For NHCI— Ammonium Chloride |AIM ~To analyze the given salt for one anion and one cation present init ‘Material required ~ Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, corks, filter papers, reagents ‘Preliminary tests Colour ofthe salt - White ‘Smell (Odour) ~ Slight smell of ammonia on addition of few water drops Solubity ~ Soluble in water Dry Heating Test - Sublime on heating Flame test (Paste of salt with cone. HCl) ~ For acidic radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation: Taference 1 | Teated 0.1 g of salt with 1 ml GIMSO, and|No effervescence and] CO:", SO, 3", NOT warmed ‘evolution of vapours. _| , CHsCOO" absent. 2_| Heated 0: g of salt with 1 mL conc, WSO. ‘A colourless. gas with | Cr May be bungent smell, 3. [Rod dipped in ammonium hydroxide is brought [Gives dense white | Cr Maybe ‘neat the mouth ofthe test tube fumes “% [Take 0.1 g of salt, add a pinch of manganese | Greenish yellow gas ts | Cr Confirmed dioxide and 3-4 drops of cone. sulphuric acid and | evolved Heat the mixture 5. | Chromy Chloride Test ~ Take Og saltand a pinch | Solution becomes | Cr Confirmed of solid potassium dichromate in a test tube, add | yellow cone. H:SO., heat and pass the gas evolved through sodium hydroxide solution & | Acdify the solution with acetic acid and add lead | yellow —precpitate is | Or Confirmed acetate solution formed For Basle Radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation Tnterence 1. [Heated 0.1 g of salt with 2 mil Conc. NaOH] Smell of ammonia gasis | NH maybe solution ‘obtained 2 Bring a gIass rod dipped n hydrochloric acid near | dense white fumes are | Ns maybe the mouth ofthe test tube ‘obtained 3 Collect the gas by inverted test tube, and add Nessler’s reagent Brown precipitate is] Nir ‘obtained 7 Confirmed Result ~ ‘The given salt contains ~ Anionic Radical ~ CI & Cationic Radical ~ NH."‘And the formula of salt will be—NHiCl Reactions ~ (For Chloride lon) 1 HCL+ NHLCL> NHLCL Y MnO; + 2Ct + 2H:50« > SOx#+ MnSOx+ 24:0 + Cls Y ACE-+ KaCrO> + 6H:S04-> 2KHSO,+ 2C10;Ch + 4HSO6 +3420, COs; + NAOH > NajCrO, + 2NaCl + H:0 Reactions for Ammonium ion ~ YNHe! + NQOH > NHy + H.0 + Na’ Nits + HCI» NHL 2fPgle}? + NH, + 3NOOH > HaN.HgO.Hgl + 3Nal + H:0+ 41. Nessler’s Brown ppt. ReagentFor (CHjCOO),Pb — Lead Acetate |AIM ~To analyze the given salt for one anion and one cation present in it ‘Material required ~ Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, corks, filter papers, reagents ‘Preliminary tests Colour ofthe salt -Crystaline White ‘Smell (Odour) ~ Slight smell of acetic acid Solubity ~ Soluble in water Dry Heating Test - Vapours of acetic acid evolved which turns blue litmus into red Flame test (Paste of salt with cone. HCl) ~Bluish White Flame For acidic radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation Inference 1 | Treated 0.1 g of sai with 1 ml dIHiSO, and | Colourless vapours with | CHiCOO™ maybe, warmed smell of vinegar. Vapours tun blue Iierous red, 2 [Take O1 g of salt ina china dish, Add 1 mt of | Fruity odour obtained | CHiCOO™ Confirmed ethanol and 0.2 ml conc. H:S0« and heat 3. | Oxalc Acid Test ~ Take 0.1 g of saltin a test tube, [Smell of __ vinegar | CH:COO- Confirmed ‘add small amount of oxalic acid in salt and add | obtained few drops ofdistled water | Ferric Chloride Test - Take 01 g of sak in atest | Deep red colour | CH:COO- Confirmed tube, add 1-2 mi distilled water, shake well fiter | appears lf necessary. Add 