CHAPTER-06 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE 1 MARK QUESTIONS 1. What is a polynucleotide chain? More than 5 nucleotides joined end to end to form a chain. 2. What is replication? DNA producing an exact copy of itself. 3. What is DNA fingerprinting? An analytical technique to access the sequence of DNA repeats of an individual. 4. What is splicing? The process of removal Introns are removed and exons are added in 2 definite order. 5. Define Bio- informatics? The management analysis of biological information stored in the data base of a computer. 6. In ds DNA % of adenine is 15. Calculate the % of guanine. AST G=C 15=15 =30% 35=35 =70% 100-30=70% 7. Define gene. Sequence of nucleotides codes for particular amino acid ( protein) 8. What is cistron? (& scanned with OKEN ScannerAsequence of DNA (gene) that codes for a particular function (Eg: synthesis of amino acid ) 9. Define muton, recon and replicon. The gene that undergoes mutation is called muton The gene that undergoes recombination is called recon ‘The gene that undergoes replication is called replicon. 10. What is split gene? Split genes are characteristic of eukaryote which contain both introns and exons, they are also called as interrupted gene. 11.What are nucleic acids? Nucleic acids are organic macro molecules found in the cell which are polymers of nucleotides joined with phosphodiester bond. 12. Why RNA is considered as first genetic material? 1) The essential process evolved with RNA as a catalyst to important biochemical reactions. 2) RNA being catalyst was highly reactive and unstable. Therefore, with modifications RNA stabilized to become DNA. 13. Enzyme that join Okazaki fragments -DNA ligase 14, What is -ve gene regulation? Regulation of lac operon by repressor is referred as ~ve gene regulation 15. What is nucleosome composed of ? Histone 16. Name the amino acid residue that carry the charges of Histone Lysine and Arginine (& scanned with OKEN Scanner17.What is Sequence annotation? 8enome containing all ning different regions i coding and non-coding in the sequence with functions. 18.What are Expressed Sequence Tags(EST’s)? 'dentifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA. 2 MARK QUESTIONS 1.Mention 4 Properties of genetic material, 1) It undergoes replication 2) Chemically and structurally stable 3) Acquires very slow changes required for variation for evolution 4) Express itself in the form of mendelian characters. 2. Differentiate between template strand and coding strand 1) Template strand is a strand of DNA that acts as a template to produce m- RNA 2) The DNA strand which does not code for anything is referred to as coding strand. 3. Write the function of DNA dependent RNA polymerase and RNA dependent and DNA polymerase. DNA dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes m-RNA being dependent on DNA strand RNA dependent DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA depending on the DNA strand. 4, What are exons and introns? The coding sequences of DNA are called an exons (& scanned with OKEN ScannerThe non-coding sequences of DNA are called as introns 5. What is capping and tailing? During the process of transcription, the m- RNA that is generated is instable. To make it stable and mature m-RNA, capping and tailing are done. Capping: An unusual nucleotide (methyl guanosine triphosphate) is added to the 5’-end of hnRNA(" Gree) Tailing: in tailing adenylate residues (200-300) are added at 3 end of hnRNA {immature RNA) 6. Mention the two essential roles of ribosome during translation. 1) Synthesizing polypeptide chain (protein) 2) Acting as a catalyst for polypeptide bond formation 7. Differentiate between repetitive DNA and satellite DNA. * Repetitive DNA :- unusual base pair sequence of 10-15 nucleotides repeated many times in the DNA, which varies with every individual and being unique to a person is called repetitive DNA. * Satellite DNA :-are small segments of DNA are separated from bulk DNA during DNA finger printing process. (& scanned with OKEN Scanner8. Menti ic ntion the pplication of pa, finger printing 1) Solving disputed Parentage 2)To identify criminals and rapists 3) Reuniting lost children 4) To establish the identity of dead bodies 5) Immigrant disputes 9.Differentiate b/w prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene Prokaryotic gene Eukaryotic gene A) It produces polycistronic m-RNA | it produecs ™onocistronic m-RNA 2) Itis anon ~ split gene 2) Itis a split gene with introns and exons j 10. What is genetic code? Why it is called as triplet code? The coded message of genetic