Research Methodology ARCH-4203

Department of Architecture

Ar. Zahid Usman

Associate Professor
Course Outline
Aims & Objectives
This course aims to develop students' ability to conduct an independent architectural research project
relevant to the discipline of architecture. The course exposes students to the research strategies in
architecture and design inquiry used for the analysing architecture and design approaches. The course
will introduce the students to analytical methods and processes integral to architectural research and
design. The course will foster consideration of precedent and design research for a stronger
connection with the discipline of architecture. The course will lead to development of thesis project and
thesis report to be delivered in the final semester. Students are encouraged to work closely with an
academic or practitioner working with relevant topics grounded in real world engagement. This course
will help students to:
• Identify the key components of design inquiry and research; and
• Develop a research report on their selected architectural concern.
Learning Outcomes
By undertaking this course; you will be able to: -
• Define research in architecture and the built environment.

• Identify research types commonly used in architecture such as qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods.

• Summarize and comprehend exiting knowledge in the field.

• Understand the components and stages of a res. design, including research questions, objectives, & data collection methods.

• Compare and contrast different approaches used in built environment (case studies, surveys, interviews, & experimental design)

• Formulate clear and specific research questions relevant to arch. concerns, demonstrating an ability to apply research concepts.

• Choose appropriate research methods and tools.

• Analyze and interpret the collected data using suitable statistical or qualitative analysis technique.

• Develop a research proposal for their architectural design projects with clear objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

• Communicate research findings effectively through written reports and oral presentations.
Reading List
- Aydemir, A. Z., & Jacoby, S. (2022) Architectural design research: Drivers of practice. The Design Journal, 25:4, 657-674

- Marc Schoonderbeek, M. (2017) A Theory of “Design by Research”; Mapping Experimentation in Architecture and
Architectural Design, Ardeth [Online]

- Lawson, B. (2016). What designers know. Routledge.

- Fraser, M. (2016). Design research in architecture: An overview. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

- Wang, D., & Groat, L. N. (2013). Architectural research methods. John Wiley & Sons.

- Lawson, B. (2005). How designers think. Architectural Press.

Assessment
Schedule
Week 1 Introduction Week 2 Architectural Research
Introduction to the course Systems of Inquiry (Frameworks in architectural research)
Design vs. Research; Similarities and Differences Defining research questions and objectives
Week 3 Res. Types & Approaches Week 4 Res. Types & Approaches
Overview of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed research Case studies, surveys, interviews, & experimental design
methodologies Strengths and limitations of each approach
Week 5 Literature Review Week 6 Critical Analysis
Conducting literature reviews in architecture Summarizing and comprehending existing knowledge and
seminal works
Critiquing research studies in architecture
Week 7-8 Research Design Week 10-11 Data Collection & Methods
Components of a research design in architecture. Appropriate research methods and tools
Formulating clear and specific RQs. Data collection techniques (surveys, interviews, observ.)
Defining research objectives and hypotheses. Ethical considerations in data collection
Schedule
Week 12-13 Data Analysis & Week 14-15 Developing Research
Interpretation Proposal
Analyzing and interpreting collected data (statistical or Designing a research proposal for arch. design projects.
qualitative analysis techniques) Setting clear objectives, methodology, & outcomes.
Drawing meaningful conclusions from research findings Preparing a research proposal presentation.
Week 16 Research Communication Final Exam
Communicating research findings effectively through Presentation of research project
written reports and oral presentations. Evaluation and feedback on research proposals.
Lecture-1: Introduction

8th Sep 2023

Profile
B. Arch NCA, M.Sc. KTH, Ph.D. IIUM
Year Title of the training/ Certificate Awarded by
2023 Social & Behavioral Research Investigators CITI Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Affiliates
2023 Responsible Conduct of Research for Engineers CITI Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Affiliates
2023 Community Engaged Research CER CITI Program, University of Delaware, USA
2023 Human Subjects Protection CITI Program, University of Delaware, USA
2023 Responsible Conduct of Research RCR CITI Program, University of Delaware, USA
2015 HR Management Higher Education Commission-TESP, Islmbd
2015 Leadership & Change Management Higher Education Commission-TESP, Islmbd
2015 MS Project & SPSS Pakistan Planning & Management Institute Islmbd
2014 Developing & Assessing Proposals Higher Education Commission-TESP, Islmbd
2007 PG Courses in Resource Recovery, Overview of Sustainable University College of Borås, Sweden.
Development, Environmental Risk Management, Applied
Theory of Scientific Methods, Quality Management Tools,
and Energy Recovery
2004 Certificate Course in Construction Provincial Reconstruction Team US Army
1998 Certificate Course Multimedia National College of Arts, Lahore
What is Research?
Research is a systematic and organized process of inquiry and investigation conducted to acquire knowledge,
information, or understanding about a particular topic, issue, problem, or question. Some key characteristics and
aspects of research:-

Systematic Approach: Structured and methodical approach. A well-defined Plan (methodology)

Objective Driven: Driven by specific objectives or goals. Questions, testing hypotheses, problem solving, filling the gaps etc..

