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Quezon - Wikipedia

Manuel L. Quezon
Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina GCGH KGCR
His Excellency
(UK: /ˈkeɪzɒn/, US: /ˈkeɪsɒn, -sɔːn, -soʊn/, Tagalog:  [maˈnwel
ˈluwis ˈkɛson], Spanish:  [maˈnwel ˈlwis ˈkeson i moˈlina]; 19 Manuel L. Quezon
August 1878 – 1 August 1944), also known by his initials GCGH KGCR

MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and

politician who was president of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines from 1935 until his death in 1944. He was the
first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines
and is considered the second president of the Philippines
after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon
defeated in the 1935 presidential election.

During his presidency, Quezon tackled the problem of

landless peasants. Other major decisions included the
reorganization of the islands' military defense, approval of a
recommendation for government reorganization, the
promotion of settlement and development in Mindanao,
dealing with the foreign stranglehold on Philippine trade
and commerce, proposals for land reform, and opposing
graft and corruption within the government. He established Quezon in 1942
a government in exile in the U.S. with the outbreak of World
2nd President of the Philippines
War II and the threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have
In office
described Quezon's leadership as a "de facto dictatorship"[1]
and described him as "the first Filipino politician to 15 November 1935 – 1 August 1944
integrate all levels of politics into a synergy of power" after Serving with Jose P. Laurel (1943–1944)[a]
removing his term limits as president and turning the Prime Minister Jorge B. Vargas
Senate into an extension of the executive through
Vice President Sergio Osmeña
constitutional amendments.[2]
Preceded by Emilio Aguinaldo
Quezon died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York
Macario Sakay (1901)
during his exile. He was buried at Arlington National
Cemetery until the end of World War II, when his remains Frank Murphy (1935)
were moved to Manila. His final resting place is the Quezon (Governor-General)
Memorial Circle.
Succeeded by Sergio Osmeña
In 2015, the Board of the International Raoul Wallenberg Jose P. Laurel (de facto)
Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on
Secretary of National Defense
Quezon and the people of the Philippines for reaching out to (as President of the Philippines)
victims of the Holocaust from 1937 to 1941. President
In office
16 July 1941 – 11 December 1941
Preceded by Teófilo Sison
Succeeded by Jorge B. Vargas

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Benigno Aquino III and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida 1st President of the Senate of the
Quezon Avanceña, the daughter of the former president, Philippines
were informed of this recognition. In office
29 August 1916 – 15 November 1935
Early life and career Succeeded by Gil Montilla (National
Assembly Speaker)
Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the district
Manuel Roxas (Senate
of El Príncipe,[3] then the capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler,
President)
Aurora). His parents were Lucio Quezon y Velez (died 1898)
and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893).[4] Both were Mayor of Quezon City
primary-school teachers, although his father was a retired Acting
sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard). In office
According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of 12 October 1939 – 4 November 1939
Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinese mestizo who came Succeeded by Tomas Morato
from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros) in Paco, Senator of the Philippines from the 5th
Manila. He spoke Spanish in the Civil Guard and married district
María, who was a Spanish mestiza born of Spanish priest In office
Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from
16 October 1916 – 15 November 1935
Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Province, Spain in 1847
Serving with
as the parish priest.[5] Vicente Ilustre (1916–1919)
Quezon told the U.S. House of Representatives during a Antero Soriano (1919–1925)
1914 discussion of the Jones Bill that he received most of his José P. Laurel (1925–1931)
primary education at the village school established by the Claro M. Recto (1931–1935)
Spanish government as part of the Philippines' free public- Resident Commissioner of the
education system.[6] He later boarded at the Colegio de San Philippines
Juan de Letran, where he graduated from secondary school In office
in 1894.[7] 23 November 1909 – 15 October 1916
Serving with
In 1899, Quezon left his law studies at the University of Benito Legarda (1909–1912)
Santo Tomas to join the independence movement. During Manuel Earnshaw (1913–1917)
the Philippine–American War, he was an aide-de-camp to
Preceded by Pablo Ocampo
Emilio Aguinaldo.[8] Quezon became a major, and fought in
the Bataan sector. After surrendering in 1900,[9] he returned Succeeded by Teodoro R. Yangco
to university and passed the bar examination in 1903.[10] Assembly Majority Leader
In office
Quezon worked for a time as a clerk and surveyor, entering
16 October 1907 – 23 November 1909
government service as treasurer for Mindoro and (later)
Tayabas. He became a municipal councilor of Lucena, and Succeeded by Alberto Barreto
was elected governor of Tayabas in 1906.[11] Member of the Philippine Assembly
from Tayabas's 1st district

