Scribd
Upload
19 views12 pages

Gis 4

This document discusses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and digital elevation models (DEM). It explains that a DEM represents terrain or topography digitally with elevation values assigned to spatial coordinates. DEMs are stored as raster data with each cell holding an elevation value. Slope and aspect can be derived from a DEM to indicate terrain features. Sources of DEM data include surveying, scanning topographic maps, and spatial interpolation of contours. DEMs can be represented through a grid of cells or as triangular irregular networks.

Uploaded by

dummy.shobhit.johri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views12 pages

Gis 4

This document discusses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and digital elevation models (DEM). It explains that a DEM represents terrain or topography digitally with elevation values assigned to spatial coordinates. DEMs are stored as raster data with each cell holding an elevation value. Slope and aspect can be derived from a DEM to indicate terrain features. Sources of DEM data include surveying, scanning topographic maps, and spatial interpolation of contours. DEMs can be represented through a grid of cells or as triangular irregular networks.

Uploaded by

dummy.shobhit.johri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Geographic Information System (GIS)

CEN-203 Geomatics Engineering II


Contents

1. Introduction to GIS 5. Digital Elevation Model


2. Vector Data 6. Buffering and Overlay
3. Raster Data 7. Spatial Analysis
4. Database Creation 8. Applications of GIS
What is a digital elevation model (DEM)

DEM represents terrain or topography of an area in the digital


format.

𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
Where x,y refers to spatial coordinates of a location

DEM represents the topography of an area. Topography refers


to elevation, slope and general form of an area.
What is a digital elevation model (DEM)

o DEM is always in the raster data format

o Each cell in a DEM raster represent elevation data

o Elevation is represented above a certain datum (usually it is


taken as Mean Sea Level (MSL))
Derivatives from DEM
Slope
Represents rate of change of elevation

Aspect

Represents direction of slope with respect to north direction


Aspect
Sources of DEM
Spatial resolution determines ability to distinguish objects in an
image. Spatial resolution refers to the two-dimensional resolution of
a DEM. There is also vertical resolution associated with a DEM
Sources of DEM
1. Survey of India toposheets
2. scanning, georeferencing, digitization of contours
3. interpolation
4. DEM

Spatial interpolation
1. Linear interpolation
2. Non-linear interpolation
1. Inverse Distance Weighting
2. spline
3. Kriging
(We will study interpolation in the spatial analysis lecture)
Representations of DEM
100 70 70 60
1. Using a grid-based representation
90 20 40 60
10 20 70 80
90 10 25 68

2. Triangular Irregular Networks (TIN)

• For complex topography, TIN forms smaller triangles


for high rate of change of elevations and larger
triangles for relatively plane areas

• Delaunay Triangles are used. DT is a triangle such that


a circle drawn using three nodes will not contain
other node from another triangle

• more processing is required to generate TIN; errors


along the edges as well; not many derivatives can be
derived from TIN
References

Slide5
https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/spatial-analyst-toolbox/how-
aspect-works.htm

https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/tool-reference/spatial-analyst/how-slope-
works.htm#:~:text=Available%20with%203D%20Analyst%20license,or%20percen
t%20(percent%20rise).

Slide 7-8
Bhardwaj et al. 2019. Characteristics of rain-induced landslides in the Indian
Himalaya: A case study of the Mandakini Catchment during the 2013 flood
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.01.010

Slide 9,11
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5U9dlGMhR2qXk5u8Vx5fcg

You might also like