Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Bond strength of FRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete

Ahmed Godat ⇑, Shaima Aldaweela, Hamda Aljaberi, Noura Al Tamimi, Ebtesam Alghafri
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain (Abu Dhabi), United Arab Emirates

h i g h l i g h t s

Experimental tests to examine the bond of FRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete.

Glass, carbon and basalt FRP bars are tested using the direct pull-out test.

No difference in the bond behaviour of FRP bars when recycled aggregates used.

Recycled aggregate enlarges the bearing friction between BFRP bars and concrete.

BFRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete have post-peak slip hardening behaviour.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study presents an experimental program conducted to investigate the bond strength of FRP bars in
Received 12 April 2020 recycled-aggregate concrete compared to the one in normal-aggregate concrete for better evaluation of
Received in revised form 31 August 2020 the results. The experimental program contains thirty six specimens that are tested using the direct
Accepted 12 September 2020
pull-out test. In this study, glass, carbon and basalt FRP bars are used with 12 mm diameter and bar bond
Available online 9 October 2020
length of 5d, where d is the bar diameter. The FRP bars are casted in different recycled-aggregate concrete
strengths of 30, 45 and 60 MPa. The behaviour of bars in natural-aggregate concrete strength of 30 MPa is
Keywords:
used as a benchmark and its behaviour is compared with the ones in recycled-aggregate concrete. The
FRP bars
Recycled-aggregate concrete
impact of the concrete strengths considered is identified based on the gain in the bond behaviour. The
Direct pull-out test experimental results demonstrate the promise of the recycled aggregates as an alternative to natural
Bond strength aggregates in FRP reinforced concrete. In addition, the use of recycled aggregate enlarges the bearing fric-
Bond stress–slip relations tion behaviour between the FRP bars and concrete. Analytical models proposed in the literature for the
Analytical models bond behaviour of FRP reinforced concrete are compared with the experimental results obtained here.
Organgun et al. equation, and the CMR and the BPE models can accurately predict the bond strength,
and bond stress–slip behaviour, respectively, of FRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction gate gives the recycled-aggregate concrete a rougher surface that

increases its bond strength with respect to natural-aggregate con-
Sustainability has become one of the key parameters in the con- crete. However, recycled-aggregates are waste of demoted build-
struction industry. Coarse aggregates constitute around 65% by ings that pose workability of the concrete and consequently
weight of a non-air entrained concrete, while cement occupy only reduces its compressive strength [4–7]. A common method to
16% to 18% of concrete mix by weight. The Environmental Protec- overcome this drawback of recycled-aggregate concrete is to mea-
tion Agency estimated 569 million tons of demolished buildings in sure the amount of absorbed water in order to maintain the mixing
United States in 2017 [1]. This amount is predicted to increase up water constant [8–10].
to 2.2 billion by 2025 [2]. The use of coarse recycled aggregate in Considerable research studies have been carried out to investi-
concrete members is a beneficial way to reduce the energy con- gate the impact of using variable percentages of recycled aggregate
sumption, to maintain natural resources, and reduces the carbon to replace the natural ones on the properties of hardened concrete.
foot print of the concrete [3]. The bonded mortar to recycled aggre- Poon et al. [11], Butler et al. [12], Fonseca et al. [13] and Kou and
Poon [14] obtained that high percentages of recycled aggregate
⇑ Corresponding author. decrease the concrete compressive strength, tensile strength and
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Godat), [email protected] elastic modulus, whereas an increase in the concrete compressive
(S. Aldaweela), [email protected] (H. Aljaberi), [email protected] strength was reported by Evangelista and Brito [15], Gomes and
(N. Al Tamimi), [email protected] (E. Alghafri).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120919
0950-0618/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