Data Collection: Through experiments, surveys, interviews, observations etc. (Methods)

Analysis: Analyzing the data collected using appropriate techniques and methods.

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of evidence. Assessment of validity and reliability.

Iteration: Refinement of methods, collecting additional data, or modification of hypotheses etc.

Documentation: Through research papers, reports, presentations, or other forms of publications.

Contribution: Advancement of Knowledge, new theories, improvement of practices, solution of real-world probs.

Ethical Concerns: Ensuring well-being of subjects, transparency, avoiding plagiarism

 Research Onion

Source: Saunders et al, (2008)

Design Vs. Research
• What is Design?

• What is Research?
 Aspect Research in Architecture Architectural Design
To investigate and gain insights into To create functional and aesthetically pleasing
Purpose architectural topics, history, theory, architectural solutions for specific projects.
context, and related factors.
Literature reviews, historical analysis, Concept development, schematic design, design
Activities theoretical studies, case studies, data development, construction documentation,
collection and analysis. material selection, and more.
Generate knowledge and insights that Create physical structures and spaces that meet
Goal inform the design process and functional, aesthetic, and contextual
architectural decisions. requirements.
Provides the foundation and informs Implements the knowledge and insights gained
design decisions by offering context, from research into tangible architectural
Influence on Design
historical perspective, and data-driven solutions.
insights.
Typically precedes the design phase and is Begins after research and involves the
Timing ongoing throughout the architectural development of architectural concepts and
project. detailed designs.
Reports, research papers, analyses, and Architectural plans, drawings, models, and
Output documentation that contribute to specifications for construction and
architectural decision-making. implementation.
Lecture-2: Introduction

15th Sep 2023

Practice-based vs. academic research
• What is PBR/ DBR?

• What is academic Research in architecture?

Practice-based vs. academic research
Aspect Academic Research in Architecture Practice-Based Research in Architecture
Advancing theoretical, historical, and practical Solving real-world design challenges through creative
Focus knowledge of architecture within an academic processes within architectural practice.
context.
Scholars, academics, and researchers in Practicing architects or architectural firms.
Researcher's Role educational institutions.
Theoretical Often emphasizes theoretical development and Less emphasis on theoretical exploration; focus on
Exploration exploration of architectural principles. practical solutions and innovation.
Includes the systematic study of architectural May engage with architectural history and contextual
Historical and
history, heritage preservation, and contextual analysis in the context of design projects.
Contextual Analysis
analysis.
May draw from various disciplines, enriching Can adopt an interdisciplinary approach but typically
Interdisciplinary
architectural knowledge with insights from centered on architectural practice.
Approach
related fields.
Empirical Empirical research methods are more common May involve empirical investigations (e.g., surveys,
Investigations for data collection and analysis. case studies) as part of design research.
Produces scholarly articles, research papers, Less common to produce peer-reviewed publications;
Peer-Reviewed
and books that undergo peer review and focus on practical project outcomes.
Publications
contribute to academic discourse.
Practice-based vs. academic research
Aspect Academic Research in Architecture Practice-Based Research in Architecture
Typically, part of educational settings, involving May involve students and education in architectural
Educational
students, faculty, and researchers in academic practice settings.
Component
institutions.
Can engage in design experiments but may Often includes innovative design experiments and
Innovation and
emphasize theoretical or historical explorations.
Experimentation
investigations.
Involves critical analysis of architectural Emphasis on evaluating design outcomes; less
Critical Analysis theories, methodologies, and design outcomes. emphasis on theoretical critiques.
May encompass long-term research projects Research projects can vary in duration but are often
Long-Term Projects that delve deeply into architectural topics or tied to specific design projects.
historical periods.
May extend beyond academia to engage with Primarily focused on architectural practice and
Public Engagement the public, policymakers, and professionals. clients.
Contributes to the intellectual discourse Contributes to design practice, innovation, and
Contribution to
surrounding architecture, shaping theory and application of architectural solutions.
Discourse
practice.
May include research related to the May involve preservation and conservation of existing
Preservation and
preservation and conservation of architectural buildings and sites.
Conservation
heritage.
Practice-based vs. academic research
• Key differences?

• What is academic Research in architecture?

Inquiry
• “Inquiry is the creation of knowledge or understanding, it is the reaching out of a human being beyond
himself to a perception of what may be or would be, or what the world could be or ought to be.” AB ab
C. West Churchman. (1971) The Design of Inquiring Systems.