information present on the m-RNA which is decoded into protein is called as genetic code. It is called as triplet because the protein is synthesized in sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases. 11. Why is genetic code called as degenerate? Give an example. Genetic code is degenerate because a few amino acids are coded by more than 2 codons. GUU, GUC, GUA and GUG- all 4 codons code for Valine 12. Why is genetic code called non-ambiguous? Give an example. A particular codon codes for the same amino acid across the living organisms. (& scanned with OKEN ScannerMethionine in plants, animals and prokaryotes. Eg;- AUG codes for 13. Name the initiator and terminator codons. Initiator codon ~ AUG ‘Terminator codon -UAG UGA UAA related? 14. How is mutation and genetic code inter ‘The changes in the genetic code causes change in the synthesis of amino acid or enables mutation. 15. What is point mutation and frame shift mutation? point mutation: Occur due to replacement of the one nitrogenous base ina gene. It could cause change in the particular amino acid. Eg :-Sickle cell anemia GAG —> GUG Frame shift mutation: Insertion or deletion of multiple bases from the gene leads to either coding of a different amino acid or create a non- sense codon set Eg:- Thalassemia 16. Mention the significance of DNA polymorphism. DNA Polymorphism refers to the presence of 2 or more forms of sequence that can occur in individuals or population. © Since DNA from every tissue show the same degree of polymorphism which become useful in identification of individuals inheritable from parents to children Such polymorphism is very important for evolution and speciation © The practical application includes solving paternity issue and forensics. 17. Describe the methodologies adopted for sequencing of Human Genome Project. 1) To identify all the genes that are expressed as RNA (Expressed Sequence Tags) (& scanned with OKEN ScannerEN 2) Sequencing the whole genome with coding and non- coding parts then assigning function to the sequences (Sequences Annotation) using BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) and YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome) as a host 18. Name the two organisms whose genome has been completely sequenced. E.coli and Drosophila melanogaster. 19.Mention the nitrogen bases of DNA and RNA? Nitrogen bases are of two types i.e., Purines and Pyrimidines. DNA- Adenine, Guanine(purines) and Thymine, Cytosine(pyrimidines) RNA- Adenine, Guanine(purines) and Uracil, Cytosine(pyrimidines) 20.Mention the properties of genetic material. 1, It should be able to generate its replica 2. It should chemically and structurally be stable 3. It should provide the scope for slow changes(mutation)that are required for evolution 4. It should be able to express itself in the form of ‘Mendelian Characters’ 3 MARKS QUESTIONS: 1. Name the 3 components of nucleotide. “Nitrogen bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine) * Pentose sugar (ribose sugar or deoxyribose sugar) “phosphate groups 2.Draw a schematic representation of a transcription unit. Transcription unit contains Promoter, Structural gene and Terminator. (& scanned with OKEN ScannerCoding strand Schematic structure of a transcription unit 3. What is the location of code,codon and anticodon ? Code—DNA, codon -m-RNA , anticodon- t-RNA 4. Mention the function of RNA polymerase |, Il, III. RNA polymerase | — transcribes r-RNA RNA polymerase II- transcribes the precursor of m-RNA (hnRNA) RNA polymerase Ill — transcribes t- RNA, sn-RNA, sr-RNAs . Mention the three levels of regulators of gene expression. * Transcriptional level * Splicing level * Translational level 6. Mention the components of DNA and Components of RNA. Components of DNA: * Deoxyribose sugar (CsHyo0, ) *Nitrogen base (A=T, C=G) * Phosphoric acid (H,P0,) Component of RNA: “Ribose sugar (& scanned with OKEN Scanner* Nitrogenous base (A=U, =G) “Phosphoric acid (H1;P0,) 7. Describe the types of RNA with their functions. 1) messenger RNA (m-RNA) — manufactures the codon for specific DNA molecule | 2) transfer RNA (t-RNA)- synthesizes an anticodon from the m- RNA 3) rRNA ~ synthesizes protein based on anticodons. 