STATISTICS PRACTICAL MANUAL SFOR

NATIONAL DIPLOMA

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS DEPARTMENT

THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, ILARO
OGUN STATE
 CHAPTER ONE
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS I (STA 141)
PRACTICAL 1
TOPIC Identification of data types (with various chats using MS Excel, SPSS,
Minitab)
AIM To identify the types of data existing in statistics
APPARATUS Biro, writing sheet, Microsoft Excel, introductory letter to various
establishments from the HOD
THEORY: Statistical data can be defined as the quantitative or qualitative
value of a variable. Data can be numbers, images, words, figures, facts
or ideas. Data in itself cannot be understand and to get information
from data one must interpret it into meaning information. There are two
types of data – Primary data and Secondary data.
PROCEDURE
Students are to identify data types e.g. data on: health statistics, populations, agriculture,
economic, educational, crime, accidents, social biological, industrial, etc

Step I: Students are to be divided into convenient groups, identify sources and go to the sources
for collection of relevant data

Step II: The first group should visit National Population Commission ilaro to collect data on
registration of birth and death. Second and third group should visit Federal Polytechnic Clinic to
collect data on patient’s attendance and Federal Polytechnic water factory to collect data on sales
for 2years respectively.

Step III: What is the statistical name given to the method used in obtaining the data?

Step IV: What type of data and category?

Step V: Comment on the problem encountered on collecting the data

Step VI: Use the collected data to perform appropriate analysis. This should be directed by the
Course Lecturer.
CONCLUSION
PRACTICAL II
TOPIC: Primary Data

AIM: To identify and demonstrate how to collect primary data through

observational method.

APPARATUS: Recording sheet, Pen, workbook.

THEORY: Primary data are original data collected for a specific purpose

and used for that purpose. In other words, they are data collected first – hand from
an original source (by the user or his agent) for the user’s express purpose.
Primary data are obtained directly from the fields through censuses, sample
surveys, planned experiments or routine recording of events and activities using
appropriate methods of data collection – questionnaires, personal interviews,
observations, planned experiments or first-hand recording of events.

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Go to the Federal Polytechnic Ilaro Community Bank and stand beside the gate.
Step 2: Between the hours of 9 a.m. to 12 p.m., record the number of male and females that
visit the bank.
Step 3: Repeat this for 3 days.
Step 4: Arrange the form according to sex and prepare the frequency distribution table using
tally marks.
Step 5: What is the statistical name given to the method used in obtaining the data?

Step 6: What type of data and category?

Step 7: Comment on the problem encountered on collecting the data

Step 8: Draw your conclusion

PRACTICAL III

TOPIC: Secondary Data

AIM: To identify secondary data and demonstrate how to collect data through
recording from secondary source

APPARATUS: Introduction Letter from HOD, workbook, Pen, Test scores of students.

THEORY: Secondary data are data obtained second hand from recorded or published
sources (such as official registers, information banks, official publications)
and used for a purpose often different from that of the person or agency
that initially collected and published the data.

PROCEDURE

Step I: Visit any school in Ilaro and ask for the test scores of students in Mathematics

Step II: Record the test scores of 50 students (randomly sampled)

Step III: Using the tally method classify the data obtained 1-5, 6 - 10, 11-15, - - -

Step IV: Repent step 1 to 3 to four more Schools

Step V: Draw your conclusion

Note: classify the data manual and electronic

PRACTICAL IV
TOPIC: Method of Data Collection Using Questionnaire.

AIM: To demonstrate how to collect data using questionnaire

APPARATUS: Pen, writing sheet, questionnaire,

THEORY: Questionnaire is a carefully worded question form called

questionnaires (with spaces provided for answers) are sent out to
the respondents to be completed by them unaided and returned by
hand or by post.
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Design a good questionnaire, not more than 17 questions on the effect of smoking
and drinking habits on registered students in the department of Computer
Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro.
Step 2: Administer the attached or draft questionnaire to any 20 students (or more) most
readily available to you.
Step 3: Collect back the answered questionnaire
Step 4: Classify their responses
Step 5: Assess the attitude of these 20 students (or more)
Step 6: Write your observation and draw a conclusion on the attitude of the students.
Step 7: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL V
TOPIC: Method of Data Collection through Observation
AIM: To understand and demonstrate how to collect data using observational method.
APPARATUS: Biro, writing sheet, calculator
THEORY: This method involves the researcher or his paid agent visits the scene of activity,
observes the activity going on and notes down every aspect of the activity
relevant to the inquiry. This implies the use of the eye instead of voice and ear in
collecting data.