Brito [16], Mefteh et al. [17], Kim and Yun [18] and Guerra et al. 2. Experimental program
[19]. The variation on the properties of hardened concrete can be
attributed to the source and quality of original coarse aggregates, 2.1. Material description
and various processes of crushing and screening of recycled
aggregates. The test specimens were prepared using 100% recycled coarse
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars such as glass, carbon and aggregates imported from a local supplier of demolition waste
basalt have gained wide acceptance to replace the steel bars as treatment and recovery plant. The particle size distribution was
internal reinforcement in concrete structures. FRP bars is a carried out and it was found similar to the one of natural aggregate.
non-corrosive material that offers a promising solution to infras- This indicates that the recycled aggregate used in this study is suit-
tructure decay since it prolong their service life and reduces the able for concrete manufacturing. The recycled aggregate had a size
maintenance cost. Hence, FRP as a reinforced material for con- between 5 and 20 mm with amount of adhered mortar on the recy-
crete members is needed for durable and sustainable construc- cled aggregate, as shown in Fig. 1. In order to ensure the workabil-
tions. FRP reinforced concrete is successfully applied in several ity of the concrete mixes, the rate of water absorption of coarse
fields of hydraulic engineering, building construction, highway aggregate was determined ahead of mix preparations. Following
and other structures due its outstanding mechanical properties the ACI-E1 [26], the rate of water absorption was 4.9% due to the
[20–21]. One of the utmost important concepts in reinforced presence of adhered mortar. The experimental program targeted
concrete members is the bond between the reinforcement and three concrete strengths: 30, 45 and 60 MPa. The concrete strength
the concrete. Therefore evaluating the bond of FRP bars in recy- was selected to be a parameter for study in order to investigate the
cled aggregate is an essential requirement for reinforced con- bond behaviour for high strength concrete. In addition, this selec-
crete structures. tions is to follow the new engineering practice of using high-
The bond performance of steel bars in recycled-aggregate con- strength concrete with FRP reinforcement. The concrete strength
crete have been investigated by a number of studies. Seara-Paz of 30 MPa was obtained based on the BS 8500 [27]. For the con-
[7], and Kim and Yun [18] reported that the decrease in the bond crete strength of 45 MPa, the concrete mix of BS 8500 [27] for
strength is relatively proportional to the percentage of replace- 60 MPa was employed. The mix proportions proposed by the PCA
ment of recycled aggregate. Clearly, low amount and small size [28] for high-performance concrete of 89 MPa were used to have
of coarse recycled aggregates increase the concrete compressive a concrete strength of 60 MPa. In this study, natural-aggregate con-
strength and the bond properties. In addition, the increase of crete with strength of 30 MPa was taken as a basis of comparison.
coarse aggregate size reduces the bond strength. This finding con- The constituent content for each concrete strength along with the
tradicts the one obtained by Kim and Yum [22] and Prince [23], measured slump is provided in Table 1. The concrete compressive
who reported that the increase of bond strength follows the strength was determined using standard cubes of 100-mm sides.
increase of coarse recycled aggregate size. There are few studies Both concrete cubes and pull-out specimens were cured at a tem-
that were carried out to investigate the performance of FRP rein- perature of 23 ± 2 °C and a humidity of 95% for 28 days. The aver-
forced recycled-aggregate concrete. Two research studies in the age strength for recycled-aggregate concrete were 34, 47 and
available literature have addressed the bond behaviour between 63 MPa, whereas it was 37 MPa for the natural-aggregate concrete.
recycled-aggregate concrete and GFRP bars [24] and BFRP bars In order to explain the effect of the recycled aggregates on the
[25]. The first study considered only GFRP bars with various ratios concrete compressive strength, the water-to-cement ratio and
of recycled aggregates. The latter study investigated the bond old mortar on the surface of recycle aggregates should be consid-
strength of BFRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete without ered. The absorbed water was estimated and maintained identical
benchmarking the bond strength results in natural-aggregate con- for all concrete strengths considered in this study. The water-to-
crete. Baena et al. [24] stated that no difference in the GFRP bond cement ratio was highlighted by many researchers that it largely
behaviour between natural and recycled-aggregate concrete. It affect the concrete compressive strength. On the other hand, the
necessary to note that no study in the available literature has car- concrete prepared using recycled aggregates has two bond sur-
ried out to examine the bond behavior of carbon (CFRP) bars in faces: (i) recycled aggregate and old mortar, and (ii) recycled
recycled-aggregate concrete as well as to compare the bond behav- aggregate and new mortar. These issues were suggested to affect
ior of the three types of FRP bars (CFRP, GFRP and BFRP) in the compressive strength for recycled-aggregate concrete and limit
recycled-aggregate concrete. The replacement of steel bars by
GFRP bars as a reinforcing material became a common technique
as a result of comprehensive research studies. However, the
amount of research studies to explore the replacement of
natural-aggregate concrete by recycled-aggregate concrete is at
its early stage due to limited number of research studies. Therefore,
the use of natural-aggregate concrete as a benchmark is essential
to evaluate the bond performance of FRP bars in recycled-
aggregate concrete.
Based on the controversial and limited studies that have
been carried out to investigate the bond performance of FRP
bars in recycled-aggregate concrete, this study attempts to
address the bond behaviour of various FRP bars (glass, carbon
and basalt) in recycled-aggregate concrete using the direct
pull-out test. The findings from this research study are expected
to further understand the FRP bond behaviour towards
recycled-aggregate concrete and its consideration in concrete
design codes. The analytical models proposed in this paper
are intended to predict the bond behaviour of FRP bars in
Fig. 1. Recycled aggregates.
recycled-aggregate concrete.

