21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE
PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
1st
3-4
4-6
Ms. Diane Jasmin M. Jamandron
1
MODULE #: 2
LESSON: Traditions and Locations: The Filipino Poem (A Long History of
Poetry)
INTRODUCTION:
Have you ever thought of travelling the different regions of the
Philippines?
What would you like to know about the different regions in our
country?
Your journey in searching for knowledge about the geographic,
linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-
colonial to the contemporary will empower your identity of being a Filipino.
In this module, you will discover that poetry reflects the richness of
Filipino culture and tradition. The activities serve as tools in developing
your critical thinking skills and appreciating the various contributions of
Filipino writers.
Poets from different regions of our country share their expertise in
writing a poem. As history tells us, poetry existed before the written word,
where it was often sung rather than spoken. The poems that you will
encounter in this module will help you develop your skill in reading and
writing and at the same time, appreciate how beautiful the place is, as
depicted by the poets in their poem. This is the time where you, as a learner
understands the struggle of our country and its people and in spite of
everything that the Philippines has encountered, it made her stand still and
shines her beauty.
Just like an erupting volcano, it can be both terrifying and beautiful.
The powerful impact of its eruption tends to shatter and trembles the earth
while viewing, it tells us the beauty and wonder of it. Each one is focused to
2
the beauty not to the devastating event that the volcano has brought. This is
also the same as the experiences of the poets. From their difficult
experiences in life came to them the sublime experiences that motivate
them to create art. As Gemino Abad states, “The root and the crown of
language”-POETRY.
LESSON COVERAGE:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
a. Classify literary forms according to periods of Philippine literary
history.
b. Write a five-paragraph close analysis and critical interpretation of
the poem “Mayon”.
c. Value the contributions of local writers to the development of
regional literary traditions through writing a critical analysis of a text.
EXPECTED SKILLS:
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1.Use the module with care.
2.Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
4. Use the answer sheet in writing your answers.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
A. Directions: Supply the following with the appropriate word
found in the box to complete the statements. (5 points)
Poetry, poem
bugtong , talinghaga
Baybayin, blasphemous
epics, legendary hero
Francisco Baltazar, Balagtas
1.______,and its product ______, are pieces of writing that usually have
figurative language
3
2.The ______was a riddle that used ____, or metaphor that actually helped
convey the answer to the riddle.
3._____ were long, episodic, chanted poems which told a story about a
_______ and spirit.
4.The most notable Filipino poet of the Spanish era is _____, who became
known as _____.
5.The method of writing, called ____ for the tagalog, was suppressed, as friars
called it_____________________.
B. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
the space provided before each number. (15 points)
_____1.It is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts
such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than
light travel, a parallel universe and extra-terrestrial life.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Science Fiction
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____2.A literary genre which combines three media: book, movie/video and
internet website.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Science Fiction
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____3.A literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle writing
and drawings and handwritten graphics in place of the traditional font Spanish
Period.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Science Fiction
4
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____4.Stories told almost entirely in dialogue, simulating social network
exchanges.
a.Chick Lit
b.Digi-Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Text-Talk Novel
_____5.It is a genre fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood,
often humorously and lightheartedly.
a.Chick Lit
b.Digi-Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Text-Talk Novel
_____6.It is a website that contains short articles posted and changed
regularly.
a.Blog
b.Flash Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Digi-Fiction
_____7.Digital literature that uses links and includes parts that move or mutate.
a.Blog
b.Flash Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Digi-Fiction
_____8.It is a comic book or book series published in Japan.
a.Digi-Fiction
5
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Illustrated Novel
d.Manga
_____9.Stories characterized by their brevity. It could range from a word to a
thousand.
a.Creative Nonfiction
b.Flash Fiction
c.Blog
d.Hyper Poetry
_____10. Narrative work in which a story is told using a comic form.
a.Manga
b.Digi-Fiction
c.Graphic Novel
d.Illustrated Novel
_____11.39 Clues book series by Scholastic, where stories are told using the
combination of book, video, and website, is an example of this literary genre.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Science Fiction
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____12.Mashable by Pete Cashmore, where feature stories around the world
are posted and updated, is an example of this literary genre.