Congressional career In office

16 October 1907 – 15 May 1909
Succeeded by Filemon Pérez
House of Representatives (1907–1916) Governor of Tayabas
In office
1906–1907

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Quezon was elected in 1907 to represent Tayabas's 1st Preceded by Ricardo G. Parás
district in the first Philippine Assembly (which later became
Succeeded by Alfredo Castro
the House of Representatives), where he was majority floor
leader and chairman of the committees on rules and Member of the Lucena Municipal
Council
appropriations. From 1909 to 1916, he was one of the
Philippines' two resident commissioners and lobbied for the In office
passage of the Philippine Autonomy Act (the Jones Law).[7] 1906
Personal details

Senate (1916–1935) Born Manuel Luis Quezon y

Molina
Quezon returned to Manila in 1916, and was elected senator 19 August 1878
from the Fifth Senatorial District. He was later elected Baler, El Príncipe,
Senate President and served continuously until 1935 (19 Nueva Écija, Captaincy
years), the longest tenure in history until Senator Lorenzo General of the
Tañada's four consecutive terms (24 years, from 1947 to Philippines (now Baler,
1972). Quezon headed the first independent mission to the
Aurora, Philippines)
U.S. Congress in 1919, and secured passage of the Tydings–
McDuffie Act in 1934. In 1922, he became leader of the Died 1 August 1944 (aged 65)
Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista- Saranac Lake, New
Colectivista. [12] York, U.S.
Cause of death Tuberculosis
Presidency (1935–1944) Resting place Arlington National
Cemetery, Arlington
County, Virginia (1944–
Administration and cabinet
1946)
Manila North Cemetery,
First term (1935–1941) Santa Cruz, Manila,
Philippines (1946–1979)
In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national Quezon Memorial
presidential election under the Nacionalista Party. He
Shrine, Quezon City,
received nearly 68 percent of the vote against his two main
Philippines (since 1
rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon,
inaugurated in November 1935, is recognized as the second August 1979)
President of the Philippines. In January 2008, however, Political party Nacionalista (1907–
House Representative Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro 1944)
filed a bill seeking to declare General Miguel Malvar the
Spouse Aurora Aragon ​(m. 1918)
second Philippine President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo in
1901.[14] Children 4
Relatives Manuel L. Quezon III
Supreme Court appointments (grandson)
Education Colegio de San Juan de
Under the Reorganization Act, Quezon was given the power Letran
to appoint the first all-Filipino cabinet in 1935. From 1901 to
1935, a Filipino was chief justice but most Supreme Court Alma mater University of Santo
justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was Tomas
achieved with the establishment of the Commonwealth of Signature
the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel
were among Quezon's first appointees to replace the Military service
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American justices. Membership in the Supreme Court Allegiance First Philippine Republic
increased to 11: a chief justice and ten associate justices, who
Philippine
sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each.
Commonwealth
Ramón Avanceña – 1935 (Chief Justice) – 1935–1941 Branch/service Philippine Revolutionary
José Abad Santos – 1935 Army
Claro M. Recto – 1935–1936 Philippine
José P. Laurel – 1935 Commonwealth Army
José Abad Santos (Chief Justice) – 1941–1942
Years of 1899–1900
service 1941–1944
Government reorganization
Rank Commander-in-Chief
To meet the demands of the newly-established government Major
and comply with the Tydings-McDuffie Act and the
Constitution, Quezon  – true to his pledge of "more Battles/wars
Philippine–American
government and less politics" – initiated a reorganization of
War
the government.[15] He established a Government Survey
Board to study existing institutions and, in light of changed World War II
circumstances, make necessary recommendations.[15] Philippines
campaign (1941–
Early results were seen with the revamping of the executive 1942)
department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished,
and others were created.[15] Quezon ordered the transfer of Japanese
the Philippine Constabulary from the Department of the occupation of the
Interior to the Department of Finance. Other changes were Philippines
made to the National Defense, Agriculture and Commerce,
Public Works and Communications, and Health and Public
Welfare departments.[15]