1 to 2.mL neutral ferric chloride solution tothe filtrate 5 | Onboling the moture ‘Red colour disappears | CHiCOO- Confirmed and a brown-red precipitate is formed For Basle Radical ~ S.No, | Experiment ‘Observation Tnterence 1. [Heated0.1 gofsalt with 2mLNaOH solution | Nosmellis obtained |NHs" Absent (Zero Group absent) [Prepare original solution (05) of the salt by | Clearsolutionformed | Water soluble salt i dissolving 1g of in 20 mL water resent 3 | Toa small part of the above salt solution added 2 | White precipitate | Group-1 Present ml of di. HC formed “| Dissolve the precipitate in hot water and divide | A yellow predptate is | Pb™ Confirmed the hot solution into three parts. Add potassium | obtained fodide solution to the frst part. [Ho the second part add potassium chromate [A yellow precipitatewohation ‘obtained which soluble in NaOH and insoluble in ammonium ‘acetate solution [To the third part of the hot soliton add few drops of alcohol and dilute sulphuric acid ‘A white precipitate ‘obtained which is soluble in ammonium ‘acetate solution ‘The given sat contains ~ Anionic Radical ~ CH;COO™ & Cationic Radical - Pb? [And the formula of salt willbe ~(CHCOO}:Pb Reactions for Acetate lon ~ (CHsCOO™+ H:50«-> HCOOH + HS0." 4 4S 0%% Reactions for Lead lon 4 + 2HCL > PoC, +2H* Yb + 2k1 > Pols (Yellow ppt) +2K* PO KsCrO4-> PbCrO. (Yellow ppt) + 2K* (CHsCOO™ + C3HsOH > CH:COOCsH + OF” (Esterifcation) GsH:04 (Oxalie acid) + 2 CH:COO" > 2CH,COOH + C:0- 3CH:COO™ + FeCl, > (CH,COO):Fe (orange colour) + 3c (CH:COO}sFe + 24:0 > (CH:COOOH)sFe (Reddish Brown Ppt.) + 2CH:COOHFor PbINO,):~ Lead Nitrate |AIM ~To analyze the given salt for one anion and one cation present init ‘Material required ~ Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, corks, filter papers, reagents ‘Preliminary tests Colour ofthe salt - White ‘Smell (Odour) - Odourless Solubity ~ Soluble in water Dry Heating Test - Becomes brown on heating and yellow on cold Flame test (Paste of salt with cone. HCl) ~Bluish White Flame For acidic radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation: Taference 1 | Teated 0.1 g of salt with 1 mi GIH:SO, and|No effervescence and ‘SO, S, NOT warmed ‘evolution of vapours. Z__| Heated 01g of salt with ml conc, HiSO. ‘Brown fumes are | NOx Maybe evolved 3. | On heating the reaction mbture after addition of [ Brown Fumes Become | NOx Confirmed copper turnings dense And the colour of solution changes to blue “| Take salt solution in a test tube and add small Deep blue colouration is | NO Confirmed amount of diphenylamine. obtained | Take aqueous solution of salt and add small | Brown ring appeared on | NO; Confirmed quantity of freshly prepared FeSO. solution add | the junction of liquids small quantity of conc. HsSO. For Basic Radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation Inference 1. [Heated 0.1 gofsaltwith2mL NaOH solution | Nosmellis obtained | NH« Absent (Zero ‘Group absent) [Prepare original solution (05) of the salt by| Clearsolutionformed | Water soluble salt i dissolving 1g of it in 20 mL water present 3. [Toa small part ofthe above salt solution added 2 | White precipitate | Group-1 Present lof di. HCL formed. “&_| Dissolve the precipitate in hot water and divide | A yellow precipitate is | Pb Confirmed the hot solution into three parts. Add potassium Jodide solution to the fst part. obtained To the second part add potassium chromate solution A yellow precipitate ‘obtained which is ‘soluble in NaOH and insoluble in ammonium * Confirmed‘acetate solution & [To the third part of the hot solution add few | A white precipitate | Po™ Confirmed drops of alcohol and dilute sulphuric acid ‘obtained which is soluble in ammonium ‘acetate solution Result - ‘The given sat contains ~ Anionic Radical ~ CH,COO™& Cationic Radical ~ Pb? ‘And the formula of salt wll be ~(CH;COO).Pb Reactions for Nitrate lon — Y NOs + H:S04-> HSO." + HNO, (Vapours) HINO: + Cu -> CulNOs)s + 2NO> (Brown Vapours) Y- 6FeS0, + 3H:S0. + 2HNOs > 3Fe:{80,), + 44:0 + 2NO ¥_ FeS0,+NO+5H:0 > [Fe(NOKH:0}s150« (Brown Ring) Reactions for Lead fon — ¥ Pb 4 2HCI-> Pcl: +2H* ¥_ 2Pb{NO) > 2PbO (Brown & Yellow) + 4NO: + 0; Pb + 2KI-> Pols (Yellow ppt.) + 2K+ Pb" + KxCrO. > PbCrO. (Yellow ppt) +2K* x &For! ‘Ammonium Carbonate |AIM ~To analyze the given salt for one anion and one cation present init ‘Material required ~ Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, corks, filter papers, reagents ‘Preliminary tests Colour ofthe salt - White ‘Smell (Odour) - Pungent smell on heating Solubity ~ Soluble in water Dry Heating Test - Decomposes on heating Flame test (Paste of salt with cone. HCl) ~ For acidic radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation: Tnference 1. | Treated 0.1 g of salt with 1 ml dILH:SO, and A colourless, odourless | CO,* may be. warmed £3 is evolved with brisk effervescence | On passing the gas through lime water Lime water turns milly | CO Confirmed 3. [On passing the gas for some more time ‘Mitkiness disappears | COs Confirmed For Basle Radical ~ ‘S.No | Experiment ‘Observation Tnterence T. | Heated 0.1 g ofsalt with 2 ml NaOH solution | Smell of ammonia gasis | NH. may be ‘obtained | Bring @ glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acd near] dense white fumes are | NH may be the mouth ofthe test tube ‘obtained 3. Pass the gas through Nessler's reagent Brown precipitate _is| NH Confirmed ‘obtained Result ‘The glen salt contains ~ Anionic Radical ~ CO; & Cationic Radical ~NH.* ‘And the formula of sat will be~(NH.);CO, Reactions for €O37fon = ¥ COs*+H4:504> 50s* +120 + C0; ¥ €O;+ CalOH)s> CaCO; (White ppt.) + H:0 Y CaCO; (White ppt) + H:0 > (HCO,).Ca (Soluble)Reactions for ammonium lon ~ YNHe + NaOH > NH + 50 + Nat Ni + HCI-> NHLCI 2[Migle}? + NH, + 3NOOH > HaN.HgO.Hgl + 3Nal + H:0+ 41. Nessler's ‘Brown ppt. ReagentFor Bal, ~ Barium Chloride |AIM ~To analyze the given salt for one anion and one cation present init ‘Material required ~ Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, corks, filter papers, reagents ‘Preliminary tests Colour ofthe salt - White amorphous sold ‘Smell (Odour) - Odourless Solubity ~ Soluble in water Dry Heating Test— Flame test (Paste of salt with cone. HCI) ~ Apple Green For acidic radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation: Taference 1 | Teated 0.1 g of salt wih 1 ml GIHSO, and| No effervescence and] CO;", SOF, 3", NOT warmed ‘evolution of vapours. _| , CHsCOO" absent. 