Integrated Pest Management Strategies

In Agriculture
Pests are a critical threat to the farming business, and integrated pest
management helps growers address and mitigate these risks. Integrated pest
management utilizes several methods in complex, thus being a more effective
solution to the issue. In particular, eliminating aggressive chemical methods
allows for minimizing harm to people and the environment by using natural
and safer options instead. Switching to integrated pest management, farmers
also contribute to sustainable farming.
Table Of Contents
What Is Integrated Pest Management?
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a fundamental and long-term crop
protection  approach to prevent and combat pest infestations on agricultural lands.

Pests attack plants from everywhere: rodents and nematodes spoil roots in the
earth, snails and caterpillars destroy leaves and berries coming from the ground,
and birds eat up fruits and seeds attacking from the air. The list won’t be complete
without fungi, viruses, and bacteria, to mention a few.
Primarily, the term ‘pests’ relates to insects, but it also applies to any other
organisms that harm crops, including birds, animals, weeds, and pathogens that
cause plant diseases .
Depending on the target, pesticides fall into herbicides, rodenticides, insecticides,
animal repellents, avicides, nematicides, larvicides, bactericides, fungicides,
antimicrobial substances, etc.
Integrated Pest Management Objectives
Previously, pest management mostly relied on synthetic pesticides. However,
chemicals strongly harm people and nature, as well as develop resistance in target
organisms. The goal of integrated pest management is to minimize this harm and
control acceptable infestation levels rather than eradicate all undesired
populations. This is why it is important to understand what measures are justified in
each case and use aggressive ones only when other integrated management
techniques don’t work.

Integrated Pest Management Benefits

Integrated management mitigates the negative consequences of a non-IPM
approach, and the main benefits of IPM include the following:
 reduction of workers’ exposure to chemicals;
 use of natural management methods with the least harm to the environment;
 minimization of water and air pollution;
 elimination of land contamination, which boosts soil fertility;
 prevention of resistance to chemicals.

On a larger scope, integrated pest management advantages include the promotion

of nature protection and sustainable agriculture  in the long run.
How Does Integrated Pest Management
Work?
Despite IPM demands individual solutions in each case, the concept of an
integrated pest management program typically covers the following aspects:
 Problem assessment is the way to start an IPM program by deciding if the
pest presence is dangerous to crops. A correct understanding of the
infestation scope determines if the problem should be addressed.
 Pest monitoring and identification are the next components of an IPM
program because it is important to realize if the organisms make potential
risks and decide on the integrated management options or the specific
pesticide use.
 Preventive measures intend to reduce infestations by applying different
agronomic techniques. Prevention in integrated pest management may
include crop rotation, planting pest-resistant species, or pre-treated seeds .
 Application of the most suitable integrated management methods  if
prevention was ineffective. Integrated management options in an IPM
program start with safer to more aggressive ones. For example, target or
broadcast chemical spraying may follow manual removal or trapping that
hasn’t helped.

The above-mentioned integrated management aspects help understand how to

plan and implement an IPM program step by step:
1. Monitor your crops regularly.
2. Take prevention measures.
3. Identify pests timely and assess the risks.
4. Decide on the necessity of actions and how IPM will work.
 5. Consider and apply all appropriate integrated management options.
6. Analyze the results.

Integrated Pest Management Methods

The very idea of IPM is to use all the available integrated pest management
techniques in complex and use strong treatment only when the previous options
don’t work.

Advanced integrated pest management widely employs innovative solutions. For

example, an Israeli company successfully controls Mediterranean fruit flies with
sterile insect technology by neutralizing males and then releasing them in nature.
Mating with wild fertile females, they produce no vibrant offspring.
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Cultural Integrated Pest Management

Cultural control in integrated management decreases infestations through
suitable agronomic practices. Cultural IPM methods are more effective when
crops are healthy. This is why regular EOSDA Crop Monitoring in integrated
management helps address the problem early and mitigate the upcoming negative
consequences. Among others, IPM cultural methods include the following field
management techniques:
  soil treatment;
 selection of suitable plants;
 crop rotation;
 interplanting or strip cropping;
 choice of planting dates;
 weed control;
 use of trap plants.

Soil Treatment
Favorable soil conditions speed up plant growth, and vigorous crops are more
resistant to infestations. In integrated pest management, soil testing helps
understand if the field is suitable for the production of this or that crop, and then
apply the lacking nutrients to ensure plant healthy growth. Adding organic matter
and mulching encourages soil organisms’ activity and boosts nutrient release.  No-
till practices  help prevent soil erosion, contributing to sustainable farming.
However, when tilling is necessary, it is recommended to conduct it in the fall to
expose them to natural enemies and severe weather.