New offices and boards were created by executive order or

legislation.[15] Among these were the Council of National
Defense,[16] the Board of National Relief,[17] the Mindanao and
Sulu Commission, and the Civil Service Board of Appeals.[15][18]

Social-justice program
Senate President Quezon (third
Pledging to improve the conditions of the Philippine working class from left) with representatives of the
and inspired by the social doctrines of Pope Leo XIII and Pope Philippine Independence Mission in
Pius XI and treatises by the world's leading sociologists, Quezon 1924
began a program of social justice introduced with executive
measures and legislation by the National Assembly.[15] A court for
industrial relations was established to mediate disputes, Presidential styles of
minimizing the impact of strikes and lockouts. A minimum-wage Manuel L. Quezon
law was enacted, as well as a law providing an eight-hour workday
and a tenancy law for Filipino farmers. The position of public
defender was created to assist the poor.[15]

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Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large,

occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots and homes at a
nominal cost and under terms affordable by their residents; one
example was the Buenavista estate. He also began a cooperative
system of agriculture among owners of the subdivided estates to
increase their income.[15][19] Quezon desired to follow the
constitutional mandate on the promotion of social justice.[15]

Economy Reference style His

Excellency[13]
When the commonwealth was created, its economy was stable Spoken style Your Excellency
and promising.[15] With foreign trade peaking at ₱400  million,
Alternative Mr. President
the upward trend in business resembled a boom. Export crops
were generally good and, except for tobacco, were in high style
demand. The value of Philippine exports reached ₱320,896,000,
the highest since 1929.[15]

Government revenue was ₱76,675,000 in 1936, compared to the

1935 revenue of ₱65  million. Government companies, except for
the Manila Railroad, earned profits. Gold production increased
about 37 percent, iron nearly doubled, and cement production
increased by about 14 percent.[15]

The government had to address some economic problems,

however,[15] and the National Economic Council was created. It
advised the government about economic and financial questions,
including the promotion of industries, diversification of crops and
enterprises, tariffs, taxation, and formulating an economic
program in preparation for eventual independence.[15] The
National Development Company was reorganized by law, and the First inauguration of Philippine
National Rice and Corn Company (NARIC) was created with a Commonwealth President Manuel
₱4 million budget.[15] Quezon at the steps of the
Legislative Building in Manila on 15
Upon the recommendation of the National Economic Council, November 1935
agricultural colonies were established in Koronadal, Malig, and
other locations in Mindanao. The government encouraged
migration and settlement in the colonies.[15] The Agricultural and
Industrial Bank was established to aid small farmers with
convenient loans and affordable terms.[20] Attention was paid to
soil surveying and the disposition of public land.[15]

Land reform

When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon

implemented the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate Quezon's presidential car at the
share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimum Presidential Car Museum (Museo
standards. [21][22] The act provided a better tenant-landlord ng Pampangulong Sasakyan)
relationship, a 50–50 sharing of the crop, regulation of interest at

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10 percent per agricultural year, and protected against arbitrary

dismissal by the landlord.[21] Because of a major flaw in the act,
however, no petition to apply it was ever presented.[21]

The flaw was that it could be used only when the majority of
municipal councils in a province petitioned for it.[21] Since
landowners usually controlled such councils, no province ever
asked that the law be applied. Quezon ordered that the act be
mandatory in all Central Luzon provinces.[21] However, contracts
were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract,
landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in Quezon before a 1937 NBC
vain for a law which would make a contract automatically broadcast
renewable as long as tenants fulfilled their obligations.[21] The act
was amended to eliminate this loophole in 1936, but it was never
carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Central Luzon were threatened with eviction.[21]
Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither. Thousands of tenants in
Central Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by the early 1940s, and the rural conflict was more
acute than ever.[21]

During the Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted.[21] This motivated the government to
incorporate a social-justice principle into the 1935 Constitution. Dictated by the government's social-
justice program, expropriation of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land
Settlement Administration (NLSA) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural lands. At the
outbreak of the Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had
been established.[21]