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Let students make 2 hourly observations of vehicles plying Ilaro and Oja-Odan
route i.e. 7am – 9am; 9am-11am; 11am-1pm; 1pm-3pm, etc as the need be.
Step 2: Students should be grouped on 2 hourly bases.
Step 3: At the exact time of observation members of each group should begin to record any
vehicle passing through Ilaro and Oja-Odan route.
Step 4: Every member of each group should stop counting and recording at the close of the
observation time as the next group takes over.
Step 5: Each group should present their data in the format below:
 Type of Vehicle Tally Frequency

Step 6: Data from everyone should be compared with members within each group. The
average count should be used.
Step 7: Obtain the total number or cars by adding the average obtained by each group at
every observation.
1) What is the average number of vehicles per day?
2) What is the statistical name given to the method used in obtaining the data?
Step 8: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL VI
TOPIC Graphical Representation of Data
AIM To construct different types of the cumulative frequency distribution tables
and draw appropriate Ogive, Scattered diagram
APPARATUS Biro, pencil, graph sheet, raw score sheet of Students Results, spline,
Statistical package
THEORY: Graphical representation of data is a means of conveying immediate and
clear visual impression of the information contained in a data set. Well –
designed simple charts and graphs depicting the trend and distribution
pattern of the data give a more eloquent representation of data than a
tabulated data. These charts include bat charts, pie charts, histograms,
ogive etc.

PROCEDURE
Students are to collect raw scores of a Class from NDI to HND II not less than 100 students in a
particular course of a written examination and using the tally method to classify the intervals 1-
10, 11-20, 21-30, etc. Students are to form a frequency distribution table of such data in manual
and electronic method (Minitab, Excel): using the data to obtain different types of the Cumulative
frequency distribution table and draw appropriate Ogive. Students are to use the Ogive to find: (i)
Median (ii) 75th percentile (iii) Interquartile range etc (as directed by the Lecturer)
CONCLUSION
PRACTICAL VII
TOPIC: Representation of data using Pie Chart and Bar Chart.
AIM To know the representation and use of Pie Chart and Bar Chart
APPARATUS Graph sheet, Biro, Pencil, mathematical set, statistical packages
THEORY: As seen in Practical II

PROCEDURE:
Students are to be divided into three groups, the first to take care of Library-Polytechnic Junction,
the second to take care of Igboro – Old market junction and the last to take care of Sabo – Idiobi
junction. Each group is supposed to collect data on number of vehicles by type that passed through
roads following the pattern of the table below:

Type of Vehicle Number Observed

Pedal cycles
Motor cycles
Motor cars
Buses
Lorries
Trailers

Draw appropriate charts using manual and electronic e.g. (i) Pie Chart (ii) Bar Charts
CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER TWO
ELEMENTARY PROBABILITY THEORY (STA 112)
PRACTICAL 1
TOPIC Set Theory
AIM: To understand the concept of Set theory and its operations
APPARATUS: Pen, Workbook, Ruler, object.
THEORY: A set is a collection of objects with similar features. The objects in a set are
called elements of the set. Sets are indicated by brace and often named with
capital letters and the elements denoted by small letters. Types of set – finite
set and infinite set.
PROCEDURE:
Step I: Given A and B as Sets contained in the universal set 𝜀

𝜀 = {𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 20 }
C = {y : y are even numbers}
D = { z : z are prime number}

Step II: Represent the above information (step I) in a Venn diagram

Step III: Compute the following set operations

(i) Union C and D
(ii) Intersection C and D
(iii) Difference of C and D
(iv) Difference of D and C
(v) Compliment of the union of C and D
(vi) Compliment of the intersection of C and D
Step IV: Make a Comment
PRACTICAL II
TOPIC Statistical Experiment
AIM: To understand the concept of Random Experiment
APPARATUS: 7 Red balls, 5 Blue balls, an Um, drawing and writing materials.
THEORY: The term statistical experiment refers to a controlled process of obtaining
data concerning a phenomenon that exhibits variation in its outcomes. There
are two types of experiment – Deterministic and Random experiment.
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Put 7 red and 5 blue balls in the Um, turn the Um several times to ensure
randomization. Pick 2 balls and examine its colour.
Step 2: Repeat the trial 100 times and record your result in table below.
Step 3: Hypothetically state the sample space, range space and probability distribution of
element in the samples space.
Step 4: Obtain the observed and expected frequencies for the distribution.
Step 5: Carry out test of significance using chi-square test at a = 0.05.
𝑛
Colour Tally Observed Frequency Expected Frequency (𝑂𝑖 − 𝑒𝑖 )2
∑
(𝑁𝑃𝑖 ) 𝑒𝑖
𝑖=1
Red
Blue
Total
CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL I1I
TOPIC Sample space of coins
AIM To obtain the probability distribution and sample space of coins.
APPARATUS Biro, writing materials, calculator, coins.
PROCEDURE
Students were given coins and asked to tossed it four times; they are told to represent the number
of heads by a random variable 𝑋; then they will find:
i. The probability distribution of 𝑋
 ii. Derived a formulae for the probability distribution of the total number of heads obtained
in (i) above.
iii. Determine the probability of observing one or two head in the three tosses
CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL I1I
TOPIC: Sample Space of dice
AIM: To obtain the sample space of two dice and obtain the probability of the sum of
their outcomes.
APPARATUS: Dice, writing materials biro, calculator.