• The Five inquiring systems

The five Inquiring Systems
• The Synthesist (Hegel) sees likenesses in things that appear unalike, seeks conflict and synthesis, is
interested in change, gets at underlying assumptions, sees the essence of problems, is speculative - asks
what if and why not, and regards data to be meaningless without interpretation.

• The Idealist (Kant) welcomes a broad range of views, seeks ideal solutions, is interested in values, is
receptive, and places equal value on data and theory.

• The Pragmatist (Singer) proceeds based on an eclectic view, uses a tactical, incremental approach; and,
being innovative and adaptive, is best in complex situations.

• The Analyst (Leibniz) seeks the "one best way," operates with models and formulas, is interested in
"scientific solutions," is prescriptive, and prefers data over theory and method.

• The Realist (Locke) relies on "facts" and expert opinion, seeks solutions that meet current needs, is serious
about getting concrete results, acts with efficiency and incisive correction, prefers data over theory.
(Adapted from "The Art of Thinking" Harrison and Bramson, 1982).
Hegel Element
Alternatives
Systems of Inquiry
• Explore various frameworks and systems of inquiry used in architectural research

• Explanation of the frameworks that guide the research process

Systems of Inquiry
• Systems of Inquiry in the context of architectural research refer to structured frameworks,
methodologies, or approaches that guide the research process within the field of architecture.
These systems provide researchers with a systematic way to plan, conduct, and analyze research
inquiries related to architectural topics, projects, or phenomena. Systems of Inquiry are used to
ensure that research in architecture is conducted in an organized, rigorous, and methodical manner.
Systems of Inquiry
• These frameworks encompass a range of research methods, tools, and techniques tailored to the
unique challenges and objectives of architectural research. They are designed to help researchers
investigate architectural phenomena, explore design theories, analyze historical trends, and address
contemporary issues in the built environment.

• Methodological Guidance, Research Planning, Data Collection and Analysis, Ethical Considerations,
Reporting and Communication, Interdisciplinary Integration, and Quality Assurance.

• The systems are DBR, Phenomenological Inquiry, Historical Research, Ethnographic Research, and
Experimental Research.
Systems of Inquiry – When and Why
Inquiring System When Employed Why Employed

Design-Based When addressing practical design challenges To integrate research with design, fostering creativity
Research (DBR) with a need for innovative solutions. and practical application.
When exploring the subjective experiences and To understand how people interact with and perceive
Phenomenological
perceptions of individuals or groups in architectural environments, informing user-centric
Inquiry
architectural contexts. design.
When studying and interpreting architectural To provide historical context for contemporary
Historical Research history, styles, and trends. architectural projects and preserve cultural and
architectural heritage.
When investigating social, cultural, and To gain a deep understanding of user behaviors and
Ethnographic
behavioral aspects of architectural spaces and experiences, informing user-centered design and
Research
their users. decision-making.
When testing hypotheses, evaluating design To gather empirical data for objective assessment of
Experimental concepts, or validating architectural variables. architectural factors, materials, or design
Research interventions, informing evidence-based design
decisions.
Systems of Inquiry - Examples
Inquiring System Real-World Examples Research Project
Collaborative sustainable housing project in an Integrating research data (climate, energy,
Design-Based
urban area facing environmental challenges. community needs) into energy-efficient housing
Research (DBR)
design.
Phenomenological Study of patient experiences in hospital Understanding patients' subjective experiences to
Inquiry environments. improve hospital design and comfort.
Research on the evolution of Gothic Accurate restoration and replication of Gothic
Historical Research architecture in Europe. architectural elements in contemporary projects.
Ethnographic Study of public park and plaza usage in an Observing and interviewing visitors to enhance the
Research urban setting. design of user-friendly public spaces.
Experiments to determine optimal lighting Varying lighting levels to assess their impact on the
Experimental
conditions for a museum gallery. perception of artwork, informing lighting design
Research
strategies.
Res. Questions & Res. Objectives
• RQ’s serve as the foundation upon which a research study is built. Well-formulated research
questions play a crucial role in ensuring that the research is focused, relevant, and conducted in a
structured and purposeful manner. Here's an explanation of their role and how they contribute to
the quality of research.

• Focus and Direction

• Scope Delimitation

• Relevance

• Alignment with Research Objectives

• Structure for Data Collection

• Measurable Outcomes
Characteristics of Good RQs
• Clarity, specificity, relevance, and feasibility.

Characteristic Poorly-Formulated Research Question Well-Formulated Research Question

How do buildings affect people? How does the use of natural lighting in educational
facilities impact student performance in terms of
Clarity
academic achievement, well-being, and energy
efficiency?
Vague and lacks specificity. Clear and concise, specifying key elements of
Specificity investigation (natural lighting, educational facilities,
student performance, outcomes).
Relevant but lacks practical focus due to Addresses a practical issue in architecture with
Relevance vagueness. potential implications for educational design and
sustainability.
Challenging to define research methods and Feasible research with a clear methodology involving
Feasibility gather meaningful data due to broadness. data collection and analysis related to lighting,
student performance, and energy usage.
Formulating Research Objectives
• Convert RQs into manageable, concrete tasks and outcomes. Actionable steps.