Educational reforms

With his Executive Order No. 19, dated 19 February 1936, Quezon created the National Council of
Education. Rafael Palma, former president of the University of the Philippines, was its first
chairman.[15][23] Funds from the early Residence Certificate Law were devoted to maintaining public
schools throughout the country and opening many more. There were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039
intermediate schools, 133 secondary and special schools, and five junior colleges by this time. Total
enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850.[15] Private
schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office of Adult Education was created.[15]

Women's suffrage

Quezon initiated women's suffrage during the Commonwealth

era.[24] As a result of prolonged debate between proponents and
opponents of women's suffrage, the constitution provided that the
issue be resolved by women in a plebiscite. If at least 300,000
women voted for the right to vote, it would be granted. The
plebiscite was held on 3 April 1937; there were 447,725 affirmative
votes, and 44,307 opposition votes.[24]
Quezon signing the Women's
Suffrage Bill after the 1937
National language
plebiscite

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The Philippines' national language was another constitutional

question. After a one-year study, the Institute of National
Language recommended that Tagalog be the basis for a national
language. The proposal was well-received, despite the fact that
director Jaime C. de Veyra, was Waray.

In December 1937, Quezon issued a proclamation approving the

institute's recommendation and declaring that the national
language would become effective in two years. With presidential
approval, the INL began work on a Tagalog grammar text and
dictionary.[24]
Quezon during a 25-minute
broadcast to Manila from
Visits to Japan (1937–1938) Washington, D.C., on 5 April 1937.
He discussed women's suffrage and
As Imperial Japan encroached on the Philippines, Quezon urged that the 10-year
antagonized neither the American nor the Japanese officials. He independence program be
travelled twice to Japan as president, from 31 January to 2 shortened.
February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with
government officials. Quezon emphasized that he would remain
loyal to the United States, assuring protection of the rights of the Japanese who resided in the
Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled the Philippines' inclination to remain neutral in the
event of a Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns. [25]

Council of State expansion

In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of State in Executive Order No. 144.[24][26] This highest of
advisory bodies to the president would be composed of the President, Vice President, Senate
President, House Speaker, Senate President pro tempore, House Speaker pro tempore, the majority
floor leaders of both chambers of Congress, former presidents, and three to five prominent
citizens.[24]

1938 midterm election

The elections for the Second National Assembly were held on 8 November 1938 under a new law
which allowed block voting[27] and favored the governing Nacionalista Party. As expected, all 98
assembly seats went to the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Justice from 1934 to 1938,
was elected speaker.

The Second National Assembly intended to pass legislation strengthening the economy, but the
Second World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the First National Assembly were modified or
repealed to meet existing realities.[28][29] A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit
of 50 immigrants per country,[30] primarily affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping the
Sino-Japanese War, was passed in 1940. Since the law affected foreign relations, it required the
approval of the U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the National Assembly updated
the apportionment of legislative districts; this became the basis for the 1941 elections.

1939 plebiscite

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On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance with the recommendations
of the Joint Preparatory Commission on Philippine Affairs. Because the new law required an
amendment of the Ordinance appended to the Constitution, a plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939.
The amendment received 1,339,453 votes in favor, and 49,633 against.[24]

Third official language

Quezon had established the Institute of National Language (INL)

to create a national language for the country. On 30 December
1937, in Executive Order No. 134, he declared Tagalog the
Philippines' national language; it was taught in schools during the
1940–1941 academic year. The National Assembly later enacted
Law No. 570, making the national language an official language
with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946,
with the establishment of the Philippine Republic.[24][31]

C. A. Dewitt (left) and Quezon

1940 plebiscites

With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed
amendments to the constitution about a bicameral legislature, the presidential term (four years, with
one re-election, and the establishment of an independent Commission on Elections. The amendments
were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the
United States to obtain President Franklin D. Roosevelt's approval, which they received on 2
December 1940. Two days later, Quezon proclaimed the amendments.

1941 presidential election

Quezon was originally barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. In 1940,
however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him to serve a second term ending
in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong
with nearly 82 percent of the vote.