THEORY: Sample space is the collection of all possible distinct outcomes of a random
experiment. Each distinct possible outcome is called an element or a sample point. A
sample space is denoted by capital letter S. e.g.

PROCEDURE:
Step I: Students are asked to throw independently two dice (one green and one Red) about 36times
and record the number that turn up.

Step II: List all the elementary units of the sample space.

Step III: Let 𝑌 be defined as the sum of the outcomes from the first and the second die; Also let
𝑋 be a random variable denoting the absolute difference between the two outcomes

Step IV: Obtain the probability distribution for the random variable 𝑋 and also for 𝑌.
Step V: What is the probability that 𝑋 is an odd number also for 𝑌 being odd number?
Step VI: What is probability of equal outcomes from 𝑌 and zero difference from 𝑋
Step VII: Determine the probability that the sum of the outcome will be 9 or more

Step VIII: Determine the probability that the sum of the outcome will be divisibly by 3

Step IX: What is the probability that the absolute difference of the outcome will be 1?

Step X: CONCLUSION
PRACTICAL IV

TOPIC Test for fairness of Dice

AIM To test for the fairness of a dice.
APPARATUS A Dice, Ludo board, ruler, workbook and mathematical set
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Cast the dice 300 times and note the upturned face in each trial. Note that the
samples space = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
Step 2: At the end of each trial make a tally in the appropriate column in the table shown
below and at the end of 300 trials obtain the observed frequency.
Step 3: Obtain the expected frequency for each of the point in the sample space.
Step 4: Compare your observed frequency with your expected frequency and draw
conclusion.
Step 5: Draw the line histogram of observed frequency against each outcome.
Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Tally 300
Observed Frequency 300
Expected Frequency
𝑛
(𝑂𝑖 − 𝑒𝑖 )2
∑
𝑒𝑖
𝑖=1

CONCLUSION
PRACTICAL V
TOPIC: Probability with or without replacement

AIM: To understand the concept of probability with or without replacement

APPARATUS: Colour balls (Red and Black), Pen, Workbook, urn Box, mathematical set

THEORY: In probability with replacement the sample size is fixed while probability
without replacement the sample size reduces from stage to stage.

PROCEDURE:

Step I: There are 4 red balls and 5 black balls in a urn box, 2 balls are to be drawn at random

Step 2: With replacement, find the probability that there are

(i) All red

(ii) All black
(iii) One of each of the two colour?

Step III: Without replacement, find the probability that there are

(i) All red

(ii) All black
(iii) One of each of the two colours?

Step IV: Make a conclusion

PRACTICAL VI
TOPIC Mutually Exclusive Events
AIM To test for the fairness of coin
APPARATUS A ludo board, a coin, pen, workbook and mathematical set
THEORY: Two or more event are said to be mutually exclusive if the occurrence of
any one of them prevents the occurrence of the other(s).

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Toss the coin 150 times and note the upturned face at the end of each trail and make
a tally.
Step 2: At the end of 150 tosses, obtain the observed frequencies for both head and tail by
adding the tallies together.
Step 3: Calculate the expected frequencies for both head and tail noting that for fairness
𝑃(𝐻) = 𝑃(𝑇) = 1⁄2.
Step 4: Obtain the observed and expected relative frequency against the outcome on your
practical notebook.
Step 5: Comment on your findings.
Step 6: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL VII
TOPIC: Conditional Probability

AIM: To understand the concept of conditional probability

APPARATUS: pen, workbook, ruler, mathematical set, calculator

THEORY: Let A and B be two events defined on a Sample Space S.

The conditional probability of A given B is denoted by P(A/B) and defined by

𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
P(A/B) = 𝑃(𝐵)

S = 𝑨 ∩𝑩

Observe that if it is revealed that event B has occurred, the sample space reduces to only those
elements comprising event B.
PROCEDURE:

The body weights and blood pressures of all students were measured and classified before the
semester examination started. The number of students in the various categories of body weight and
blood pressure are as shown below.

Weight

Over Normal Under

Blood Pressure Weight Weight Weight
Hypertensive 150 80 30
Non Hypertensive 200 900 500

Step 1: Determine the probabilities of the events – Hypertensive, Non- Hypertensive, Overweight,
Normal weight and Under weight

Step 2: Determine (i) the probability that a randomly selected student is over being a hypertensive

(ii) The probability that a randomly selected student has normal weight being a hypertensive

(iii) The probability that a randomly selected student is underweight being hypertensive

(iv) Compare the results with the probability of the various categories of body weight over, normal
and underweight respectively

Step 3: Determine (i) the probability that a randomly selected student is hypertensive who is over
weight

(ii) The probability that a randomly selected student is hypertensive who has over weight

(iii) The probability that a randomly selected student is hypertensive who has Under weight