• SMART Criteria

Specific: Objectives should be well-defined and focused on a particular aspect of the research topic. Avoid vague
or overly broad language.

Measurable: Objectives should include quantitative or qualitative measures that can be used to assess whether
they have been achieved.

Achievable: Objectives should be realistic and attainable within the scope and resources of the research project.

Relevant: Objectives should be directly related to the research questions and contribute to answering them. They
should align with the broader goals of the study.

Time-Bound: Objectives should have a specific timeframe or deadline for completion. This provides a sense of
urgency and ensures that the research stays on track.
Research Objective Example
• RQ: How can the design of public spaces in urban environments promote social interaction and
community cohesion?

• RO: To conduct a literature review of studies on the impact of urban design on social interaction and
community cohesion within the last decade (2020-2030).

Specific: Review recent literature on the topic.

Measurable: Identify and summarize relevant studies.

Achievable: Access and analyze existing literature.

Relevant: Directly supports understanding the relationship between urban design and social interaction.

Time-Bound: Complete the review within six months.

Formulating Research Objectives
• How research objectives support research questions.

• How to create clear and actionable research objectives.

• Sample architectural research project to practice formulating objectives.

Class Activity
• Make random groups of 5-6 people, define an area, formulate one research question, present it in
the class using Affinity Diagram/ KG Sheba Method.
Tools for improvement
Affinity Diagram
Activity Network Diagram
Matrix Diagram
Prioritization Matrix Diagram
Interrelationship Diagram
Process Design Programme Chart
Tree Diagram
PDCA or Deming Cycle
Affinity Diagram for Brainstorming
Gathering large amount of language data (ideas, opinions, issues, etc.) organizes into
subgroups based on the natural relationship between each of them. It is largely a
creative rather than a logical process.
When to use an affinity diagram?
• Facts or thoughts are in disorder
• Breakthrough in traditional concepts is needed. When the only solutions are old
solutions trying an affinity can expand the team’s thinking
• An affinity is not recommended for a problem when:
- It is simple
- Requires a quick solution
Step 1: Describe the Problem or Issue
Why is customer service sub-standard
Step 2:
Generate ideas by brainstorming. Write each idea on a separate sticky note and put
these on a wall or flip chart. Remember to: Why is customer service sub-standard

- Emphasize volume
- Suspend judgement
- Piggyback on other ideas
Summary
Affinity diagrams are great tools for assimilating and understanding large amounts of
information. When you work through the process of creating relationships and working
backward from detailed information to broad themes, you get an insight you would
not otherwise find. The next time you are confronting a large amount of information or
number of ideas, and you feel overwhelmed at first glance, use the affinity diagram
approach to discover all the hidden linkages. When you cannot see the forest for the
trees, an affinity diagram may be exactly what you need to get back in focus.
Assignment-1
• Choose a system of Inquiry that suits your current Architecture Design Project. Provide reasons and
relevance for choosing it. Develop a Research Question and its Research Objective in an A4
document and submit it as a PDF file with you name and roll number by 21-09-2023.
Lecture-3: Research Types & Approaches

22nd Sep 2023

Recap
• PBR/ DBR Vs. Academic Research

• Inquiry & Inquiring Systems

• RQs & ROs

Writing Research Questions

There Shall be three questions asked. WHAT, WHAT, HOW. The golden rule is to have three questions.
https://youtu.be/1oJNO6PYZe4

Writing Research Objectives

The objectives shall correspond to the research questions asked. There are three possible levels of
Research Objectives i.e.
1. To Identify, Classify, outline, discuss [it provides the background]
2. To Explore, critically evaluate, assess, examine, analyse, determine [it suggests in depth research]
3. To Formulate, produce, develop, recommend, propose [orientate towards concluding activity]
 Examples of RQs and their ROs
RQs What is the importance of master planning in designing educational facilities?
What makes physical environment supportive in learning of students in school?
How can a climate responsive and functional school be designed for rural areas of Punjab?
ROs To explore school master planning approaches in climates of Punjab.
To examine the healthy and comfortable environment for the students.
To understand naturally ventilated spaces in response to the climate.
To examine temperature providing landscape, green patches, and climatic instruments.
To propose a climate response school for various climates of Punjab, Pakistan.
RQs What are the types of master planning and spatial organisation features that encourage interactivity and interaction in a university
campus?
What are the suitable spatial planning elements that enhance conducive learning and productivity in an academic environment?
How can a space enrich educational experience in a university campus in Pakistan through landscaping and spatial organisation?
ROs To understand suitable spatial planning elements to enhance conducive learning and productivity in an academic environment
To design a campus that enriches the educational and spiritual experience through spatial organization and landscaping.
To assess various campus master planning approaches and spatial features for encouraging interaction in a university campus.
RQs What are the major air pollution challenges to Lahore?
What are the architectural solutions to reduce air pollution in Lahore?
How can architecture help in reducing air pollution on building at urban scale?
ROs To Identify and assess the environmental challenges faced by Lahore.
To Identify possible solutions to cater air pollution through architectural means.
To design a building in urban setting that control air pollution through architectural means.
 Methodologies in Architectural Research
• What is methodology?

