Orthodontics
Nutrition & Malocclusion
Dr. Samir Jain1, Dr. Abhishek Sinha 2, Dr. Sapna Jain3, Devinder Preet Singh4
Professor1, Assistant Professor2, Private Practitioner3, Associate Professor4, Department of Dentistry1,2, Department of Orthodontics4, ANM Medical College1,
Gaya,Bihar, Patna Medical College2, Patna, Punjab University4, Chandigarh
Abstract
Food is the basic requirement for all organisms to survive.It is essential not only from growth and development point of view but also for producing
energy to carry out various body functions.Nutrition in simple terms can be defined as a science of nourishing the body properly or analysis of the effect of
food on the living organisms.The role of malnutrition in the development of malocclusion has many aspects which range from defective development of
the human orofacial skeleton, palatal malformations due to prenatal deficiencies, vitamin deficiency affecting growth of dentition, increased rate of root
resorption and the nature of the development of the jaws depending upon the consistency of food intake. This article tries to highlight the role of nutrition
in the development of malocclusion which is one of the most important factor in the etiology of malocclusion.
How to cite this article: Jain S, Sinha A, Jain S, Singh DP. Natrition & Malocclusion. HTAJOCD.2018;11(2):35-36
Introduction Vitamin A excess can also cause clefts abortion of the foetus.Failure of closure of the
F ood is the basic requirement for all
organisms to survive.It is essential not
only from growth and development
point of view but also for producing energy to
carry out various body functions.Nutrition in
during development of palatal vault, various
macromolecular substances like glycoproteins,
enzymes and mucopolysaccharides and their
precursors, substrates and cofactors are
necessary.
cranial neural pore results in
malformations,such as anencephaly; failure of
caudal pore closure results in spina bifida.
Neural tube closure is complete very early in
pregnancy when most mothers have barely
simple terms can be defined as a science of Dietary deficiency of these substances are realized they are pregnant.
nourishing the body properly or analysis of the one of the etiologic influences in formation of The supplementation of folic acid currently
effect of food on the living organisms.Yudkin [1] cleft lip and palate.It has been seen that damage recommended to protect against neural tube
defined it as the relationship between man and to orofacial osseous structure may be caused defects is 0·4 mg per day, twice the current
his food and implies the psychological and when a human fetus is deprived of proper average daily intake for women of 0·2 mg
social as well as the physiological and nutrition by interference with the placental (McNulty, 1995), there being a wide variation in
biochemical aspect.Others called it as the transfer of needed nutrients or during infections. dietary intake.
science devoted to the determination of Such embryopathies include trisomies such In humans, drugs which interfere with folate
requirements of the body for food constituents as Down's syndrome, in which there are metabolism,for example, phenytoin, are known
both qualitatively and quantitatively and to the orofacial malformations, palatal dysplasias and to have teratogenic effects. These include oral
selection of food in kinds and in quantity to meet low insertion of ears. Recent medical studies clefts, growth retardation, limb defects, and
these requirements. have indicated that mothers of children with other craniofacial deformities. [6]
Council of food and nutrition of the Down syndrome have an imbalance in folate Vitamin C deficiency:
American Medical Association defines nutrition metabolism that may be explained, in part, by a ? Disturbed calcification of teeth.
as-“The science of food, the nutrients and other common genetic variation in an enzyme
substances therein ,their action ,interaction and ? Retarded eruption.
involved in the folic acid pathway. ? Thickened jawbones.
balance in relation to health and diseases and the Future studies are anticipated to see if
processes by which the organism ingest, digest, ? Narrow maxilla and Short mandible
maternal folic acid supplementation will reduce ? ( hypodimensional cranial bases).
absorbs, transports ,utilizes and excretes food occurrences of Down syndrome. If this proves to
Nutritional factors In The Development Of The ? High vault palate.