(iv) Compare each result with the probability of being hypertensive

Step 4: from the result in step 3 (iv) determine whether blood pressure is independent of body
weight and conclude.
 CHAPTER THREE
STATISTICAL THEORY II (STA 211)
PRACTICAL I
TOPIC Normal Distribution
AIM To test for the life span of number of cancer patients in Hosanna Hospital
Ilaro.
APPARATUS Hypothetical data, calculator, writing materials, Statistical Package
PROCEDURE
Step 1: The data of the life span number of cancer patients treated by the hospital is as
follows: (in years)
25 20 25 35 30 20 30 45 40 30
30 25 35 30 35 30 35 40 30 40
Step 2: Using Manual and Electronic method,
(i) Obtain the mean and standard deviation
(ii) Obtain the probability that any cancer treated by the hospital will.
a) Live for less than 25 years
b) Live for more than 35years
c) Live for between the ages of 34 and 40 years.
Step 3: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL II
TOPIC Binomial Distribution
AIM To test the conformity of distribution obtain when 4 coins are tossed to
binomial distribution.
APPARATUS 4 coins, flat surface, drawing materials and calculator
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Let the success 𝑥 be the number of heads that come up when 4 coins are tossed
together 200 times.
Step 2: Record your observation in the table shown at the end of each trial.
Note that the range space 𝑋; 𝑆𝑥 = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4).
Step 3: Adopt the table shown below:
 No. of Heads (𝑿) Tally Frequency
1
2
3
4
Total
1
Step 4: Obtain 𝑃(𝑥) using Binomial distribution, (𝑥 = 0, 1 … .4) where 𝑃 = 2
(𝑂𝑖 −𝑒𝑖 )2
Step 5: Calculate the expected frequency and for each 𝑥.
𝑒𝑖

Step 6: Record your observation in step (4) and step (5) in the table below:
Hypothetical experiment
X 𝒏 Expected Frequency (𝑁𝑃𝑥 ) (𝑂𝑖 −𝑒𝑖 )2
𝑷𝒙 = ( ) 𝑷𝒙 𝒒𝒏−𝒙 -x
𝒙 𝑒𝑖

0 P(0) = 4C0 (1/2) 0(1/2)4-0

1
2
3
4

Step 7: Chart the graph of 𝑋 against the observed frequency.

Step 8: Does the experiment conform with binomial distribution law at 𝛼 = 0.05?
Step 9: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL III
TOPIC Chi-square test
AIM To investigate the distribution obtained when 30 cards made up of 3 different
suits are shuffled and a card drawn in succession after being well shuffled.
APPARATUS (1) An ordinary pack of 52 cards out of which 12 spades, 9 hearts, 6
diamonds and 3 clubs are drawn
(2) A table and drawing materials.
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Shuffle very well a special little pack of 30 cards and draw a card.
Step 2: Note the suits and tabulate your result as shown below.
Step 3: Repeat the experiment 200 times and get your observed and expected frequency.
Step 4: Chart the suits against their respective observed frequencies.
Step 5: Test whether there is significant different between the expected frequencies and
observed frequencies using chi-square a = 0.05

Suit Spade Heart Diamond Club

Tally
Observed Frequency
Expected Frequency
(𝑂𝑖 − 𝑒𝑖 )2
𝑒𝑖
Step 6: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL IV:
TOPIC: Discrete Uniform Distribution
AIM: To test that the number on the face of the first card drawn from a well-shuffled
deck is a random variable with uniform distribution
APPARATUS: Playing card, calculator and Writing materials
PROCEDURE:
1. Write numbers 1 to 52 on the face of each card of a standard deck of playing cards
2. Shuffle the cards thoroughly and determine the probability of picking the first card
3. Complete the table below corresponding to each of the numbers 1, 2, …, 52;
Number 1 2 … 52

Probability

4. Obtain the mean  and variance  X

2

5. Conclusion
PRACTICAL V:
TOPIC: Exponential distribution
OBJECTIVE: To test that the Time of arrival of jobs sent to a printer has exponential
distribution.
APPARATUS: A printer (for commercial purpose), calculator, stop watch and writing
material
PROCEDURE:
The following are number of jobs sent to the printer per hour:

2 6 5 4 2 4 5 6 2 3 4

5 6 6 2 3 4 2 3 2 3 6

2 4 6 5 6 2 4 6

1. Determine the average number of jobs sent to the printer per hour (i.e., 𝜆)
2. Obtain the expected time between jobs and the variance
3. Obtain the probability that the next job is sent within 5 minutes
 0 if t  0
Recall: Exp (t ) = FT (t ) = 
1− e−t if t  0
4 Conclusion.
 CHAPTER FOUR
ELEMENT OF SAMPLING THEORY (STA 212)
PRACTICAL 1