8. Describe the post transcriptional events in eukaryotes. |n eukaryotic cells the DNA contains both introns and exons while the exons are coding part of the DNA introns are non-coding part. 2) During splicing which happens with the help of endonucleases the introns are removed and exons are joined together 3) The structure that is formed at this stage is called m-RNA 4) m-RNA is unstable which is stabilized by adding cap and a tail 6) Cap is made up of methylated guanine and tail contains about 200 adenine nucleotides (& scanned with OKEN ScannerHow m Transcription termination Povy-A Intron signal DNA | cap 4 ‘Transcription Primary 5) ql ——_——.;. transcript, V Remove 3' end i J Add Poly-A tail 8 itn iy Splicing MRNA 5) Qe Aon 250 3" 8. What is regulation of gene expression? 1) Regulation of gene expression refers to very broad term which occurs at various levels finally leading to the formation of polypeptide bond 2) In eukaryotes there is a multiple level of regulation ') Transcriptional level- formation of Primary transcript (hnRNA) ii) Processing level- hnRNA undergoes s; plicing where all the introns are separated from exons it) Transport of all the joined exons (m-RNA) from nucleus to cytoplasm. iv) Translation ~ protein synthesis 10. In content to protein synthesis, a. which is an adapter molecule? tRNA b. what is its significance? Transfer the amino acid to the site of protein synthesis (& scanned with OKEN Scannercorr ing m-f ®sponding m-RNA, Hence an m- RNA Strand is single use sequence. 11.What are nucleosides? Mention the nucleosides of DNA and RNA. Anitrogenous base is linke : 'd to the pentose sugar through a N-glycosidic linkage to form nucleoside, Nucleosides of RNA Nucleosides of DNA L.Adenosine L.Deoxyadenosine 2.Guanosine 2.Deoxyguanosine 3.Cytidine 3.Deoxycytidine 4.Uridine 4.Deoxythymidine 12.What are nucleotides? Mention the nucleotides of DNA and RNA. When a phosphate group Is linked to 5’-OH of a nucleoside through phosphodiester linkage, a nucleotide is formed. Nucleotides of RNA Nucleotides of DNA 1. Adenylic acid 1.Deoxyadenylic acid 2.Guanylic acid 2.Deoxyguanylic acid 3.Cytidilic acid 3.Deoxycytidilic acid 4.Uridilic acid 4.Deoxythymidilic acid (& scanned with OKEN Scanner13.Explain the structure of t-RNA with a diagram Amino seid acceptor end | INNA INA ADOPTER MOLECULE “tRNA (Transfer RNA), also called as soluble RNA (sRNA) is a small RNA “It contains about 80 nucleotides folded over itself in such a way that about 60% of it becomes a double stranded structure while the rest remains single Stranded “This folding of tRNA gives it a clover leaf like structure (R Holley 1966), but it looks like an L-shaped structure, (Kim 1971) “t-RNA has two recognition sites : the anticodon site (Complementary to the codon of mRNA) and the amino acid binding site-CCA at 3' end * Besides this has two lateral arms, the Ribosomal binding arm and the DHU arm. The former helps in ribosomal binding and the latter is related with formation of polypeptide bonds between amino acids “In between anticodon loop and ribosomal binding arm there is present a small lump or mini loop. (& scanned with OKEN Scanner4)Chargaff’s rule of base equivalence states that the ratio of adenine and Thymine, guanine and cytosine is constant and equal to 1 | i 5) The Nitrogen bases are Paired by Hydrogen- bond forming a base pair. There is a double bond between A and T(A=T) and triple bond between C and G(G=C) 6) The 2 chains are coiled in the right handed fashion 7) The distance b/w two base pairs is 0.34 nm, the pitch of helix ie., one turn is 3.4nm and roughly 10 base pairs constitute one turn 8) The diameter of molecule is 20 A° 9) They run antiparallel to each other (& scanned with OKEN Scanneranid Watson and Crick Model of DNA Molecule 2. With a labeled diagram explain the packaging of DNA hel 1) The human DNA in a cell contains 6.6x 10° base pares is about 2.2 meters (6.6 x 10? x 0.34x 10~°meter/ base pair) 2) It is greater than the dimension of the nucleus (1076) meters 3) The DNA is a long polymer which is highly folded or packed in the form of nucleus 4) Nucleoid in prokaryotes contains negatively charged DNA with positivity charged protein forming large loops in prokaryotes. In Eukaryotes i) The +vely charged proteins called histones which is held with DNA (& scanned with OKEN Scannerii) Histones contains Lysine and Arginine (basic amino acid residues) that carry +ve charges on their side chains iii) Eight such histone molecules organized together are called as histone octomer (each two molecules of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) iv) -vely charged DNA wrapped around +vely charged histone octomer is called as Nucleosome. v) Two consequent nucleosomes are linked by Linker DNA which is held by Hi histones . vi) A nucleosome contains 200 base pairs of DNA helix STRUCTURE OF NUCLEOSOME vii) Nucleosome constitute repeating units in the nucleus which are seen as beads-on-string called as chromatin viii) Further coiling of chromatin during metaphase requires_non-histones chromosomal proteins ix) A typical nucleus contains loosely packed lightly stained region called as, euchromatin which undergoes transcription x) The tightly coiled darkly stained region are called as heterochromatin which does not undergo transcription (& scanned with OKEN Scannerxi) Hence euchromatin is active chromatin than heterochromatin. 