be true, then Down syndrome, like spina bifida,
Human Orofacial Skeleton will become yet another disorder found to be Vitamin D deficiency:
It has been shown in animal studies that influenced by a combination of both genes and Retarded dentition along with dysplasia as
even short periods of malnutrition have resulted environment, rather than just genes alone. well as various maxillary problems caused by
in an increase in anterior open bites, a reduction Vitamins in relation to Growth and Dentition the exceptional malleabilityof the osseous tissue
in dimension of dental arches with inadequate and increased susceptibility to muscular
spaces for teeth,insufficient dental eruption. [3] Undesirable modifications of the traction,facial sutures close with difficulty
craniofacial osseous structures have been therefore open bite, tranverse hypodimensions
The absence of natural diastema between associated with the ingestion of too much or too
the front deciduous teeth, and shorter roots and little of certain vitamins. and misshapen palate are frequently observed.
interosseous rotation of permanent Effect of metabolic disturbances :
teeth.Malnutrition has also been associated with Vitamin A
Deficiency of Vit. A:Causes disturbances in Depending on the enzyme deficiencies
shorter mandibles in AP direction, marked involved, they can seriously impair the
reduction in ascending ramus,condylar differentiation and positional growth of the
developing teeth. functions of suction and deglutition in
region,dentoalveolar inclinations in the incisor infants.This can deprive orofacial bones of the
region and striking reductions in the diameter of ? Defective calcification. positive mechanical stimuli that occur normally
third permanent molar. ? Retardation of eruption. as a result of these functions and malooclusion
Radiologic, histologic and histochemical ? Disturbances of periodontal tissues can result.
studies have demonstrated such abnormalities in Hypervitaminosis A causes: Phenylketouria :among symptoms of
osseous tissues as the reduction of cortex ,the ? growth retardation phenylketonuria are hypertelorism and
enlargement of medullary spaces of ? marked softening of skull due to decreased diastema between upper incisors
diploe,weakening of osteoblastic and Ca deposition
osteoclastic activities. Diabetes :there is increased resistance to
Vit A as a Teratogen action of insulin in some diabetics due to
Malformations and Prenatal Deficiencies It is shown to slow the migration of neural presence of anti-insulin factor. (Vallance-
Dietary intake of the expectant mother is crest cells maintained in vitro by inhibiting their Owen). Study showed the 15 of 22 mothers with
directly related to the condition of the infant at interactions with extracellular matrix products. cleft lip and palate had this factor.[7]
birth. Defects analogous to Treacher Collin Role of Nutrition in Root Resorption
a) Cleft lip and palate: Warkany [4] showed Syndrome or Hemifacial microsomia can be Marshall et.al [8] showed that greater degree
riboflavin deficiency may act as one of the produced by varying dose of Vit. A between of resorption is seen in patients with deficient
predisposing factor in[5]the development of cleft 50,000 – 100,000 I.U diets though it is of mulitfactorial origin.
palate. Evans ,Nelson showed acute folic acid When pregnant rats are fed high doses of
deficiency results in more chances of Beck [9] stated that patients with calcium
vitamin A during 8-10 days of gestation,facial deficiency were more susceptible to root
developing a cleft palate. malformations(including cleft palate) result but resorption than normal patients.
Corrosponding Author: the limbs develop normally.When they are fed
Samir Jain, Professor, the vitamin during day 11 or 12 limb Effects of consistency of food
Department of Dentistry, malformations result and facial disturbances are Throughout its various stages of growth
Swastik Dental Clinic, minimal.This is due to the defective migration mouth is affected by complex system of forces.
Near SSP Kothi, Gaya College Road, of neural crest cells due to increased vitamin A. Diet that does not supply food of a sufficient
Gaya, Bihar-823001 hard consistency does not supply adequate
Mob: 7739297777
Vitamin B-Complex(Folic Acid)
Defects of neural tube closure result in stimulus for proper mastication resulting in a
Email:
[email protected] narrow maxillary arch- arch collapse syndrome.
various malformations or the spontaneous
62nd
Nov - Dec 2018 Issue 35 || Vol : 11 || Issue : 2
Orthodontics
Jain, et al.: Nutrition & Malocclusion
>> EVENTS
According to anthropologic studies , the exertion of the masticatory
function has been decreasing in people because of use of softer diets. It
appears that these changes caused unfavourable changes in muscle tone
and a tendency for skeletal and dental problems to develop. Some authors
have proposed- decreased muscle tone can result in weakening of the
temporomandibular articulation .So condyle has to bear greater forces
ALERT
leading to heavy bone deposition on its upper and rear portions.Hence the
overall development of mandible follows a rotative movement downward
and forward.