TOPIC Sampling with and without replacement

AIM To distinguish between sampling with and without replacement
APPARATUS Biro, recording sheet
THEORY When an object is selected from a finite population, we have
a choice to replace or not to replace the object before making the second
selection. When we replaced, each object can be picked more than once but
in case we do not replace, the object can only occur once. Sampling which
allowed each object to appear more than once is called sampling with
replacement, otherwise it is called sampling without replacement
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Select a random sample of size 3 with replacement from the following given data
6, 7, 9, 3, 5 and 8.
Step 2: Select a random sample size 3 without replacement from the data given in step 1.
Step 3: Obtain the population mean and the population standard deviation.
Step 4: Obtain the sample mean and hence the standard error for each of (1) and (2).
Step 5: Compare the result in step 1 and 2.
Step 6: Write your conclusion.
Step 7: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL II

A. TOPIC: Application of Student t–distribution

B. OBJECTIVES: (i). To understand the relationship between normal
and student – t distribution.
(ii). To understand hypothesis testing using t-test.
C. APPARATUS: workbook, Statistical package, pen
D. PROCEDURES:
Suppose we want to test the claim that the average gasoline consumption of a certain type of
engine is 12.0 gallons per hour, and that we have at our disposal the result of 16 hours test runs
as follows: 18.0, 17.0, 14.0 ,12.0, 13.0, 16.0, 12.0, 11.0, 16.0, 11.0, 13.0, 14.0, 19.0, 12.0, 13.0,
11.0.
Step I: Test at 5% significances whether or not the time average hourly gasoline consumption of
the engine is greater than 12.0 gallons
Step III: Using SPSS package
➢ Click on the Variable view and enter name of the variables; first variable (say
Statistics). Label the variable
➢ Click on Data view to enter your data in the column
➢ Click on the Analyze →Compare Mean →One sample t-test
➢ Specify the test variable and type in the test value and click on option to set the
confidence interval.
Step V: Click ok and print the output.

PRACTICAL III
TOPIC: The use of Chi-square Distributions
AIM: To understand the use of chi-square distributions.
APPARATUS: 7 red balls, 5 blue balls, an um drawing and writing materials.
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Put 7 red and 5 blue balls in the Um; turn the um several times to ensure
randomization. Pick 2 balls and examine their colour.
Step 2: Repeat the trial 200 times and record your result in the table below.
Step 3: Hypothetically state the sample space, range space probability distribution for
elements in the sample space.
Step 4: Obtain the observed and expected frequencies for the distribution.
Step 5: Carry out a test of significance using chi-square test at 𝛼 = 0.05.
Colour Tally Observed Frequency Expected (𝑁𝑃𝑖 ) (𝑂𝑖 −𝑒𝑖 )2
𝑒𝑖
Frequency
Red
Blue
Total
Step 6: CONCLUSION
PRACTICAL IV
TOPIC: Point and Interval Estimation
AIM: (1) To understand the concept of estimation theory
(2) Understand the meaning of point and interval estimation.
APPARATUS: Biro, recording sheet, weighting scale, measuring tape.
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Collect data on weight of all students in Mathematics & Statistics Department of
Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro.
Step 2; Determine the average and standard of deviation for the data collected in step 1.
Step 3: From the list of student’s weight in step 1, random select a sample of size 20
student’s weight.
Step 4: Compute the mean and standard deviation for the data collected in step 3
Step 5: Use the information collected in step 1 to 4 compute the following:

𝜎 𝜎
a) 𝑋̅ − 𝑍1−𝛼/2 < 𝜇 < 𝑋̅ + 𝑍1−𝛼/2
√𝑛 √𝑛
𝜎 𝜎
b) 𝑋̅ − 𝑍1−𝛼 < 𝜇 < 𝑋̅ + 𝑍1−𝛼/2
2 √ 𝑛 √𝑛

Step 6: Compare the average calculated in step 2 with that of step 4 and comment.
Step 7: CONCLUSION
PRACTICAL V
TOPIC: To understand the concept of hypothesis testing.
AIM To demonstrate how hypothesis is being tested.
APPARATUS Biro, recording sheet, weighting scale, measuring tape.
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Collect data on products weight, e.g. toilet soap, milk, sugar, etc on which product
quality has been clearly specified.
Step 2: Weight the products you have collected in step 1.
Step 3: Determine the average and standard deviation of weights in step 2.
Step 4: Set up the procedure for hypothesis testing to confirm manufacturers’ claims.
Step 5: With the aid of the data collected above analyze data and draw conclusion
accordingly.
Step 6: CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER FIVE
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATISTICS (STA 213)
PRACTICAL I
TOPIC Market Survey
AIM To learn various procedure of carrying out market survey and give
students insight about economics data
APPARATUS Biro, writing pad, calculator
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Select one economic data (i.e. Price statistical data).
Step 2: Have the students arranged themselves and present in any nearest agricultural
market i.e. Sayedero Market in Ilaro. Each student should be well equipped with
ability to price agricultural products.
Step 3: Students should be grouped into three or more groups. Each group will determine
the price of at least three selected agricultural products such as beans, rice, and
tomatoes, etc.
Step 4: While the pricing of agricultural products is going on, a member begins to record
the price of these commodities. It is equally important for the student to tactically
ask when the price of these commodities changes or how long the price have
remained stable.
Step 5: Data from everyone should be compared with number within each group. The
irregular variation should be summoned out for more accuracy.
Step 6: Students are asked to calculate simple price index, simple aggregate price index,
relative price index as well as mean of the price relative index. Using data from
step 5 comment on your result.
Step 7: Students are also asked to calculate quantity index, value index etc and comment
on your result.
Step 8: As time may allow, students will also be asked to compute (i) LASPEYRES (ii)
PAASCHE (iii) finishers index, (iv) MARHSALL Edgeworth and comment on
your results.
Step 9: Students are asked to comment on the problem encountering on collecting data on
price and quantity index.
Step 10: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL II
TOPIC: Fuel and power statistical data.
AIM To learn the procedures of collecting data relating to fuel and power
statistical data and further enrich student knowledge about economic data
APPARATUS Biro, pencil, writing, material, and calculator
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Select one filling station nearest to the school. Students are to be present in the
premises of the filling station nearest to the school so as to be able to determine
the amount of fuel consumed by vehicles coming for fuel.
Step 2: Student should be grouped according to the available point in the filling station
Step 3: Each student should be asked to record the quantity of fuel purchased from each
point with the following format.