Selection Of Suitable Plants

Healthy seedlings and seeds predetermine successful crop development, so it is
important to choose pest-free planting material with strong roots. Certified seeds,
visual inspection, and pre-sowing seed treatment help avoid the problem in the
future. As part of an integrated pest management program, planting resistant or
tolerant cultivars helps farmers to reduce yield losses. For example, a study attests
to the resistance of White Satin F1, Samba F1, Afro F1, Nipomo F1, and
Yellowstone cultivars to the hawthorn-carrot aphid. Stronger cultivars are bred
traditionally or through genetic engineering.

Crop Rotation
Non-host crop sequences are not suitable for specific pest species. For example,
rodents reduce grain yields, while birds and snails damage strawberries. If the
habitat is not suitable and there are no required crops, pests will leave for more
lucrative places. Thus, among other applications, crop rotation  can be effectively
used as an integrated pest management method.

Interplanting Or Strip Cropping

Pests spread slower if rows of different crop types separate their host plants
in intercropping  or strip cropping , which is also used in the integrated pest
management system. Conversely, infestations increase when plants of the same
crop type or family grow together. Thus, cabbage pests may migrate to mustard,
broccoli, and other brassicas, while potato beetles attack potatoes, tomatoes, and
eggplants.

Use Of Trap Plants

Planting trap plants in patches is another option for IPM intercropping. This
integrated pest management method suggests attracting pests to specific plants
and then controlling them with chemical or mechanical techniques. In particular,
you can grow soybeans  as trap crops for Japanese beetles. Radishes are also
attractive for cabbage root maggots.

Choice Of Planting Dates

In integrated pest management, favorable dates for sowing or planting make the
crops the least subjected to pests or already strong enough to withstand
infestations. For example, it is better to sow squash early (provided the  soil
temperature  is warm enough) so that it can mature before pickleworm returns from
the southern areas. At the same time, too early plantings may result in root rots
due to excessive soil moisture after winter.

Weed Management
Weeds don’t only reduce crops’ access to nutrients but hamper their healthy
development making them vulnerable to infestations. Furthermore, undesired
vegetation may host pests. This is why weed control methods of IPM play a
significant role in the integrated approach.

Nonetheless, flowering weeds can attract pollinators and other beneficial insects,
so cutting them just after blooming but prior to seed formation will increase yields
and prevent new generations of weeds.
Mechanical / Physical Integrated Pest Management
Integrated mechanical and physical controls imply either removing or killing
pests with designated devices or manually, or blocking their access to
plants. Using traps or steaming/heating soils belong to the mechanical IPM control.
Barriers are typical examples of physical IPM methods. Let’s take a closer look at
them.

Handpicking
Removing or picking pests out manually is a time and labor-consuming option that
is widely applied in integrated management and organic farming . Mature insects
or their eggs and larvae are collected by hand and destroyed.

Traps
Trapping is a common mechanical IPM method to isolate harmful organisms. There
exist different types of electric or mechanical traps that attract pests with light or
fire, collect them through air suction, or repel them with electricity or sound.

Barriers
Constructing screens for birds and insects or building fences around fields to
protect them from wildlife can bring fruitful results but at times they are not
applicable. For example, even the highest fence in Australia would not stop
kangaroos capable of jumping three meters high. Barriers will be of no use, and the
case will demand another integrated management solution.
Pruning And Raking
In integrated management practices, cutting infested plant parts can be effective
when the damage is irreparable or crop disease has no treatment. Raking helps
manage infestations mechanically or move them to the earth’s surface to be
destroyed by predators (e.g., birds).

Irrigation Management
Proper irrigation management supports plant needs for healthy development and
helps control pests. For example, pesticides in integrated management solutions
can be administered through foliar spraying and sprinkling, or drip irrigation.
However, the impact of irrigation management on IPM has both positive and
negative sides.
Flood irrigation reduces the numbers of ground squirrels or gophers; yet excessive
soil moisture is beneficial for nematodes, and continuous waterlogging induces
fungi-caused root rots.

Heat/Steam Treatment
Heating or steaming soils is an efficient integrated management technique to
defeat pests, their eggs and larvae, pathogens, and weed seeds at high
temperatures. Steaming and heating also disinfect composts, organic matter, or
agronomic tools. This option in mechanical integrated pest management occurs
through burning fuels to produce water steam to treat the soil. Soil heating can be
performed through pasteurization (160-182°F) or sterilization (212°F) for 30
minutes.
Soil solarization  is an effective integrated management technique to disinfect the
field by heating it in a natural way.
Biological Control In Integrated Pest Management
This integrated management method implies a common way of destroying pests by
predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and other biological control agents (aka
antagonistic organisms). The role of biological control in IPM is to  cause a
minimum imbalance in ecosystems by mimicking nature. Biocontrol in
integrated management is similar to natural processes, yet natural control occurs
without human intervention.