A dentist named Weston Price, traveled around the world in the early
part of the 1900's.
2018-2019 Events
He compared the health problems and physical features of people on Expodent International
traditional native diets to people with similar genetic make-ups who had December 21-23, 2018
converted to Western diets that included processed foods and refined
sugars. Pragti Maidan, New Delhi
Native Diets--Well developed faces, few dental cavities, normal
height, straight teeth, well formed dental palates, well developed jaws, Kerela State Dental Conference
few birth defects and "hereditary" disorders. January 4-6, 2019
Western Diets--Underdevelopment of the mid face,underdeveloped Colicut Trade Centre, Kozhikod
noses, long narrow faces, high rate of cavities, lengthening and narrowing
of body(taller and thinner) , crowded teeth,malformed dental palates - Denasia, Rang Desh Dental Conference
high arches cleft palates,micrognathia - underdeveloped jaws, wide
variety of degenerative diseases and birth defects. January 11-12, 2019
The effect of food consistency on the bone appositional pattern at the Mahatma Gandhi Dental College, Jaipur
growth site in the palatal region of the maxillary complex in growing rats Indian Dental Conference
was examined. Sixty inbred male rats aged 14 days in the weaning period
were divided into two groups. One group was fed a conventional solid January 18-20, 2019
diet in addition to milk, while the other received the same diet but in liquid Indore, India
form in addition to milk. They were weaned at 21 days of age. In rats fed a
liquid diet,the amount of bone apposition on the occlusal surface of the Famdent Show
palate was reduced in the region between the first molars, but was February 16-17, 2019
increased in the region between the third molars, indicating a more Auto Cluster Exhibition Centre
anteriorly directed growth rotation of the palate. The width and Pimpri Chinchwad Pune
ossification rate of the synchondrosis of the midpalatal suture was AEEDC Dubai
smaller. Furthermore, lateral[10]growth of the maxilla was inhibited February 5-7, 2019
considerably in the distal area.
Thirty 3-week-old male Wistar rats were grouped into a hard diet Dubai International Exhibition Centre
control group, a kneadeddiet group, and a powdered-diet group. After 6 5th Global AAID Conference
weeks of growth, all rats were killed under deep anesthesia.The effects of March 1-3, 2019
dietary physical consistency on the mandible were investigated with
respect to morphology and bone mineral content using lateral Leela Ambience Convention Centre
cephalometric analysis and computed X-ray densitometry.
Gonion (Go), which is a measurement of depth to the X-axis, was 38th IDS
significantly less in the powdered-diet group, while the kneaded-diet March 12-16, 2019
group showed no significant differences. The most posterior point of the Cologne, Germany
coronoid process (Cr) and the most posterior point of condylar process
(Cd), which are measures of height to the Y-axis, were less in the kneaded- 24th Dental South China
diet group than in the control group. In the powdered-diet group,Cr, Cd, March 3-6, 2019
Go and Infradentale were significantly less than in the control group. On Dental South China, Gunagzhou
the other hand, the bone mineral content was significantly lower in the
coronoid process and angle of mandible in only the powdered-diet group. Expodent Chennai
[11]
March 30-31, 2019
Conclusion
Food is the basic requirement for all organisms to survive.It is Chennai, India
essential not only from growth and development point of view but also for 16th Istanbul Dental
producing energy to carry out various body functions. The role of Eqipment & Material Exhibition
malnutrition in the development of malocclusion has many aspects which April 11-14, 2019
range from defective development of the human orofacial skeleton, Idex, Istanbul
palatal malformations due to prenatal deficiencies, vitamin deficiency 3rd International
affecting growth of dentition, increased rate of root resorption and the Dental Lab Expo & Conference
nature of the development of the jaws depending upon the consistency of
food intake. This article tries to bring to light the various parameters of April 13-14, 2019
Hyderabad, India
nutrition in the development of malocclusion which is one the most
important aspect in the etiology of malocclusion. International
References Exhibition for Medicine
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R.S.Rivlin ed. pp. 279 – 302, Plenum Press New York. May, 2019
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