3. Explain Griffith's transforming principle to search for genetic material , Griffith conducted transformation experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1928 . This bacteria is found in two forms i) Smooth strain (S-strain has mucous coat, is pathogenic called virulent strain) ii) Rough strain (R strain is without mucous coat, non-pathogenic called as avirulent strain) Experiment 1)The injection of S-strain into mice caused pneumonia and mice died, while the injection of R strain did not cause the disease 2) Griffith heat-killed the S- strain and injected into mice. The mice was healthy as it did not produce the disease 3) But the mixture of heat killed S- strain and live R ~ strain produced the disease in mice and it died, Griffith recovered S-strain of bacteria from the dead mice 4) Griffith concluded that, some transforming principle was transferred from heat killed S-strains to produce mucous coat in R- strain and they became virulent 5)The transforming principle is the genetic material whose biochemical nature was not defined by Griffith through experiment. S-strain Injected to mice ——> Mice died Restrain > Injected to mice ——> Mice lived Heat-killed S-strain Injected to mice ——> Mice lived Heat-killed S-strain + R-strain > Injected to mice ———> Mice died (& scanned with OKEN Scanner2 4. Explain the semi- conservative replication of DNA. During the cell division replication occurs during the S-phase Semi-conservative replication of DNA was proved by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl (1958) Requirements: Four types of DNA nucleotides FR Ps * Energy source (ATP) * RNA primers * Mg? “Enzymes i) Topoisomerase — breaking and resealing of DNA (DNA gyrases) ii) Helicase - unwinding of DNA helix iii) DNA polymerase I, Il and Ill ~ catalyzes replication iv) RNA primase- Synthesizes RNA primers v) DNA ligase - Joining of DNA fragments ‘The polymerization takes place at approximately 2000 bp /sec Mechanism of replication: a) Activation of nucleotides : ATP converts damp——> d-ADP d-Twp ———> d-TOP d-cmp ——> d-CDP d-GMP > d-GDP b) Unwinding of DNA helix: Unwinding starts from Ori sites (one site in prokaryotes and many sites in eukaryotes) © Unwinding begins by helicase (& scanned with OKEN Scanner* Topoisomerases removes the coils * Y-shaped structure is formed is called as replication fork * The separated DNA strands acts as master strands ¢LFormation of RNA — primer: , i 1 1 A short segment of RNA is synthesized using RNA- primer from 5! 3 direction d)nitiation and elongation of DNA strand : “ New DNA nucleotides are added to the RNA primer with the help of DNA polymerase Ill and Mg?* in 5 to 31 direction * Synthesis of one strand goes continuously called as Leading strand “On the opposite strand the nucleotides are added in short segments called 2s Okazaki fragments using many RNA primers called as Lagging strand “RNA primers are replaced by DNA nucleotides using DNA polymerase e) Ter ati ~Etmnalization of replication: ‘Terminalization takes place using specific DNA nucleotides. DNA Polymerase I! does proof reading to remove and replace abnormal nitrogen bases called as DNA repair mechanism * In Ecol replication completes in 38 min at the rate of 2000 bp’s /sec containing 4.6x 10° base pairs, Lean) erent REPLICATION FOR’ (& scanned with OKEN Scanner5, Explain the process of Transcription. | The process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA is called transcription. | (The biosynthesis of RNA from DNA) 1) The transcription unit of DNA consists of 3 regions | { | i) promoter ii) structural gene iii) terminator 2) Transcription begins by uncoiling of DNA strands due to breaking of | hydrogen bonds | s the | 3) DNA dependent RNA polymerase binds to the promoter initiate elongation process of transcription along with 6 factors 4)3’ —> 5’ strands of DNA acts as a template and produces the complementary RNA called as anti-sense strand 5) The strand which has a polarity 5’—> 3" is called coding strand or sense strand 6) The RNA nucleotides remain assembled to the template strand with the help of RNA polymerase and Mg** 7) The termination of RNA chain happens with the help of termination factor (p-tho factor) 8) The new RNA strand detaches itself from RNA polymerase which in turn detaches from the DNA 9) Finally the two strands of DNA rewinds with help of H- bonds 10) In eukaryotes the introns are removed and exons are joined with help of hn-RNA in the process called Splicing 11) Three types of RNA polymerases are involved which performs different functions RNA polymerase | — produces t-RNA (& scanned with OKEN ScannerRNA polymerase I~ produces hn - RNA RNA polymerase Ill - Produces t-RNA, r- RNA & sn- RNA ‘Transcription start ste Promoter | Structural gene Template strand (Coring strana Schematic structure of transcription unit 6. Describe the 5 salient features of genetic code, 1)Genetic code is triplet in Nature: sequence of 3 nucleotides FB AUG AAA, GAG etc, 2) Genetic code is universal :- one triplet codon codes for same amino acid in all living oreanig in all living organisms, Ee: AUG - Methionine, uuu - Phenylalanine 3) Genetic codes are non Overlapping :- reads continuously without overlap 4) Genetic code is de, enerate:-exhibits degeneracy which means one seen code is degenerate: amino acid may be coded by different codons 5) Genetic code is comma less _: /-2enetic code is comma less_: 6) Genetic code is specific:- one codon codes for same amino acid non - Genetic code is specific: ambiguously eads continuously without punctuation 7) Genetic code has an initiator codon:- AUG for Methionine rarely GUG for sfelic code has an initiator codon:- Methionine (& scanned with OKEN Scanner8) Genetic code has ten nok minator ¢ “sense codons UAA UGA UAG 9) Principle oN by lons :- AE signal for termination given Of co-linearit is defi bases determines the fen ned as a linear order of nitrogenous ar OF acids. der of m-RNA, and finally a linear order of amino Total no of triplets codons=64 No. of sense codons =61 No. of non-sense codon-3 (UAA,UGA,UAG) 7. Explain the process of translation. Translation is a process of polymerization of amino acids to form a Polypeptide as defined by the sequences of bases in the m-RNA “Two amino acids are joined by a peptide bond which requires energy in the form of ATP *ATP functions by charging of t-RNA * Peptide bonds are quickly formed in the presence of catalyst * Protein synthesis happens inside the ribosome which contains many structural RNAs and proteins * Ribosome are made up of two subunits small subunit and larger subunit * Translation begins when a smaller subunit encounters m- RNA both the smaller and larger subunit binds to initiator codon AUG * The larger subunit has two sites A- site and p- site *The initiator codon AUG codes for Methionine which is carried by t- RNA which has anticodon UAC in the presence of the catalyst IF, IF) and Fy * The ribosomal unit now shifts from one codan to the other on the m-RNA strand, this process is called as translocation (& scanned with OKEN Scanner* The t- RNA starts moving from A -site to P-site allowing a new t-RNA to ‘occupy the A site “The process happens continuously and the amino acids are joined together with the enzyme peptidyl transferase along with elongation factors EF,, EF, EF; * When one set of amino acids are synthesized the corresponding m-RNA gets destroyed TRANSLATION 8. Explain the lac-operon concept. 1) This was proposed by Jacob and Monad in 1961 2) A group of closely related structural and control genes that regulate the lactose catabolism in E.coli is called Lac ‘operon 3) Lac operon consists of a structural gene and three control genes (Promoter, Inhibitor and Operator) 4) Lac operon is a polycistronic structural gene which helps in lactose metabolism 5)Lac operon consists of * One regulatory gene (& scanned with OKEN Scanner* Three structural genes (2, y and a) 2 —» r-gene codes for B- galactosidase which breaks lactose into glucose and galactose y-> y-gene codes for permease which increase the cell permeability to B-galactosidase a—* a-gene codes for transacetylase Lac operation is an inducible operon (normally off) and gets switched on when required Switch off It happens in the absence of inducer which inhibits the RNA polymerase to move on the structural genes Switch on ens in the presence of inducer where permease enzyme allows the Happ: e bacteria diffusion of lactose from the outside medium inside th nt of RNA — polymerase or the structural gene There is an easy moveme! which thereby allowing transcription to take place which releases an enzyme converts lactose into glucose and galactose. LAC OPERON (& scanned with OKEN Scanner9. Explain the salient features of HGP. 1) Human genome contains 3164.7 million base pairs 