Source: Saunders et al, (2008)

Methodologies in Architectural Research
• What is methodology?

A system of methods used in a particular area of study/activity for inquiring the concept of focal points.

• What is Research Methodology?

Refers to the overarching approach, principles, and framework that guide the entire research process. It
includes the philosophy of research, research design, and data collection and analysis methods.

• What is Research Methods?

Refers to the specific techniques, procedures, and tools used to gather and analyze data during a
research study. It is a subset of the broader methodology.
Research Approaches
• Inductive & Deductive

inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive aims at testing an existing theory
 Research Approaches
• Inductive & Deductive: A reasoning tool

inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive aims at testing an existing theory

Source: Tronchim & Donnelley, (2006)

Research Approaches
• Inductive & Deductive

inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive aims at testing an existing theory

Inductive

Specific Pattern General

Observation recognition conclusion

Deductive

Formulation Accept/
Existing Analyze
of Collect Data Reject
theory Data
hypothesis hypothesis
Research Approaches
• Inductive & Deductive (developing a theory vs testing an existing theory)

Aspect Inductive Deductive

Bottom-up reasoning: Starts with specific Top-down reasoning: Begins with a general theory
Reasoning Process observations or data and moves toward or hypothesis and derives specific predictions or
general conclusions or theories. observations.
Hypotheses or theories are generated based Hypotheses are formulated first, and data collection
Hypothesis Formation
on patterns or observations in the data. is designed to test or confirm these hypotheses.
To generate new theories, concepts, or To test and confirm the validity of existing theories
Goal generalizations based on observed patterns in or hypotheses by aligning them with empirical
the data. observations.
Data collection precedes theory or hypothesis Data collection is guided by predefined hypotheses
Data Collection
formation. or theories.
Emphasizes exploration, discovery, and open- Emphasizes hypothesis testing, confirmation, and
Exploration vs. Testing
ended inquiry. structured inquiry.
Commonly used in qualitative research and Commonly used in quantitative research and
Applicability
exploratory studies. confirmatory studies.
Research Approaches
• Inductive & Deductive (developing a theory vs testing an existing theory)

Aspect Inductive Deductive

Often leads to the development of new Typically involves testing and refining existing
Theory Development
theories or hypotheses. theories or hypotheses.
1. Data collection 2. Pattern identification 1. Theory/hypothesis formulation 2. Prediction
Process Sequence 3. Theory or hypothesis formation 4. generation 3. Data collection 4. Hypothesis
Further testing or verification testing
More flexible and adaptive, allowing for More structured and focused, with a clear plan
Research Design iterative cycles of data collection and for data collection based on predefined
theory refinement. hypotheses.
- Qualitative research - Grounded theory - Controlled experiments - Surveys - Statistical
Examples
- Content analysis analysis
Success is measured by the generation of Success is measured by the extent to which
Goal Assessment new insights, theories, or knowledge. data confirms or supports the existing theory
or hypothesis.
Class Activity: Research Approach Sort
Step 1: Divide into two groups of inductive and deductive

1 minute
Research Approach Sort
Step 2: Further sub-divide into small groups of 5-6 within inductive and deductive

Make a Tag for your team starting with “Inductive” or “deductive” e.g. Inductive Titans, deductive
Challengers etc.
Research Approach Sort
Step 3: Create an architectural research scenario for your group based on your chosen approach, each

describing a research project or inquiry. Here are a few examples: 3 minutes

Inductive Approach Scenario Deductive Approach Scenario
A researcher conducts open-ended interviews with a A medical researcher tests the hypothesis that a new drug
diverse group of individuals to explore their reduces cholesterol levels in patients by conducting a
experiences with public art installations. controlled experiment.

A team of scientists observes a new species of plant in An economist collects data to confirm or refute the
the wild and records its behavior and interactions with hypothesis that an increase in minimum wage leads to higher
other species. unemployment rates.