Types of vehicle Type of fuel Amount consumed Frequency

Bus
Taxi
Car
Tanker
Lorry
Etc

Step 4: At the exact time of observation, members begin to record any vehicle coming for
fuel, the quantity purchased and the type of fuel the vehicle is using.
Step 5: Data from every student should be compare with members within each group. The
averages of the fuel consumed by each type of vehicle are then determined.
Step 6: Obtain the total number of each types of vehicle and determine the average within
the group.
Step 7: Obtain the total number of fuel by bus, by car, taxi, by tanker, etc and determine
the average per each of the vehicles. Present the information on multiple bar
chart.
Step 8: Determine the statistical name given to the method used in obtaining this data.
Step 9: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL III
TOPIC: Survey of Health Data
AIM: To show the various procedures of obtaining data relating to social
activities and to determine the various prevalent ailments within FPI
environment.
APPARATUS: Biro, writing materials, calculator and pencil.
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Students are to be in the premises of the school health centre before 7:30am in the
morning with their writing materials.
Step 2: Each member should be taken note of incoming patients and the nature of their
sickness.
Step 3: At exactly 9:30 am. The student first batch should stop to count the total number
of students that have visited the health center including the staff and members of
FPI community.
Step 4: repeat the exercise for the whole week.
Step 5: Data from everyone should be compared with all members within each group.
The average is then taken to determine the average of inpatients and outpatients
per day.
Step 6: Determine the statistical name given to the method used in obtaining the data.
Step 7: CONCLUSION
PRACTICAL IV
TOPIC Transportation Statistics
AIM To understand the procedure of obtaining data on transportation statistical
data. And the technique used to analyze such data.
APPARATUS Biro, writing materials, calculator and tally sheet.

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Have the students arranged themselves at the Polytechnic junction and get them
prepared for counting the number of vehicles that passes through the high way.
Step 2: Students should be grouped on hourly basis.
Step 3: Each group should be assigned to the hour of observation say 7 a.m – 9 a.m; 7
a.m. – 10 a.m or 3-6p.m (Friday or Sunday) as the need be.
Step 4: Let the group start the observation and recording with the following format:

Types of vehicle Type of fuel Amount consumed frequency

Bus
Taxi
Car
Tanker
Lorry
Etc

Step 5: At the exact time of the observation members begin to record any vehicle passing
through the highway.
Step 6: Every member of each group should stop counting and recording at the close of
the observation time and the next group takes over.
Step 7: Data from everyone should be compared with members within each group.
Step 8: Obtain the trend analysis of all vehicles by adding all the number of vehicles
passing and obtain mean by dividing the types of vehicles under observation.
Step 9: What is the trend analysis is trying to predict. How often is the traffic during the
compare to weekend? The pattern is with the vehicles appear to move along the
route.
Step 10: What is the average number of vehicle traveling the road per day?
Step 11: What is the statistical name given to method used in obtained the data?
Step 12: CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL V
TOPIC Application of index numbers to Economic data
AIM To study and understand the changes in economic data with respect to
time.
APPARATUS: writing materials, calculator, hypothetical data, Microsoft Excel Package.
PROCEDURE:
1. Students were provided with data on the provisional figure of prices in naira per tons and
quantity to the nearest ‘000 tons of some selected cash crops in a state from 1982 to 1985
as follows:
Years A B C
Price Quantity Price Quantity Price Quantity
1982 1300 49 1155 0.08 230 37
1983 1400 38 1150 0.22 230 25
1984 1500 58 1405 0.24 230 9
1985 1600 26 1405 0.30 400 37
2. Compute the Laspeyres quantity index
3. Compute the Paasches quantity index
4. Compute the Fisher’s ideal index
5. Comment on your result.
 PRACTICAL VI
TOPIC Application of time series to economic data
AIM To understand the trend in economic data over time using moving average
method.
APPARATUS crude oil production data, graph sheet, writing materials
PROCEDURES
Step I: Students are to source for quarterly data on crude oil production in Nigeria for the year
2018 – 2021;
Step II: From the data sourced, obtain both the 5-point moving total and 5 point moving
averages to estimate the trend.
Step III: Your data Structure and Trend analysis should be in the below table format