2) An average gene consists of 3000 bases (largest human gene — Dystrophin has 2.4million bp) 3) Human genome consists of 30,000 genes. Almost all (99.9%)nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people 4) A large portion of the human genome contains repetitive sequences which 2Fe repeated 100-1000 times without having any coding funtion 5) 50% of genes functions are unknown < 2: '% of human genome code for Proteins 6) Among the 46 chromosome, chromosome 1 has most number of genes i.e., 2968 and Y- chromosome has the least no of genes i.e.,231 7) There are 1.4 million locations ‘which have /e single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) 8) SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) help in identifying the location for diseases and tracing human history Applications of HGP * To identify genes associated with diseases * Production of vaccines like antiviral protein * Study the mechanism of drug action *Development of gene therapies 10. What is DNA finger printing? Identification of an individual during samples of DNA at the genetic level is called DNA fingerprinting. (& scanned with OKEN Scanner*since 99% of human DNA is similar, it identifies the specific differences in specific regions of DNA sequence which are repeated many times called as repetitive DNA *Depending upon the composition of DNA and length of its segment the repetitive DNA is separated from the bulk by density gradient centrifugation * These repetitive units are often called as microsatellites, minisatelltes et, * These repetitive unit show high degree of polymorphism ‘They are called as Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR's) + Each individual has different number of VNTR’s which are very unique to individuals. Procedure 1) Collection of biological samples from blood, semen, root ,hair, skin 2) Isolation of DNA from the sample using Polymerase Chain Reaction 3) DNAis cut into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes which cuts at specific sites leading to RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphs) 4) DNA fragments are separated by Ee! electrophoresis 5) ds-DNA is denatured into ss-DNA which is later transferred from gel slab to nitrocellulose paper called as Southern Blotting 6) Radioactive probes are hybridized with VNTR's finally visualized Conclusion since the VNTR’ s are specific to individuals they can be easily characterized and the identity of the individual can be determined (& scanned with OKEN Scanner11.Differentiate between DNA and RNA. so | GHOH on | NY | IH OH ve | Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar | CHO, CsHio0s ‘* Double stranded structure | Soi ieree gee © Single stranded structure © Nabases are AUGC * Mainly occur in the nucleus + Genetic material of majority of organisms * DNA exists only in one type + DNA undergoes self replication © Has an extra nuclear presence Genetic material of a few viruses RNA cannot undergo self replication without DNA ‘© RNA of three types m-RNA ,t-RNA LT RNA 12. Describe the Hershey and Chase experiment that proved DNA is a genetic material. 1) Hershey and Chase worked on virus that infects bacteria (bacteriophage) 2) During normal infection bacteriophage attaches to the bacteria, bacteria! cell wall and insert its genetic material 3) The viral genetic material merges with the bacterial genome and creates more copies of the virus particle 4) In order to know whether the infections happened due to protein or ONA they grew some viruses on a medium having radioactive phosphorus and some other on radioactive Sulphur © scanned with OKEN Scanner5) Viruses that grew on radioactive phosphorus had DNA radioactive while the one that grown on radioactive phosphorus has a radioactive capsid 6) This proved that DNA was the genetic material that were transferred from the bacteriophage to the bacteria proving DNA to be the genetic material ‘Bacteriophage — udjoactive (°F) lloactive, mona, © labelled labelled DNA Protein capsule £ ve Radioactive ("P) detected in cells cory LP Ho fata detected in supernatant q_| j ED No Radioacuve ("S) detected in cells YW re es) ‘detected in supernatant | | sl e| | | | | 13.Mention the goals of HGP. i)Identify all the approximately 20000-25000 genes in human DNA ii)Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that makeup human DNA ili)Store this information in databases iv)improve tools for data analysis v)Transfer related technologies to other sectors, such as industries vi)Address the ethical ,legal and social issues(ELS!)that may arise from the project. | (& scanned with OKEN Scanner