a.Blog
b.Flash Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Digi-Fiction
6
_____13.A story that develops through a screenshot of SMS conversation like
Vince and Kath by Jenny Ruth Almocera is an example of this literary genre.
a.Chick Lit
b.Digi-Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Text-Talk Novel
_____14.A story that uses literary techniques to create accurate narratives like
travel and nature stories in Robert Macfarlane’s “The Wild Places” is an
example of this literary genre.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Science Fiction
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____15.The Hunger Games series that explores dystopian or post-
apocalyptic themes is an example of this literary genre.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Science Fiction
d.Creative Non-Fiction
LESSON PROPER
A LONG HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE POETRY
Filipinos are no strangers to poetry; it has been part of Filipino culture
ever since pre –Hispanic times. The awit or song existed in many forms and
were used for varied purposes. Aside from songs, the two major pre-Hispanic
forms were the bugtong or riddle and the salawikain or proverb.
The bugtong was a riddle that used talinghaga or a metaphor that
actually helped convey the answer to the riddle. The sawikain or salawikain
7
were proverbs used to express pieces of wisdom or beliefs important to
Filipino society. These forms were all done in verse or metrical writing.
The major pre–Hispanic poetic form, however, was the epiko or epic.
Epics were long, episodic, chanted poems telling stories, normally about
legendary heroes and their adventures, often contending with, and being
aided by supernatural creatures and spirits. The arrival of the Spanish
dramatically altered what was an already established Philippine literary
tradition. The method of writing called baybayin for the Tagalog was
suppressed along with many of the epics and poems already existing,
as friars called them blasphemous because of the presence of
supernatural creatures in them. Thus, the Spanish clergy set out to
replace the old oral heroes with Jesus Christ, and thus for most of the
early years of Spanish rule, poems tended to be religious in nature.
Later, Jose Rizal and his fellows would be among these new Filipinos;
they would be called illustrados, and their efforts and writings would center
on a growing sense of national identity. Despite the efforts of the Spanish
clergy, traditional Philippine poetry never truly went away. Instead, these
same traditions further evolved. The awit, for example, was influenced by the
European romances of the time and became romantic themselves.
The arrival of the Americans and their introduction of a new educational
system again set off a series of changes to Philippine poetry. Free verse and
New Criticism became the buzzwords of poets.
Poetry has continued to evolve and change with history unfolding. The
freedom to explore a myriad of forms resulted in broad selection of poems
written not only in English and Filipino, but also in the various languages of
our many regions.
PHILIPPINE PRECOLONIAL LITERATURE
Before the Philippines was colonized, it was already brimming with rich
tradition of oral literature. Early Filipinos weaved together countless myths
and legends to explain certain phenomenon in life. They had stories on how
the world was created –why there is sun in the morning, and the moon at
night, how a mountain was formed, why there are earthquakes, and other life
events. Here are their descriptions and other forms of literature that were
passed on by the early Filipinos to today’s generation.
8
PROVERBS are practical observations and philosophy of everyday life
that are written usually in a rhyming scheme. It is obviously meant to entertain
while teaching basic skills in surviving local life. In Filipino, these are called
salawikain.
Ex. Kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga.
(Whatever the tree, so is the fruit.)
RIDDLES are like proverbs with one main difference: they demand an
answer and are used to test the wits of those who are listening to them.
Ex. Heto na si Kaka, bubuka –bukaka.
(Here comes Kaka, walking with an open leg.)
FOLKSONGS are beautiful songs that are informal expressions of our
ancestors’ experiences in life. These range from courtship (which they sing in
a harana or a serenade for a girl), to lullabies, harvests, funerals, and others.
Ex. Paru parong Bukid (Filipino Folk Song)
TALES are stories of origin for certain places, their names, and their
creation. These are also known as myths and legends.
Ex. Mount Makiling,Mount Arayat
EPICS are long-winded poems about a hero and his adventures and
misadventures. It usually tells of a male hero and who also has
superhuman capabilities.