Second term (1941–1944)

Pre-war activity

As crises mounted in the Pacific, the Philippines prepared for war. Youth military training under
General Douglas MacArthur was intensified. The first blackout practice was held on the night of 10
July 1941 in Manila. First aid was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon established the
Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, with branches in provinces and towns.[32]
Air-raid drills were also held.

Jewish refugees

In cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated the entry into the
Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe and took on critics who were
convinced by propaganda that Jewish settlement was a threat to the country.[33][34][35] Quezon and
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McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families on Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees on Polillo.
Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Refugee Committee of land adjacent to his family
home in Marikina to house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall (the present-day Philippine School of
Business Administration), which was dedicated on 23 April 1940.[36]

Government in exile

After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War

II,[37] Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated
for his second term) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao. At the
invitation of the U.S. government,[38] he was evacuated to
Australia,[39] and then to the United States. Quezon established
the Commonwealth government in exile, with its headquarters in
Washington, D.C. He was a member of the Pacific War Council,
signed the United Nations declaration against the Axis powers and
wrote The Good Fight, his autobiography.[24]
Quezon and his family were
To conduct government business in exile, Quezon hired the entire welcomed in Washington, D.C. by
floor of one wing of the Shoreham Hotel to accommodate his President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
family and his office. Government offices were established at the
quarters of Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde,
who became a member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-
General Carlos P. Romulo as Secretary of the Department of Information and Public Relations and
Jaime Hernandez as Auditor General.[24]

Sitting under a canvas canopy outside the Malinta Tunnel on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a
fireside chat during which President Roosevelt said that the Allied forces were determined to defeat
Berlin and Rome, followed by Tokyo. Quezon was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur and
asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; if not, Quezon would return to Manila and allow
himself to become a prisoner of war. MacArthur replied that if the Filipinos fighting the Japanese
learned that he returned to Manila and became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a
turncoat.[40]

Quezon then heard another broadcast by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his
fellow Filipino officials to yield to superior Japanese forces. Quezon wrote a message to Roosevelt
saying that he and his people had been abandoned by the U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president
to stop fighting. MacArthur learned about the message, and ordered Major General Richard Marshall
to counterbalance it with American propaganda whose purpose was the "glorification of Filipino
loyalty and heroism".[41]

On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives about the necessity of
relieving the Philippine front. He did the same to the Senate, urging the senators to adopt the slogan
"Remember Bataan". Despite his declining health, Quezon traveled across the U.S. to remind the
American people about the Philippine war.[24]

Wartime

Quezon broadcast a radio message to Philippine residents in Hawaii, who purchased ₱4 million worth
of war bonds, for his first birthday celebration in the United States.[24] Indicating the Philippine
government's cooperation with the war effort, he offered the U.S. Army a Philippine infantry regiment
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which was authorized by the War Department to train in

California. Quezon had the Philippine government acquire
Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Philippine
officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in
the war.[24]

In early November 1942, Quezon conferred with Roosevelt on a

plan for a joint commission to study the post-war Philippine
economy. Eighteen months later, the United States Congress
passed an act creating the Philippine Rehabilitation
Representatives of 26 Allied nations
Commission.[24]
at a White House Flag Day
ceremony reaffirming their pact.
Quezon-Osmeña impasse Seated left to right: Ambassador
Francisco Castillo Nájera of Mexico,
By 1943, the Philippine government in exile was faced with a President Roosevelt, Quezon, and
crisis.[24] According to the 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would Secretary of State Cordell Hull.
expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña
would succeed him as president. Osmeña wrote to Quezon
advising him of this, and Quezon issued a press release and wrote
to Osmeña that a change in leadership would be unwise at that
time. Osmeña then requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney General
Homer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent with
the law. Quezon remained adamant, and sought President
Roosevelt's decision. Roosevelt remained aloof from the
controversy, suggesting that the Philippine officials resolve the
impasse.[24]

Quezon convened a cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident

Commissioner Joaquín Elizalde, Brigadier General Carlos P.
Romulo and his cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano and Jaime
Hernandez. After a discussion, the cabinet supported Elizalde's
position in favor of the constitution, and Quezon announced his
plan to retire in California.[24]

After the meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his Quezon's portrait at Malacañan
plan to ask the United States Congress to suspend the Palace
constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the
Philippines had been liberated; this legal way out was agreeable to
Quezon and his cabinet, and steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator
Tydings and Congressman Bell, the resolution was unanimously approved by the Senate on a voice
vote and passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 181 to 107 on 10 November 1943.[24]