A sociologist studies a community to develop a theory A linguist analyzes the speech patterns of bilingual children
about the factors that contribute to social cohesion, to test the hypothesis that exposure to two languages affects
starting without any predefined hypotheses. language development.
Research Approach Sort
Step 4: Consider the presence or absence of hypotheses, data collection methods, and the sequence

of research steps in making their decisions. 5 minutes

Deductive

Formulation Accept/
Existing Analyze
of Collect Data Reject
theory Data
hypothesis hypothesis

Inductive

Specific Pattern General

Observation recognition conclusion
Research Approach Sort
Step 5: Prepare a presentation to show your categorizations and explanations

5 minutes
Research Approach Sort
Step 6: Class Discussion
Lecture-4: Research Types & Approaches

29th Sep 2023 (Eid Milad-un-Nabi Holiday)

Lecture-4: Research Types & Approaches

Ar. Zahid Usman

6th Oct 2023 Associate Professor
Recap, and Remaining Presentations
Qualitative Research
• Define qualitative research.

• Emphasize its focus on understanding complex phenomena through in-depth exploration.

• Discuss the use of techniques like interviews, observations, and content analysis.

• Example: Qualitative research in architecture may involve exploring the emotional experience of a
building's design.
What is Qualitative Research
• Qualitative research is an exploratory research approach.

• It seeks to understand complex phenomena through in-depth exploration.

• Focuses on the richness and depth of data rather than numerical measurements.
Qualitative Research: Understanding a complex phenomena
• Qualitative research delves into the intricate aspects of a subject.

• It aims to uncover underlying meanings, motivations, and experiences.

• Complexity is embraced, and context is considered crucial.

Qualitative Research: Techniques and Examples
• Qualitative research employs methods like interviews, observations, focus group discussion,
ethnographies, case studies and content analysis.

• Example: In architecture, qualitative research may explore the emotional experience of a building's
design.

• Researchers may use in-depth interviews to understand how occupants perceive and interact with
architectural spaces.
Qualitative Research: Architectural Example
• Exploring User Experience: Researchers may conduct in-depth interviews and observations to understand how occupants
experience and interact with architectural spaces. This can provide insights into the emotional, social, and functional
aspects of a building's design.

• Studying Design Processes: Qualitative research can delve into the creative processes of architects and designers.
Interviews, think-aloud protocols, and design diaries can uncover the decision-making, inspirations, and challenges faced
during the design phase.

• Assessing Cultural Significance: When studying historic architecture or cultural heritage sites, qualitative research methods
like ethnography can help capture the cultural significance, rituals, and traditions associated with these structures.

• Analyzing Sustainable Design: Researchers may employ content analysis to examine architectural documents and reports,
exploring how sustainable design principles are integrated into architectural practice and assessing their impact on
building performance.

• Evaluating Community Engagement: Qualitative methods such as focus groups and participatory design workshops can
be used to engage communities in the design process. This research assesses community needs, preferences, and
perceptions of architectural projects
 Steps in Qualitative Research Process

Source: Emerensia, X (2020)

Quantitative Research
• Explain its emphasis on numerical data, measurements, and statistical analysis.

• Discuss common quantitative methods such as surveys and experiments.

• Aims to quantify relationships and test hypotheses.

• Example: Quantitative research in architecture might involve assessing the energy efficiency of
building materials through data analysis.
Quantitative Research: Emphasize numerical data & Measurements

• Quantitative research relies on numerical data and objective measurements.

• It seeks to establish relationships using statistical analysis.

• Precision and objectivity are core principles.

Quantitative Research: Common Methods
• Common quantitative methods include surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis of existing data.

• Surveys gather structured data through questionnaires.

• Experiments involve controlled conditions to test hypotheses.

Quantitative Research: Architectural Example
• In architecture, quantitative research may assess the energy efficiency of building materials.

• Researchers collect numerical data on factors like insulation properties and conduct statistical
analysis.

• The goal is to make data-driven decisions for sustainable design.

 Steps in Quantitative Research Process

Source: Emerensia, X (2020)

Mixed-Method Research
• Mixed methods research is an approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative research
methods within a single study.

• It combines the strengths of both approaches to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a

research problem.

• Mixed methods research involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting both numerical and textual
data.
Mixed-Method Research: How to combine Quan+Qual
• Mixed methods research integrates the depth and richness of qualitative data with the precision and statistical
analysis of quantitative data.

• Researchers use both approaches in a complementary manner, allowing one to inform and validate the other.

• This approach often involves collecting qualitative data first, followed by quantitative data, or vice versa.
Mixed-Method Research: Benefits
• Mixed methods research is particularly valuable for addressing complex research questions that cannot be fully
explored using only qualitative or quantitative methods.

• It allows researchers to triangulate findings, enhancing the credibility and validity of the research.