Ex. The Hinilawod (Epicin Central Panay)
SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE
When the Spaniards came, there was an immediate shift on the focus of
literature. It became centered on the Christian faith, and the stories about
natural phenomena suddenly became all about the lives of saints and other
religious hymns. Slowly, Philippine literature started to emulate the traditional
Spanish ways of themes and forms in writing, including the repetitive plots
and shadowy characters.
CORRIDO is a legendary religious narrative form that usually details
the lives of saints or the history of a tradition.
9
Ex. Ibong Adarna,by Jose de la Cruz
AWIT is a chivalric poem about a hero usually about a saint. It is also
usually sung and used in religious processions.
Ex. Florante at Laura, by Francisco Balagtas
PASYON is a narrative poem about the life of Jesus Christ, beginning
from his birth and up to his death. This is usually sung during Lenten season.
Ex. Panalangin sa Mahal na Birhen
CENACULOis the dramatization of the passion of Christ. It highlights the
sufferings and death of Jesus Christ, and it is also done during Lenten season.
Ex. The Malibay Cenaculo
MORO –MORO or COMEDIA DE CAPA Y ESPADA is a blood –and –
thunder melodrama depicting the conflict of Christians and Muslims. It is
usually about battles to the death and the proofs of faith.
Ex. “Prinsipe Rodante”
CARILLO is a play that uses shadows as its main spectacle. This is
created by animating figures made from cardboard, which are projected onto
a white screen.
Ex. The Legend of Sampaguita
TIBAG is the dramatic re-enactment of St. Helena’s search for the Holy
Cross. St. Helena is the mother of Constantine and is oftentimes credited to
have influenced her son to be the great Christian leader he is known today.
Ex. Search of St. Helena for the Sacred Cross
DUPLO OR KARAGATAN are native dramas that are connected to
Catholic mourning rituals and harvest celebrations.
Ex. Ang Duplo,by: Abuag, E.R. et al.
ZARSUELAis probably one of the most famous forms of
entertainment backin the Spanish era. Zarsuelas are musical comedies or
melodramas that deal with the elemental passions of human beings.
Ex. Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow)by
Aurelio Tolentino
10
EXPLORE
Direction: The following are taken from the text, “A Long History of
Poetry”. Identify what is described in the statements below. Choose your
answer from the pool of words in the box. (10 points)
Baybayin Salawikain or Sawikain Talinghaga
Epiko or Epic Poetry Free Verse and New
Criticism
National identity Awit or song Romances
Filipino nation and regions Sublime experiences
____________________1.These were proverbs used to express pieces of
wisdom or beliefs important to Filipino society.
____________________2.This is a method of writing for the Tagalog.
____________________3.It is a metaphor that helped convey the answer to the
riddle.
____________________4.These refer to the major pre –Hispanic poetic form
which were long, episodic, chanted poems telling stories, normally about
legendary heroes and their adventures being aided by supernatural creatures
and spirits.
____________________5.This existed in many forms and was used for varied
purposes.
____________________6.It refers to a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as
represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and language.
____________________7-8.These two became the buzzwords of poets.
____________________9. It is called the “root and crown of language”-Gemino
Abad.
____________________10.It is called the feelings of awe in nature by artists,
which are perceived as powerful, vast, and complex.
FIRM-UP
Write TRUE if the statement is correct otherwise, write FALSE. (10 points)
11
__________1.Legends were long episodic chanted poems telling stories of
legendary heroes and their adventures.
__________2.Zarzuela and comedia are the same.
__________3.Poetry is a literary work in which special intensity is given to the
expression of feelings and ideas using distinctive style and rhythm.
__________4.The bugtong was a riddle that used talinghaga or a metaphor that
helped convey the answer to the riddle.
__________5.Corrido is a legendary religious narrative form that usually details
the lives of saints or the history of a tradition.
__________6.Carillo is the dramatic reenactment of St. Helena’s search for the
Holy Cross.
__________7.Pasyon is a narrative poem about the life of Jesus Christ,
beginning from his birth and up to his death. This is usually sung during
Lenten season.