Death

Quezon had developed tuberculosis and spent his last years in hospitals, including a Miami Beach
Army hospital in April 1944.[42] That summer, he was at a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, New York.
Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. on 1 August 1944 , less than three weeks before his 66th birthday. He
was initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery, but his body was brought by former Governor-

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General and High Commissioner Frank Murphy aboard the

USS  Princeton and re-interred in the Manila North Cemetery on
17 July 1946.[43] Quezon's remains were then moved to Quezon
City, to a miniature copy of Napoleon's tomb[44] at the Quezon
Memorial Shrine, on 1 August 1979.[45]

Electoral history

Candidate Party Votes % Tombs of Quezon and his wife,

Aurora, at the Quezon Memorial
Manuel L. Quezon Nacionalista Party 695,332 67.98
Shrine in Quezon City
Emilio Aguinaldo National Socialist Party 179,349 17.53
Gregorio Aglipay Republican Party 148,010 14.47

Pascual Racuyal Independent 158 0.02

Total 1,022,849 100.00

Candidate Party Votes %

Manuel L. Quezon Nacionalista Party 1,340,320 81.78

Juan Sumulong Popular Front 298,608 18.22

Hilario Moncado Modernist Party 0 0.00

Total 1,638,928 100.00

Personal life
Quezon was married to his first cousin, Aurora Aragón Quezon, on 17
December 1918. They had four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon
(23 September 1919 – 28 April 1949), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-
Avanceña (9 April 1921 – 12 July 2021), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita"
Quezon (17 February – 14 December 1924) and Manuel L. "Nonong"
Quezon, Jr. (23 June 1926 – 18 September 1998).[46] His grandson,
Manuel L. "Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 May 1970), a writer and
former undersecretary of the Presidential Communications
Development and Strategic Planning Office, was named after him.

Quezon with his wife, Aurora,

Awards and honors and daughter Maria Aurora
("Baby") in 1938
Foreign honors

 France: : Légion d'honneur, Officer[46]

 Mexico: : Order of the Aztec Eagle, Collar
 Belgium: : Order of the Crown, Grand Cross
Spain: : Orden de la República Española, Grand Cross
 Republic of China: : Order of Brilliant Jade, Grand Cordon

National honors
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8/6/23, 5:08 PM Manuel L. Quezon - Wikipedia

: Order of the Golden Heart, Grand Collar (Maringal na Kuwintas) - 19 August 1960[47]
: Order of the Knights of Rizal, Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR)[48]
Manuel L. Quezon Day (19 August) – Celebrated throughout the Philippines as a working holiday,
except for the provinces of Quezon and Aurora, Quezon City, and City of Lucena (where it is a
non-working holiday).[49][50]

Legacy
Quezon City, the province of Quezon, Quezon Bridge in Manila, Manuel L. Quezon University, and
many streets are named after him. The Quezon Service Cross is the Philippines' highest honor.
Quezon is memorialized on Philippine currency, appearing on the Philippine twenty-peso note and
two commemorative 1936 one-peso coins: one with Frank Murphy and another with Franklin Delano
Roosevelt.[51] Open Doors, a Holocaust memorial in Rishon LeZion, Israel, is a 7-metre-tall (23  ft)
sculpture designed by Filipino artist Luis Lee Jr. It was erected in honor of Quezon and the Filipinos
who saved over 1,200 Jews from Nazi Germany.[52][53]

Municipalities in six provinces are named after Quezon: Quezon, Bukidnon; Quezon, Isabela; Quezon,
Nueva Ecija; Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya; Quezon, Palawan; and Quezon, Quezon. The Presidential
Papers of Manuel L. Quezon was inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2011.[54]
Quezon Island is the most developed island in the Hundred Islands National Park.[55]

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8/6/23, 5:08 PM Manuel L. Quezon - Wikipedia

The Quezon Service Monument in Lucena Time cover, 1935

Cross, the
Philippines' highest
honor

₱200 English series banknote

1978 birth-centenary
stamp

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8/6/23, 5:08 PM Manuel L. Quezon - Wikipedia

