Devices for developing space
sense(Globe, Map, Atlas)
PRESENTED BY
ANUPAMA MONACHAN
B. ED. SOCIAL SCIENCE
MAPS
*A map is a graphical representation, usually in two dimensions, of Earth’s
surface, an ocean floor, a night sky, or another large area.
*Some three-dimensional models and diagrams of complex topics, flows,
and changes over time are also called maps (for example, a genetic
map).
*Conceptions of the larger world and a person’s place in it, including
sketches of the world as a person imagines it, may be called mental or
cognitive maps.
TYPES OF MAPS
1. Political Map
2. Physical Map
3.Topographic Map
4.Road Map
5.Climatic Map
6.Economic or resource Map
7.Thematic Map
CARTOGRAPHY
cartography, the art and science of graphically representing
a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map
or chart. It may involve the superimposition of political,
cultural, or other nongeographical divisions onto the
representation of a geographical area.
Anaximander set up a gnomon (a shadow-casting rod)
at Sparta and used it to demonstrate the equinoxes and
solstices and perhaps the hours of the day. He first drew
a map of the known world,
GLOBES
*A globe is a spherical representation of a planet’s
surface or another large area. It is usually mounted on an
axle that allows for rotation. A globe can show a planet
without distortion because of its rounded shape, although
Earth—as well as most other planets—is not a perfect
sphere but bulges a bit at the Equator. However, people
use globes less often than maps because of their bulk
and greater cost.
The word globe comes from the Latin word globus, meaning
“sphere”. Globes have a long history. The first known
mention of a globe is from Strabo, describing the Globe of
Crates from about 150 BC. The oldest surviving terrestrial
globe is the Erdapfel, made by Martin Behaim in 1492.
PROCESS OF READING MAPS OR GLOBES
*latitude and longitude
*Scale
*General Facts
*Intuitive searches and basic grids
1. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
World maps show the latitude and longitude coordinates of
Earth. Lines of longitude, or meridians, are drawn from the North
Pole to the South Pole and show distances east or west from the
prime meridian (0 degrees longitude, running through
Greenwich, England). Lines of latitude, which intersect meridians
at right angles, are called parallels because they parallel the
Equator (0 degrees latitude), from which they measure north or
south.
*There are 360 degrees in a circle, and longitude measures
to 180 degrees east or west (180 + 180 = 360) until arriving at
a point in the mid-Pacific Ocean, on or near the International
Date Line (the imaginary line running between the North Pole
and the South Pole and distinguishing each calendar day
from the next).
*Likewise, latitude runs to the North Pole (90 degrees north)
and the South Pole (90 degrees south)—adding up to 360
degrees if we see a globe in cross section (90 + 90 on one
side, 90 + 90 on the other).
* Each degree is divided into 60 minutes, each minute 60
seconds.
2.SCALE
*A scale is a mathematical relationship, or ratio, between actual sizes
and the sizes shown on a map.
*If one centimeter on the map equals 10 actual kilometers, the ratio
can be written 1:1,000,000 (there are 1 million centimeters in 10
kilometers) or it may be shown as a line marked with distances. There
is no ideal map scale. It is a compromise between two conflicting
aims—the desire to show details while covering as much area as
possible.
*Large-scale maps cover smaller areas, just as cameras with large
zoom lenses provide close-ups, whereas small-scale maps show
wider areas with less detail.
3.GENERAL FACTS
Map styles and symbols vary across cultures, but most
published maps share details in common. Maps should
show a date of compilation or publication to give the user a
frame of reference. They may include place names
(labels), a scale (to compare sizes), a grid (to find
locations), a guide to symbols, and an arrow pointing north
or a compass rose (showing the four cardinal directions).
4.INTUITIVE SEARCHES AND BASIC GRIDS
One strategy for reading a map is to look first for
familiar shapes or outlines (the Florida peninsula, the
Horn of Africa, the boot of Italy), oceans and inlets
(the long Red Sea or the shorter Persian Gulf), the
telltale arcs of mountains (the Andes as the spine of
South America; the Himalayas north of India, covering
Nepal and Bhutan), or the blue swoops of rivers and
fanning deltas. It may be helpful to find a familiar city,
road, or other landmark. After obtaining a general
overview of the map, more complex symbols and
information can be explored.
ATLAS
An Atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of
maps of Earth or of a region of Earth.
Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but
today many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition
to presenting geographic features and political
boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical,
social, religious and economic statistics. They also have
information about the map and places in it.
Abraham Ortelius was Recognized as the
creator of the first modern atlas, the Theatrum
Orbis Terrarum (Theatre of the World)
Famous in the fields of cartography,
Geography, cosmology.