__________8.Folksongs are beautiful songs that are informal expressions of
our ancestors’ experiences in life. These range from courtship (which they
sing in a harana or a serenade for a girl), to lullabies, harvests, funerals, and
others.
__________9.Proverbs are like proverbs with one main difference: they
demand an answer and are used to test the wits of those who are listening to
them.
__________10. Tales are stories of origin for certain places, their names, and
their creation. These are also known as myths and legends.
THE MAJOR LITERARY GENRES
POETRY-is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through
meaning, sound and rhythmic language choices to evoke an emotional
response. It has been known to employ meter and rhyme. The very nature of
poetry as an authentic and individual mode of expression makes it nearly
impossible to define.
DRAMA-is a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or
pantomime a story involving conflict more contrast of character, especially on
12
intended to be acted on a stage: a play. It may be any situation or series of
events having vivid, emotional, conflicting or striking interest.
FICTION-is literature created from the imagination, not presented as
fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation. Types of literature in
the fiction include the novel, short story and novella.
NON-FICTION-is based on facts and the author’s opinion about a
subject. The purpose of non-fiction writing is to inform and sometimes to
persuade. Its examples are biographies, articles from textbooks and
magazines and newspapers.
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE GENRES
ILLUSTRATED NOVEL - Story through text and illustrated images . 50%
of the narrative is presented without words. The reader must interpret the
images to comprehend the story completely. Textual portions are presented
in traditional form. Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all. Span all
genres.
Examples:
The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Selznick and The Arrival by
Shaun Tan.
DIGI-FICTION -Triple Media Literature. It combines three media: book,
movie/video and internet website. To get the full story, students must engage
in navigation, reading, and viewing in all three forms.
Examples:
Patrick Carman’s Skeleton Creek and Anthony Zuiker’s Level 26
GRAPHIC NOVEL- Narrative in comic book formats. Narrative work in
which the story is conveyed to the reader using a comic form. The term is
employed in broadly manner, encompassing non-fiction works and
thematically linked short stories as well as fictional stories across a number of
genres.
Example:
Archie Comics by John Goldwater and illustrator, Bob Montana
13
MANGA-Japanese word for comics. It is used in the English-speaking world as
a generic term for all comic books and graphic novels originally published in
Japan. Considered as an artistic and storytelling style.
Examples:
•Ameri-manga-sometimes used to refer to comics created by American artists
in manga style.
•Shonen-Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One Piece)
•Shojo-Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon)
•Seinen-Men’s Manga (Akira)
•Josei-Women’s Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss)
•Kodomo-Children’s Manga (Doraemon, Hello Kitty)
DOODLE FICTION -Literary presentation where the author incorporates
doodle writing, drawings and handwritten graphics in place of the traditional
font. Drawing enhances the story, often adding humorous elements
Examples:
The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by Stephan
Pastis.
TEXT-TALK NOVELS- Blogs, email and IM format narratives. Stories told
almost entirely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges.
CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE- Is a genre fiction which addresses
issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and lightheartedly. Chick Lit
typically features a female protagonist whose feminity is heavily thermalizing
in the plot. Scarlet Bailey’s “The night before Christmas” and Miranda
Dickinson’s “It started with a Kiss” are examples of this.
FLASH FICTION-Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity.
There is no widely accepted definition of the length and category. It could
range from word to a thousand.
SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION
•Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never worn.
14
CREATIVE NON-FICTION- Also known as literary non-fiction or
narrative non-fiction. A genre of writing that uses literary styles and
techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Contrasts with other non-
fiction, such as technical writing or journalism, which is also rooted in
accurate fact, but is not primarily written in service to its craft. As a genre,
creative non-fiction is still relatively young and is only beginning to be
scrutinized with the same critical analysis given to fiction and poetry.
Examples:
1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand, and Stars by Antoine de
Saint-Exupery
SCIENCE FICTION -Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with
imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel,
time travel, faster than light travel, a parallel universe and extra-terrestrial
life. Often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other
innovations and has been called a “literature of ideas”.