• This approach provides a more holistic view, offering a deeper understanding of the research problem by
examining it from multiple angles.
Mixed-Method Research: Architectural Example
• Example 1: Assessing Building Performance

• Researchers may conduct a mixed-method study to assess the performance of a sustainable building. Qualitative
methods, such as interviews and observations, can capture user experiences and feedback on the building's design
and functionality. Quantitative measurements, including energy consumption data and indoor environmental quality
metrics, provide objective performance indicators

• Example 2: Evaluating Urban Design Impact

• A mixed-method approach can be used to evaluate the impact of an urban design project. Qualitative surveys and
interviews with residents and stakeholders can gather perceptions and opinions on the project's social and aesthetic
aspects. Quantitative data, such as traffic flow data or property value assessments, can measure the project's objective
impact on the community.

• Example 3: Heritage Preservation Studies

• When researching historic preservation, mixed methods can be employed. Qualitative research may involve
ethnographic studies and oral history interviews to understand the cultural significance of a historic site. Quantitative
methods can assess the structural integrity of the site through materials testing and architectural surveys
Mixed-Method Research: Architectural Example
• Example 4: Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE)

• In POE studies, mixed methods combine user satisfaction surveys and qualitative interviews with quantitative data on
building performance. This approach provides insights into both user experiences and the technical aspects of a
building's functionality.

• Example 5: Community Centered Design

• Researchers can use mixed methods to engage communities in the design process. Qualitative methods like focus
groups and participatory design workshops gather community input and preferences. Quantitative data, such as
demographic surveys or spatial analysis, can support data-driven design decisions.
Mixed-Method Research: Architectural Example
• Example 6: Sustainable Campus Design Assessment

• Research Question: How can sustainable design principles be effectively integrated into the campus architecture to
enhance both environmental sustainability and user satisfaction?

• Mixed-Method Approach

• Qualitative Component: Researchers conduct in-depth interviews and focus groups with students, faculty, and staff to
gather qualitative data on their perceptions of sustainability in campus design. They explore their experiences,
preferences, and suggestions for sustainable campus features.

• Quantitative Component: The research team conducts environmental assessments using quantitative measures such
as energy consumption, water usage, and waste generation. They also collect data on the financial costs and savings
associated with sustainable design features.
Mixed-Method Research: Architectural Example
• Example 6: Sustainable Campus Design Assessment

• Integration

• Researchers integrate the qualitative findings (e.g., user preferences for green spaces and natural lighting) with the
quantitative data (e.g., energy consumption reduction achieved by solar panels and energy-efficient HVAC systems).

• Triangulating data helps researchers make informed recommendations for campus design modifications that balance
environmental sustainability with user satisfaction. For example, they may propose the addition of solar panels based
on their quantitative cost-benefit analysis, while ensuring that the panel placement aligns with user preferences
identified qualitatively.

• Benefits

• The mixed-method approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the research problem. It combines the
subjective experiences and preferences of campus users with objective data on sustainability metrics.

• It helps in designing environmentally sustainable campuses that are also user-friendly, addressing the complex
challenge of balancing ecological goals with user satisfaction.
Mixed-Method Research: Architectural Example
• Example 6: Sustainable Campus Design Assessment

• Integration

• Researchers integrate the qualitative findings (e.g., user preferences for green spaces and natural lighting) with the
quantitative data (e.g., energy consumption reduction achieved by solar panels and energy-efficient HVAC systems).

• Triangulating data helps researchers make informed recommendations for campus design modifications that balance
environmental sustainability with user satisfaction. For example, they may propose the addition of solar panels based
on their quantitative cost-benefit analysis, while ensuring that the panel placement aligns with user preferences
identified qualitatively.

• Benefits

• The mixed-method approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the research problem. It combines the
subjective experiences and preferences of campus users with objective data on sustainability metrics.

• It helps in designing environmentally sustainable campuses that are also user-friendly, addressing the complex
challenge of balancing ecological goals with user satisfaction.
 Steps in Mixed Method Research Process

Source: Rao, D. & Shiyanbola, (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.04.015

Comparison of Qual, Quan & MM
Qual, Quan & MM Approaches
Aspect Qualitative Approach Quantitative Approach Mixed Method Approach
Nature & Exploratory, in-depth exploration Structured, hypothesis-driven Integrates both qualitative and
Approach quantitative methods
Non-numerical (textual, visual) Numerical (data points, Both non-numerical and
Data Type
measurements) numerical data
Interviews, observations, content Surveys, experiments, statistical Qualitative and quantitative
Data
analysis, surveys analysis, questionnaires methods such as interviews,
Collection
surveys, observations, and
Methods
statistical analysis
Thematic analysis, content Statistical methods (e.g., Qualitative analysis (e.g.,
Analysis analysis, narrative analysis regression, t-tests, ANOVA) thematic coding) and
Techniques quantitative analysis (e.g.,
statistical tests)
Understanding meanings, Testing hypotheses, making Comprehensive understanding
Objective
motivations, and experiences generalizable conclusions and triangulation
Qual, Quan & MM Approaches
Aspect Qualitative Approach Quantitative Approach Mixed Method Approach
Rich insights, depth, Objectivity, generalizability, Comprehensive view, data
Strengths
and context precision triangulation
Subjectivity, limited Oversimplification, may miss Resource-intensive, complex
Limitations
generalizability, time-consuming context, may lack depth analysis
User experiences, design Building performance Complex research questions,
Applications processes, cultural significance assessment, impact evaluation, post-occupancy evaluations
demographic studies
Exploring emotional experiences Assessing energy efficiency of Sustainable campus design
Examples of architectural spaces, studying building materials, urban design assessment, community-
design processes impact evaluation centered design research
Not Required Not Required Integration of qualitative and
Integration quantitative findings for a
holistic view
Common methods in architectural Research
• Case Studies