2_| Heated 0: g of salt with 1 mL conc, WSO. ‘A colourless. gas with | Cr May be bungent smell, 3. [Rod dipped in ammontum hydroxide is brought | Gives dense white | Cr Maybe ‘near the mouth ofthe test tube fumes [Take 0.1 g of salt, add a pinch of manganese | Greenish yellow gas is | Cr Confirmed dioxide and 3-4 drops of cone. sulphuric acid and | evolved Heat the mixture 5. | Chromy Chloride Test ~ Take Og saltand a pinch | Solution becomes | Gr Confirmed of solid potassium dichromate ina test tube, add | yellow one. H:SO., heat and pass the gas evolved through sodium hydroxide solution & | Acdify the solution with acetic acid and add lead | yellow precpitate is | Cr Confirmed acetate solution formed For Basle Radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation Tnterence 1. [Heated0.1 gofsaltwith2mLNaOHsolution | Nosmellis obtained |NH« Absent (Zero ‘Group absent) 2___| Dssolve the saltin di HCL No precipitate formed | Group-t Absent '3._[Passed HS gas through one portion of the | No precipitate formed | Group-Hl Absent solution “| Heat with cone. HNOs, Add about 02 g of solid | No precipitate formed | Group-ii Absent ammonium chloride and then added excess of ‘ammonium hydroxide to the solution S| Passed HS gas through the above solution. No predptate formed | Group-tv Absent 6. | Add Ammonium chiorde in sat solution and heat | White precipitate | Group-V Present then add excess of ammonium hydroxide solution | formed,To the original solution and then added O5 @ of ammonium carbonate. 7% [Dissolve the white precipitate by bolling with dilute acetic acid and divide the solution into three parts "To the first part add potassium chromate solution yellow precipitate appears Ba Maybe Perform the fame test with the presened precipitate ‘A grassy green fame 5 ‘obtained Ba" Confirmed Note ~ Preserve a small amount of the precipitate for flame test. ‘The given salt contains ~ Anionic Radical ~ CI" & Cationic Radical ~ Ba"? ‘And the formula of salt will be~ BaCls Reactions ~ (For Chloride lon) HCL NHC NHC YMn0; +2Ch+ 2H:80«-> SO1*+ MnSO. + 2H:0 + Cls Y ACI-+ KsCrsO; + 6H:S0«-> 2KHSO4 + 2CrO,Cl, + 4HSOe + 3H20 Y- CrOsCh; + NOOH > NasCrOs-+ 2NaCl + H:0 Reactions for Barium lon ~ ¥_ Bat"+ NHiCOs > BaCOs (White ppt.) + NH 'Y BaCO, + 2CH:COOH -> (CH:COO); 8a + H:0 + CO; YBa" + K:CrOe > BaCrO. (Yellow ppt) +2K*For CaCl — Calcium Chloride |AIM ~To analyze the given salt for one anion and one cation present init “Material required ~ Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, corks, filter papers, reagents ‘Preliminary tests Colour ofthe salt - White amorphous sold ‘Smell (Odour) - Odourless Solubity ~ Soluble in water Dry Heating Test— Flame test (Paste of salt with cone. HCI) ~ Brick Red For acidic radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation: Taference 1 | Teated 0.1 g of salt wih 1 ml GIHSO, and| No effervescence and] CO;", SOF, 3", NOT warmed ‘evolution of vapours. _| , CHsCOO" absent. 2_| Heated 0: gof salt with 1 mL conc, WSO. ‘A colourless. gas with | Cr May be bungent smell, 3. [Rod dipped in ammontum hydroxide is brought | Gives dense white | Cr Maybe ‘near the mouth ofthe test tube fumes [Take 0.1 g of salt, add a pinch of manganese | Greenish yellow gas is | Cr Confirmed dioxide and 3-4 drops of cone. sulphuric acid and | evolved Heat the mixture 5. | Chromy Chloride Test ~ Take Og saltand a pinch | Solution Becomes | Cr Confirmed of solid potassium dichromate in a test tube, add | yellow conc. H:SO., heat and pass the gas evolved through sodium hydroxide solution | Acdify the solution with acetic acid and add lead | yellow precpitate is | Cr Confirmed acetate solution formed For Basle Radical ~ S.No | Experiment ‘Observation Tnterence 1. [Heated0.1 gofsaltwith2mLNaOHsolution | Nosmellis obtained |NH« Absent (Zero ‘Group absent) 2___| Dssolve the saltin di HCL No precipitate formed | Group-t Absent '3._[Passed HS gas through one portion of the | No precipitate formed | Group-Hl Absent solution “| Heat with cone. HNOs, Add about 02 g of solid | No precipitate formed | Group-ii Absent ammonium chloride and then added excess of ‘ammonium hydroxide to the solution S| Passed HS gas through the above solution No predptate formed | Groupv Absent | Add Ammonium chiorde in salt solution and heat | White precipitate | Group-V Present then add excess of ammonium hydroxide solution | formed,To the original solution and then added O5 @ of ammonium carbonate. 7% [Dissolve the white precipitate by Boling with| White precipitate of | Ca™ Maybe dilute acetic acid and divide the solution into| calcium oxalate Is. three parts obtained “To the fist part add ammonium oxalate solution and shake well, & Perform the flame test with the preserved | A brick red flame, which | Ca™ Confirmed precipitate looks _ greenish-yellow through blue glass Note ~ Preserve a small amount ofthe precipitate for flame test ‘The given salt contains ~ Anionic Radical ~ CI" & Cationic Radical ~ Ca‘* ‘And the formula of salt will be~ CaCl Reactions ~ (For Chloride on) ¥HCL+ NHAC! > NACI ‘Y Mn0;4+ 2Cr + 2H:80s-> S0i*+ MnSO, + 2H:0 + Cl ACI + KsCrs0> + 6H:S0«-> 2KHSO4 + 2Cr0,Cl, + 4HSOe +3H20 Y- CeO:; + 4NOOH > Na:Cr0, + 2NaCl + H:0 Reactions for Calon — Ca +NHiCOs > CaCO» (White ppt) + NH Y- CaCO} + 2CH:COOH + (CH:COO);Ca (Soluble) + H:0 + CO; Y (CHACOO):Ca + (NH):C:0« > 2CH:COONH + C2C:0« (White ppt.)For CaCO; ~ Calcium Carbonate |AIM ~To analyze the given salt for one anion and one cation present init ‘Material required ~ Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, corks, filter papers, reagents ‘Preliminary tests Colour of the salt - White amorphous power, Chalk lke ‘Smell (Odour) - Odourless Solubity - Insoluble in water Dry Heating Test— Flame test (Paste of salt with cone. HCI) ~ Brick Red For acidic radical ~ ‘Experiment ‘Observation Tnference S.No. 1. | Treated O1 g of salt with 1 mi diLH:S0, and|A colourless, odourless | O;* may be. warmed ‘2s evolved with brisk effervescence | On passing the gas through lime water Lime water turns milly | CO; Confirmed '3._[[0n passing the gas for some more time Milkiness disappears For Basle Radical ~ ‘S.No. | Experiment ‘Observation Tnterence 1. [Heated 0.1 gfsaltwith2mL NaOH solution | Nosmellis obtained | NH.° Absent (Zero ‘Group absent) 2 Dissolve the satin di HCL No preciptate formed | Group-1 Absent 3. [Passed HiS gas through one portion of the | No precipitate formed | Group-il Absent solution "a. | Heat with conc. HNO, Add about 0.2 g of sold | No precipitate formed | Group-I Absent ‘ammonium chloride and then added excess of ‘ammonium hydroxide to the solution 5. Passed HS gas through the above solution No preciptate formed | Group-tv Absent 6. | Add Ammonium chloride in salt solution and heat | White precipitate | Group-V Present then add excess of ammonium hydroxide solution | formed to the original solution and then added 0.5 g of ‘ammonium carbonate 7 [Dissolve the white preciptate by Boling with | White precipitate of | Co™ Maybe dilute acetic acid and divide the solution into| calcium oxalate is. three parts ‘obtained "To the fist part add ammonium oxalate solution and shake well % Perform the flame test with the preserved | A rick red flame, which | Ca™ Confirmed precipitate looks _ greenish-yellowI [through blue giass J } Note Preserve a small amount ofthe precipitate for