Examples:
Suzanne Collins’ Mockingjay and Sarah Maas’ Kingdom of Ash.
BLOG-A weblog, a website containing short articles called posts that
are changed regularly. Some blogs are written by one person containing his
or her own opinions, interests and experiences, while others are written by
different people.
HYPER POETRY-Digital poetry that uses links and hypertext mark-up. It
can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in
variable order but sit on the page much as traditional poetry does, or it can
contain parts of the poem that move and transform. It is usually found online,
through CD-ROM and diskette versions exist. The earliest examples date to no
later than the mid-1980’s.
15
DEEPEN
Directions: Compare and Contrast these modern literary genres:
Text Talk Novel, Blog, and Hyper-Poetry using the graphic organizer. (15
points)
Similarities Differences
TRANSFER
Direction:Write the similarities and differences of the Doodle
Fiction, Manga and Graphic Novel using the Compare and Contrast
Graphic Organizer. (15 points)
Similarities Differences
16
POST-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer
on the space provided before each number. (15 points)
_____1.A story told using a combination of text and illustrations or without text
at all.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Illustrated Novel
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____2.A site of collected posts or articles written by one or more people and
updated regularly.
a.Blog
b.Flash Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Digi-Fiction
_____3.Brief stories told in a thousand words or less.
a.Blog
b.Flash Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Digi-Fiction
_____4.Tales are written and presented using dialogues in social media
applications.
a.Chick Lit
b.Digi-Fiction
17
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Text-Talk Novel
_____5.A factual story is written using literary devices and techniques.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Illustrated Novel
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____6.Drawings enhance stories in this form where illustrations and
handwritten graphics are incorporated.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Illustrated Novel
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____7.The genre of speculative fiction dealing with concepts of time, travel,
parallel universe, extra-terrestrial life, and futuristic technology.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Science Fiction
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____8.It is a collection of stories presented in comic book formats.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Illustrated Novel
d.Graphic Novel
_____9.Literature that uses hypertext mark-up (HTM) to connect to other parts
of the piece.
18
a.Blog
b.Flash Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Digi-Fiction
_____10.In English-speaking countries, these are stories with illustrations
published in Japan.
a.Manga
b.Digi-Fiction
c.Graphic Novel
d.Illustrated Novel
_____11.A 700-word story like Angels and Blueberries by Tara Campbell is a
one-shot fiction that falls under this literary genre.
a.Blog
b.Flash Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Digi-Fiction
_____12.Christopher Ford’s Stickman Odyssey, which tells the story through
text and handwritten graphics, is an example of this literary genre.
a.Digi-Fiction
b.Doodle Fiction
c.Illustrated Novel
d.Creative Non-Fiction
_____13.Before it was adapted into an anime, Yoshihiro Togashi’s Hunter x
Hunter is a comic book series from Japan that falls under this literary genre.
a.Manga
b.Digi-Fiction
19
c.Graphic Novel
d.Illustrated Novel
_____14.Batman: The Dark Knight by Frank Miller is a popular example of this
literary genre where the story is written in comic book format.
a.Manga
b.Digi-Fiction
c.Graphic Novel
d.Illustrated Novel
_____15.Sophie Kinsella’s Confessions of a Shopaholic, which revolves around
a woman’s shopping addiction and her journey to overcoming it, is an
example of this literary genre.
a.Chick Lit
b.Digi-Fiction
c.Hyper Poetry
d.Text-Talk Novel
20
NORTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE FOR MARITIME,
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Lingsat, City of San Fernando, La Union
ACTIVITY SHEET
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Name: ______________________________ Score: __________
Grade and Strand: ______________ Teacher: Ms. Judy Ann B. Gacayan
PRE-ASSESSMENT
A. (5 points)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. (15 points)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
21
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
EXPLORE (10 points)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
FIRM-UP (10 points)
1.
2.
3.
4.
22
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DEEPEN (15 points)
Similarities Differences
23
TRANSFER (15 points)
Similarities Differences
POST-ASSESSMENT (15 points)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
24
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
25