As a young man As aide-de-camp As Resident

of General Emilio Commissioner
Aguinaldo

In popular culture
Quezon was played by Richard Gutierrez in the 2010 music video of the Philippine national anthem
produced and aired by GMA Network.[56] Arnold Reyes played him in the musical MLQ: Ang Buhay
ni Manuel Luis Quezon (2015).[57] Quezon was played by Benjamin Alves in the film, Heneral Luna
(2015).[58] Alves and TJ Trinidad played him in the 2018 film Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral (2018),[59]
and he was played by Raymond Bagatsing in the film Quezon's Game (2019).[60]

Speech recording
A sample of Quezon's voice is preserved in a recorded speech, "Message to My People", which he
delivered in English and Spanish.[61] According to Manuel L. Quezon III, his grandfather's speech was
recorded when he was President of the Senate "in the 1920s, when he was first diagnosed with
tuberculosis and assumed he didn't have much longer to live."[62]

See also
List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress

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8/6/23, 5:08 PM Manuel L. Quezon - Wikipedia

First inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon

Notes
a. Laurel was president of the Second Philippine Republic, a puppet government set up by Imperial
Japan, while Quezon was president of the government in exile. Laurel's presidency was
retroactively recognized by succeeding Philippine governments.

References

Citations
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prewar suburbia, 1935–1941". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 48 (1): 91–112.
doi:10.1017/S0022463416000497 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463416000497).
S2CID 151565057 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151565057).
2. McCoy, Alfred (1988). Quezon's Commonwealth: The Emergence of Philippine Authoritarianism.
3. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. "History of Baler" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20130514022856/http://www.nhcp.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160).
National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from the original (http://www.nhcp.gov.
ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160) on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
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1902 a civil government was established, moving the district of El Príncipe away from the
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5. Flores, Wilson Lee (13 July 2008). "Love in the time of war: Manuel Quezon's dad, Anne Curtis,
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PhilStar Global Sunday Lifestyle. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201027181749/https://
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6. Quezon, Manuel Luis (1915). "Escuelas públicas durante el régimen español" (https://web.archiv
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amer;idno=anu3845.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=43;size=100;page=root) [Public
schools during the Spanish regime]. Philippine Assembly, Third Legislature, Third Session,
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delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States during the discussion of Jones Bill,
26 September-14 October 1914 (http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc
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x.org/search.php?q=%22Quezon%22&c=u&h=25&F=&L=) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
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L=) 4 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine by searching for Quezon
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Quezon, Manuel Luis (1974). The Good Fight (https://books.google.com/books?id=bIEIAAAAIAA

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External links
Bonnie Harris, Cantor Joseph Cysner: From Zbaszyn to Manila. (http://www.history.ucsb.edu/facul
ty/marcuse/classes/233ab/zbaszynmanila/HarrisCysnerZbaszynManila.htm)
Online E-book of Future of the Philippines : interviews with Manuel Quezon (http://quod.lib.umich.
edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=aay2617.0001.001;q1=manuel%20qu
ezon;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=3;size=100;page=root) by Edward Price Bell, The Chicago
Daily News Co., 1925
Online E-book of Discursos del Manuel L. Quezon, comissionado residente de Filipinas,
pronunciados en la cámara de representantes de la discusión del Bill Jones (26, Septiembre-14,
Octubre, 1914) (http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=
anu3845.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=7;size=200;page=root), published in Manila,
1915

United States Congress. "Manuel L. Quezon (id: Q000009)" (http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/

biodisplay.pl?index=Q000009). Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Manuel L. Quezon on the Presidential Museum and Library (http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/
commonwealth/manuel-quezon) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121026042339/http://ma
lacanang.gov.ph/presidents/commonwealth/manuel-quezon/) 26 October 2012 at the Wayback
Machine
The Good Fight (https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=intitle:%22The+Good+Figh
t%22+inauthor:quezon&num=10#hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:hB1qHR55URYC&sa=X&ei=jomwT
__nDcOT0QHq9IWTDA&ved=0CDgQmBYwAA&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_cp.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=5ae3
77f1243998d5&biw=1920&bih=1016), autobiography, published 1946
Newspaper clippings about Manuel L. Quezon (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013983)
in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

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