determined.

8
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ISO
IS 2781:2018(E)
3400 (Part 9) : 2020
ISO 2781 : 2018

Annex B
(normative)

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Calibration schedule

B.1 Inspection
Before any calibration is undertaken, the condition of the items to be calibrated shall be ascertained by
inspection and recorded on any calibration report or certificate. It shall be reported whether calibration
is made in the “as-received” condition or after rectification of any abnormality or fault.
It shall be ascertained that the apparatus is generally fit for the intended purpose, including any
parameters specified as approximate and for which the apparatus does not therefore need to be
formally calibrated. If such parameters are liable to change, then the need for periodic checks shall be
written into the detailed calibration procedures.

B.2 Schedule
Verification or calibration of the test apparatus is a normative part of this document. The frequency
of calibration and the procedures used are, unless otherwise stated, at the discretion of the individual
laboratory, using ISO 18899 for guidance.
The calibration schedule given in Table B.1 has been compiled by listing all of the parameters specified
in the test method, together with the specified requirement. A parameter and requirement can relate to
the main test apparatus, part of that apparatus or to an ancillary apparatus necessary for the test.
For each parameter, a calibration procedure is indicated by reference to ISO 18899, to another
publication or to a procedure particular to the test method which is detailed (whenever a more specific
or detailed calibration procedure than in ISO 18899 is available, it shall be used in preference).
The verification frequency for each parameter is given by a code letter.
The code letter used in the calibration schedule is:
S Standard interval selected as described in ISO 18899.

Table B.1 — Calibration frequency schedule

Subclause in Verification
Parameter Requirement
ISO 18899:2013 frequency guide
Balance Accurate to ±1 mg 22.1 S

In addition to the item listed in Table B.1, use of the following is implied, which needs calibrating in
accordance with ISO 18899:
— thermometer for monitoring the conditioning and test temperatures.

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ISO
IS 2781:2018(E)
3400 (Part 9) : 2020
ISO 2781 : 2018

Bibliography

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[1] ISO/TR 9272:2005, Rubber and rubber products — Determination of precision for test method
standards

10
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LIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR TATA STEEL - JAMSHEDPUR ON 27/05/2021 15:18:39 (14.143.52.61) VALID UPTO31/01

Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016 to promote

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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright

BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any
form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that
no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision.
Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or
edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: PCD 29 (13790).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones: 2323 0131, 2323 3375, 2323 9402 Website: www.bis.gov.in
Regional Offices: Telephones
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg
NEW DELHI 110002 { 2323 7617
2323 3841
Eastern : 1/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Kankurgachi
KOLKATA 700054 { 2337 8499, 2337 8561
2337 8626, 2337 9120
Northern : Plot No. 4-A, Sector 27-B, Madhya Marg
CHANDIGARH 160019 { 265 0206
265 0290
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113
{ 2254 1216, 2254 1442
2254 2519, 2254 2315
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East)
MUMBAI 400093 { 2832 9295, 2832 7858
2832 7891, 2832 7892
Branches : 
AHMEDABAD. BENGALURU. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE.
DEHRADUN. DURGAPUR. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI.
HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. JAMMU. JAMSHEDPUR. KOCHI. LUCKNOW.
NAGPUR. PARWANOO. PATNA. PUNE. RAIPUR. RAJKOT. VISAKHAPATNAM.
Published by BIS, New Delhi