Use Of Predators
Predators eat up their prey that damages crops, for example, ladybugs reduce
aphid numbers. Predators’ populations for integrated management are boosted in
their primary habitat or imported from other regions. However, when increasing
predators’ numbers in integrated pest management, there are several aspects to
consider:
 ‘foreign’ predators may not cope with the task;
 reduction of certain species may give rise to secondary pest invasions;
 introduced animals become pests themselves with time if there are no
natural enemies to control their population in the new environment.

A renowned example of a food chain error in integrated management is the import

of rabbits to Australia. With time, their population turned out to be a real nuisance
to farmers alongside indigenous kangaroos or dingoes. The cane toad is another
case illustrating integrated biological control failure in this regard when it refused to
hunt the target species and became a pest itself.
Use Of Parasitoids
Parasitoids develop on or within their hosts to eventually kill them after maturing.
Typical examples of parasitoids are most wasps or flies. Applying this integrated
pest management technique, it is important to remember that parasitoids are also
subject to hyperparasitoids’ attacks. A study reports a 20% of hyperparasitism
rate for cereal aphids in Canadian wheat fields.

Use Of Pathogens
Pathogenic microorganisms are viruses, bacteria, and fungi that infect pests and
cause diseases reducing their numbers, which are also used in the integrated pest
management system. For example, wild rabbits’ numbers significantly decreased
after infections with the myxomatosis virus borne by mosquitoes. In the regions
with a lack of mosquitoes, the idea was implemented with a flea-borne virus.

Chemical Integrated Pest Management

This group of the integrated approach applies natural or synthetic chemical
substances to repel or eradicate pests. Biopesticides are natural repellents
containing plant extracts or oils, which is the safest option for humans, animals,
and crops.
Does integrated pest management use pesticides? Yes, but as a last-call action in
the integrated approach that must be used with great caution because pesticides
can develop resistance. Synthetic substances are applied only when integrated
pest management without chemicals can’t efficiently combat the invasion or when
other options are impossible due to certain circumstances.
Satellite Technologies For The Integrated
Pest Management System
Field monitoring is a daily task that requires a lot of time, yet with satellite
technologies, you can monitor crops remotely. EOSDA Crop Monitoring  is a digital
platform that grants an opportunity to check any farm field on a daily basis
regardless of its size or location. Just log in, select the field, and get all the
available information.

What Is Scouting In Integrated Pest Management?

Scouting implies regular field inspection for deviations in crop development and
promotes grounded decisions. When applying integrated pest management,
growers need to know about the pest threats on the fields every season and in the
long run, and timely scouting helps detect the problem early and save yields.

EOSDA Crop Monitoring provides a valuable scouting feature allowing you to:
 effectively detect vegetation decline in the field;
 set scouting tasks to check a specific area using GPS coordinates;
 assign a task to anyone from your team;
 get a comprehensive report with inspection details, including attached photos
of the specified area.
A scouting task to check the problem area in a field.

Plan And Monitor Integrated Control Strategies

What’s more, EOSDA Crop Monitoring enables convenient planning and controlling
of any IPM agricultural activities on every individual field. Just select the activity
type, set the timeline, and monitor its status. Regular scouting can also show if the
used integrated pest management practices bring the desired results.
Through a number of vegetation indices , you can monitor the crop’s state in the
field and detect changes. If the problem areas do not recover after the applied
components of integrated pest management, it means that pest populations are
likely to increase. That’s a clear sign of the chosen strategy’s failure, and there is a
necessity to consider another integrated management option.
Field activity log in EOSDA Crop Monitoring to manage IPM strategies.

Integrate Remote Sensing Into Current Business

Processes
A before-after comparison is an ideal solution for agricultural input suppliers who
are constantly testing their products. Using EOSDA Crop Monitoring index maps in
the Split View mode, you can easily compare a single field change over two
dates. It helps confirm the beneficial effects of fertilizers or any other IPM
(integrated pest management) agrichemicals (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides,
etc.).

At the same time, if agrichemical doesn’t prove useful, there will be no signs of
improvements on vegetation index maps. That’s a call for further improvements of
the product applied before bringing it to the agri-market. Moreover, using EOSDA
Crop Monitoring vegetation indices, input suppliers can provide the target audience
with strong show-cases that visually attest to the effectiveness of a certain product
based on satellite-derived data.
Split view mode in EOSDA Crop Monitoring to assess the integrated pest management activities
applied.
For more information on EOSDA Crop Monitoring functionality, contact our sales
department at [email protected] . Our experts will answer all your questions and
provide a visualization of the platform’s functions.
EOSDA is about to launch its own agricultural satellite constellation  EOS SAT to
Low Earth Orbit. Thanks to the imagery retrieved, our clients and partners will get
even more precise satellite data to meet their current needs in precision
agriculture . Among other benefits, EOS SAT will also promote more effective
integrated pest management in sustainable farming based on satellite imagery, AI
algorithms, historical field productivity data, weather analytics, and more.