• Surveys

• Interviews

• Experimental Design

• Observation

• Content Analysis

• Ethnographic Research

• Historical Research

• Simulation and Modelling

• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

• Photography and Visualization

• Environmental Monitoring

• Community Engagement and Participatory Design

Lecture-5: Literature Review &
Critical Analysis

Ar. Zahid Usman

6th Oct 2023 Associate Professor
Lit Rev in Architectural Research
• The importance of literature review

• Strategies in doing a literature review

• Managing a literature

• Deciphering a literature

• Putting together a literature

• Discussion and conclusion

Ask yourself before starting the research
• The questions I wish to answer are a worthy research?

• Do I know my stuff sufficiently?

• The methodology I chose is the best ‘doable way’ of getting the answer to the questions?
Lit Rev in Architectural Research
• An interpretation and synthesis of published work

Read Published work Interpretation Synthesis

• Study a wide range of • Explain the significance • Creation of an ‘integrated

print-and web-based and interpret the whole’ – Coherent
materials evidence presented in argument of the study
each piece of literature – that you are doing
not simply listing what
others have written
Lit Rev in Architectural Research: Benefits/ Purpose
• Acts as a foundation of the research & Provides a comprehensive understanding of existing knowledge in the
field.

• Help in identifying gaps, trends, and areas of exploration, also helps in development of RQs & ROs.

• Promotes robust methodology and data collection (common to the field)

• Attain a good knowledge of the field of inquiry – facts, scholars, etc.

• Proposed research is really needed

• Helps to narrow the problem

• Generation of hypothesis or RQ

• Commencement a long-term study of interest

Literature Review
• The wider context of your inquiry

• The main parameters of your field

• Key debates, recent developments and what’s been done already

• Key ideas and concepts that you may use or criticize

• Research method that we could use (or avoid) in our own study

• Supporting evidence for your arguments

Lit Rev in Architectural Research: Reason
1. Focuses on previous research

2. Shows how you study fills the ‘gap’

3. The necessity and rationale of your study

4. Set boundaries of your study

Lit Rev in Architectural Research: Role
• Contextualizing Research:

• Literature reviews place architectural research within the context of previous studies and the evolution of
architectural knowledge.

• They help researchers understand where their work fits into the larger architectural discourse.

• Supporting Informed Decision-Making:

• In architectural practice, literature reviews inform design decisions by providing evidence-based insights and
design principles.

• Architects use them as references to create user-centric, sustainable, and innovative designs.
Lit Rev in Architectural Research: Key Components
• Contextualizing Research:

• Literature reviews place architectural research within the context of previous studies and the evolution of
architectural knowledge.

• They help researchers understand where their work fits into the larger architectural discourse.

• Supporting Informed Decision-Making:

• In architectural practice, literature reviews inform design decisions by providing evidence-based insights and
design principles.

• Architects use them as references to create user-centric, sustainable, and innovative designs.
Literature Review
Planning for Literature Review
Literature Review: Ensure
• What is known about the broad topic I am researching and from what types of literature?

• What are the most important ‘landmark’ works within the field, referred to regularly in other
studies?

• What method and methodologies are being used to research the area I am interested in?

• What theoretical and conceptual frameworks are being used to understand the field?
Literature Review: Reading Strategy
Literature Review: Reading Strategy
Information sources What it does Examples

General sources Provides an overview of a certain topic and acts as Daily newspapers, news weeklies,
a lead to where more information can be found magazines, Reader’s Guide to
Literature

Secondary sources Provides a level of information once removed Books on specific subjects, reviews
from the original work of research

Primary sources The original reports of the original work Journals, abstracts, Scholarly
books, ERIC

Do not review textbooks, government document, unpublished document, manuscripts.

Literature Review: Managing
• Organizing Information: Summarize, tabulate

• Analysing Information: Note taking, summarize the key findings, extracting critical facts/ arguments,
examine evidence, understand interpretation
Literature Review: Reading critically
Literature Review: Skills to digest Literature