TIME Yt 5PMT 5PMA (T) SD=Yt – T SV

1 Q 2018
2 Q 2018
3 Q 2018
4 Q 2018
1 Q 2019
2 Q 2019
3 Q 2019
4 Q 2019
1 Q 2020
2 Q 2020
3 Q 2020
4 Q 2020
1 Q 2021
2 Q 2021
3 Q 2021
4 Q 2021
PMT =Point Moving Total; PMA = Point Moving Average, SD= Seasonal Deviation, SV =
Seasonal Variation
Step IV: Draw the Time Plot and Trend on the same graph using Forecasting Module in SPSS
Package by following the steps

➢ Lunch the SPSS package

➢ Click on variable view to enter your variables name (Time Yt, FIVEPMA) as
shown in the table. Don’t forget you will loose 2datapoints (two at the top end
while the other two at the last end) for the 5YMA. The variable type should be
numeric for Yt and Date (with format t yyy) for time. Leave the variable measure
on scale
➢ Click Analyze → Forecasting → Sequence Charts (A dialogue box appears) to
plot the time series and trend.
➢ Enter your Yt and trend on the variables list and Time on the Time axis label
➢ Click OK, print the output

Step V: Interpret your result.

PRACTICAL VII
TOPIC: Prediction of Economic Situation, Using Time Series.
AIM: To understand the use of Least Square method in fitting the trend in
economic data and make prediction about the future.
APPARATUS: As stated in Practical VI
PROCEDURES:
1. As stated in Practical VI
2. Fit the trend equation using Least square method and obtain the trend.
3. Use your equation to make prediction for the next year.
4. Plot the trend values together with the original data.
5. Comment on your result
PRACTICAL VIII
TOPIC: Detrending of Time Series Data
AIM: To update student knowledge on the practical application of time series models
APPARATUS: As stated in Practical VI
PROCEDURE:
1. As stated in Practical VI
2. Use both additive and multiplicative models to remove the effect of trend computed in
practical VII from the time series collected in practical VI.
Comment on the effect of carrying out procedure 2.
 CHAPTER SIX
INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS (STA 214)
PRACTICAL I
TOPIC: Plotting of Variables Control chart for Industrial data
AIM: To obtain control chart of the hypothetical data
APPARATUS: Biro, Pencil, graph sheet, ruler, calculator and Computer system with SPSS
installed.
PROCEDURE:
A manufactured considers the production of one type of bolt whose normal diameter is 3m and the
tolerance factors is ± 0.5mm. Sample sizes of five production batches are to be inspected at a
regular interval. The result of first 10 samples selected from each production batch is given below:
Sample 𝑿𝟏 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟑 𝑿𝟒 𝑿𝟓
1 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.8
2 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4
3 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.0
4 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.8
5 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.3
6 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.1
7 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.9
8 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.0
9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.0
10 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.9

Step 1: Find the range of each of the sample in the distribution.

Step 2: Find the mean of each of the sample
Step 3: Find mean range of the sample.
Step 4: Find the mean of the distribution.
Step 5: Obtain control limit, upper and lower limit for R-charts.
Step 6: Obtain control limit, upper and lower limits for 𝑋̅-charts.
Step 7: Construct R-chart graph to indicate control limit, upper and lower limit
CL = 𝑅̅ UCL = D4𝑅̅ LCL = D3𝑅̅
Step 8: Construct 𝑋̅-chart, indicating control limits, upper and lower limit. CL = R,
CL = 𝑋̿
UCL = 𝑋̿ + A2R
LCL = 𝑋̿ - A2R
Step 9: Use SPSS to juxtapose your control charts by linking up with “Quality Control”
under the “Analyze” Menu
Step 10: Make a free comment of the charts.

PRACTICAL II
TOPIC Application of Control Chart for Proportion Defectives to Industrial Data
THEORY: The proportion of non-conforming items in successive sub-groups is plotted on a
p-chart. Let 𝑛 = sample size; 𝑋 = the random variable that counts the number of
non-conforming in tis sub-group. Then, 𝑋~𝐵𝑖𝑛(𝑛, 𝑝)
AIM To confirm if the production process is chanced or assignable based.
APPARATUS: Biro, Pencil, graph sheet, ruler, calculator and Computer system with SPSS
installed.
PROCEDURE
In soap making industry, subgroups of size 40 are randomly selected each day from a continuous
process in order to establish a control chart. The numbers of defectives observed in the first fifteen
(15) subgroups are given below
Sample No. of defectives
1 7
2 10
3 11
4 6
5 7
6 10
7 9
8 9
9 10
10 21
11 13
12 11
13 10
14 19
15 7
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Estimate the proportion defectives 𝑝̂ for each of the defective items
𝑑𝑖
where 𝑝̂ = 𝑛

n is the number of sub-group size

Step 2: Obtain the Centre Line (CL), Upper Control Limits (UCL) and Lower Control Limits
(LCL)
Where:
∑ 𝑚 ̂
𝑃𝑖
𝐶𝐿 = 𝑃̅ = 𝑖−1
𝑚