fame test. Result ‘The even sat contains Anionic Radcal~ COs" & Cationic Radical ~Co* ‘And the formula of salt wil be —CaCOs Reactions for €O;* fon ~ YY COV*+H:50-9 SOs + H:0 + COs Y CO:+ Ca(OH): > CaCOs (White ppt.) + H:0 CaCO; (White ppt) + H:0 -> (HCO,):Ca (Soluble) Reactions for Calon — Yat? + NHCOs > CaCO, (White ppt.) + NHL" CaCO, + 2CH,COOH - (CHsCOO);Ca (Soluble) +H, + CO; ¥ (CHsCOO)sCa + (NH4):C204 > 2CH,COONH, + CaC:0« (White ppt)For! Barium Nitrate |AIM ~To analyze the given salt for one anion and one cation present init ‘Material required ~ Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, corks, fiter papers, reagents ‘Pretiminary tests Colour ofthe salt - white, lustrous crystals ‘Smell (Odour) - Odourless Solubity ~ Soluble in water Dry Heating Test ~ Brown fumes are evolved, Collet the fumes in test tube and add Freshly Prepared FeSOs Solution ~ Colour becomes Black Flame test (Paste of salt with cone. HCI) ~ Crimson red flame For acide radical ~ S.No. | Experiment ‘Observation, Taference 1 | Treated 0.1 g of salt with 1 ml GIHSO, and|No effervescence and] CO:", SOF, 3", NOT warmed ‘evolution of vapours. _| , HsCOO" absent. 2 | Heated 01 gof saltwith 1 ml cone. WSO. Brown fumes are | NOx Maybe evolved '3.__[On eating the reaction mibture after addition of [Brown Fumes Become | NO Confirmed copper turnings dense And the colour of solution changes to blue “4 __| Take salt solution in a test tube and add smal | Deep blue colouration is | NO Confirmed amount of diphenylamine. ‘obtained | Take aqueous solution of salt and add small] Brown ring appeared on | NOy Confirmed quantity of freshly prepared FeSO. solution add | the junction of liquids small quantity of conc. HsSO For Basic Radical ~ ‘S.No, | Experiment ‘Observation Tnference 1. [Heated 0.1 gofsaltwith2mLNaOH solution | Nosmellis obtained —|NHe° Absent (Zero ‘Group absent) 2__| Dssolve the saltin di HOT No precipitate formed | Group-t Absent 3. [Passed HiS gas through one portion of the | No precipitate formed | Group-Hl Absent solution “| Heat with conc. HNO,, Add about 02 g of solid [No precipitate formed | Group-ii Absent ammonium chloride and then added excess of ‘ammonium hydroxide to the solution S| Passed HS gas through the above solution No preciptate formed | Group-tv Absent 6. | Add Ammonium chloride in salt solution andheat | White precipitate | Group-V Present then add excess of ammonium hydroxide solution | formed,To the original solution and then added 03 g of| ‘ammonium carbonate 7 [Dissolve the white precipitate by Bolling with| White precipitate Is | Ba" Confirmed ddute acetic acid and divide the solution into | obtained three parts "To the fist part add ammonium sulphate & [Potassium Chromate test ~ Dissolve the white | Yellow precipitate is | Ba Confirmed precipitate by boling with dilute acetic acid, then | formed ‘add small quantity of potassium chromate solution "Note ~ Preserve a small amount ofthe precipitate for flame test. Result ‘The given sat contains ~ Anionic Radical ~ NO;"* & Cationic Radical - Ba ‘* ‘And the formula of sat wil be ~ 83(NOs}: ‘Reactions for Nitrate ion - YNOs- + 4:80. > HSO."+ HNO, (Vapours) AHN, + Cu > CuINO4)s + 2NO> (Brown Vapours) 'Y- 6FeS0. + 3H:S04 + 2HNOs -> 3F (S01) + 4H:0 +2NO FeSO, +NO + 5H:0 - [Fe(NOKH:0}150« (Brown Ring) Reactions for Barium lon - YBa"? NHiCOs > BaCOs (White ppt) + NHe* Y- BaCO} + 2CH,COOH > (CH:COO}Ba+ H:0+ COs YBa? + K:CrO.-> BaCrO. (Yellow ppt) + 2K*