𝑃̅(1 − 𝑃̅) 𝑃̅(1 − 𝑃̅)

𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝑃̅ − 3√ ; 𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝑃̅ + 3√ ;
𝑛 𝑛
Step 3: Use the results in Step 2 to graph the control chart for proportion defectives
Step 5: From the chart drawn, make free comments.
Step 6: Use SPSS to juxtapose your control chart by linking up with “Quality Control” under the
“Analyze” Menu
Step 6: Draw conclusion from your findings

PRACTICAL III
TOPIC Application of Control Chart for number of defects to Industrial Data
THEORY: Due to the fact that non-conformity can vary without bound, it is important to
establish an inspection unit to use. This is referred to as C or U chart.
AIM: To confirm if the production process is chanced or assignable based.
APPARATUS: Biro, Pencil, graph sheet, ruler, calculator and Computer system with SPSS
installed.
PROCEDURE: From the data of practical II,
1
Step I: Compute the centre line 𝐶̅ = 𝑚 ∑𝑚
𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖

Where 𝐶𝑖 is the number of non-conformities in the inspection 𝑖 𝑡ℎ sampled.

Step 2: Compute the 3𝜎̂ control limits approximated by

𝑈𝐶𝐿 = 𝐶̅ + 3√𝐶̅ ; 𝐿𝐶𝐿 = 𝐶̅ − 3√𝐶̅

and indicate if any of the observation fall outside of the trial limit
Step 3: Assume that assignable causes has been found and eliminated, compute revised control
limit and the centre line using the remaining observation.
Step 4: Use SPSS to confirm your findings by linking up with “Quality Control” on the menu
bar.
Step 5: Make a free comment on the control limits. Can the revised control limit be used to test
future variation?
CONCLUSION

PRACTICAL IV
TOPIC Derivation of Producers and Consumers Risk in Single Sampling Attribute Plan
AIM (i) To determine the probability that lot of quality level given at AQL will not be
acceptable in effect
(ii) To estimate the probability that a quality level given at Lot Tolerance Percent
Defective (LTPD) will be acceptable
APPARATUS Biro, pencil, graph sheet, ruler and calculator
PROCEDURE
FEPIL Pure Water factory sets up an Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) of a process to be 0.1 and
Rejectable Quality Level (RQL) to be 0.3 with number of samples to be inspected per batches of
pure water to be 10. The factory manager sets up an allowable number of defectives to be 2 (i.e c
= 2). Assume Binomial distribution
Step 1: Calculate the Producers risk 𝛼
𝑐
𝑛
Where 1 − 𝛼 = ∑ ( ) 𝑃1𝑑 (1 − 𝑃1 )𝑛−𝑑 𝑐 = 0,1,2
𝑑
𝑑=0

Step 2: Calculate the Producers risk 𝛽

𝑐
𝑛
Where 𝛽 = ∑ ( ) 𝑃2𝑑 (1 − 𝑃2 )𝑛−𝑑 𝑐 = 0,1,2
𝑑
𝑑=0

Step 3: Comment on your result in relation to the AQL and RQL

Note: 𝐴𝑄𝐿 = 𝑃1 ; 𝑅𝑄𝐿 = 𝑃2
CONCLUSION
PRACTICAL V
TOPIC Operating Characteristics Curve in a Single Sampling Plan
AIM To acquaint the students on how to sketch OC curve of a single sampling
plan.
THEORY: The OC curve refills the discriminating power of the sampling plan. It
describes the probability of accepting a Lot as a function of the Lots
quality (where a Lot is a batch). As the proportion defective increases, the
probability of acceptance of the lot in question decreases.
APPARATUS Biro, recording sheet, weighing scale, measuring tape Computer System
with Microsoft Excel installed.
PROCEDURE: From the proportion defectives obtained in the data of practical II
Step 1: Estimate the probability of acceptance (𝑃𝑎 ) for each proportion defectives by
completing the below table
𝑐
Defects Proportion defectives (P) 𝑛
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃(𝐷 ≤ 𝑑) = ∑ ( ) 𝑃𝑑 (1 − 𝑃)𝑛−𝑑
𝑑
𝑑=0

7
10
11
6
7
10
9
9
10
21
13
11
10
19
7
Step 2: Plot the 𝑃𝑎 against the proportion defectives. The line drawn is referred to as
Operating Characteristics Curve.
Step 3: Use MS Excel to juxtapose the probability of acceptance by using the
BIN.DIST( ) function and draw the OC by linking with the “Line” Graph under
“Insert” menu.
Step 4: What can you say about the graph drawn?
Conclusion