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A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

Table 1
Concrete mix proportions and slump results.

Mix strength Cement Water Sand Aggregate Silica fume Water plasticizer Retarder Slump
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (L/m3) (mm)
RC 30 448 203 610 1073 – – – 35
RC 45 600 210 517 1073 – – – 20
RC 60 500 135 700 1100 30 14 1.8 15
NC 30 448 203 610 1073 – – – 95

its strength when a high one is targeted. It should be mentioned RC45-2 refers to basalt FRP bar, in 45 MPa recycled-aggregate con-
that the visual inspection of failure planes of concrete cubes for crete strength, and it is the second specimen in this group.
the concrete compressive strength were identical compared to
the ones of natural aggregate. Clearly, the failure plane for both 2.3. Test setup and procedure
types of aggregates occurred in the new mortar around the
aggregate. Fig. 5(b) shows the test setup of the specimens. All specimens
Pultruded glass, carbon and basalt FRP bars were utilized in this were subjected to pull-out testing following the standard ASTM
study with 12-mm nominal diameter. Prior to the pull-out test, standard D7913/D7913M (2014) [30] procedure. The tests were
tensile tests were carried out to characterize the mechanical prop- carried out using a Baldwin testing machine in displacement con-
erties of the bars following the ASTM standard (D7205/D7205M trol mode of 1.2 mm/min in order to capture the post-peak beha-
2016 [29]). The elastic modulus, ultimate elongation and ultimate viour. The bar was extended by 60 mm through the bottom end
strength were similar to the manufacturer characteristics. The of the block to capture the slip, which was measured using a linear
mechanical properties of the bars as reported by the manufacturer variable displacement transducer (LVDT). The applied pull-out load
are presented in Table 2. The surface of CFRP bars were uniform and the bar slippage were recorded automatically throughout the
with constant sand coating (Fig. 2a), whereas the BFRP bar surface test. The test was stopped when no more load could be carried
contained sand coating with shallow spiral indentations (Fig. 2b). by the bar.
The GFRP bars had a ribbed surface along the bar (Fig. 2c). The
actual diameter of the FRP bars was larger than the nominal diam- 3. Experimental results
eter by 2 mm.
This section presents the experimental results in terms of bond
2.2. Test specimens stress–slip relations, bond strength and failure modes. The results
are analysed based on the influence of the concrete strength, types
Cubic wooden moulds with 200 mm-side were used to prepare of concrete, and FRP bar elastic modulus. In this study, the maxi-
the pull-out test specimens. FRP bars with 1000 mm length were mum bond stress (smax), which indicates bond strength in this
used in this study. For all bars, the bond length was maintained study, is calculated as follows:
as 5d, where d is the nominal bar diameter. Prior to casting, plastic Pmax
smax ¼ ð1Þ
tubes wrapped the FRP bars to ensure the desired bond length pdLd
(Fig. 3a). The bond length was located at the other end of the cube
opposite to the pull-out direction. The other side of the FRP bar was where Pmax is the maximum bond load; Ld is the bond length. It
inserted in a steel pipe casted with cement grout to avoid the should be mentioned that the nominal bar diameter (12 mm) is
crushing of the bar in the grip of the testing machine, as presented used to calculate the bond strength. The slip is considered to be
in Fig. 3(b). The FRP bars were concentrically positioned in the the difference in displacement between the concrete and the FRP
moulds, as shown in Fig. 4(a). The vertical concentric position of bar in the direction opposite to the applied load, which is taken
the FRP bars after concrete casting was ensured by wooden plates directly from the LVDT’s readings. Table 3 presents the maximum
fixed at the top end of the moulds, as depicted in Fig. 4(b). bond load and the corresponding maximum slip, and the bond
The test matrix is listed in Table 3. The recycled-aggregate con- strength along with the failure modes for the tested specimens.
crete strength was one of the parameters considered in this study
(30, 45 and 60 MPa), and 30 for natural-aggregate concrete. For 3.1. Bond stress–slip relations
each concrete strength, three specimens were prepared in order
to ensure the reliability of the test results. The configuration of Representative curves for the specimens investigated are shown
pull-out specimens is depicted in Fig. 5(a). The specimens were in Fig. 6(a–c) to illustrate the bond stress–slip relations obtained
designated as follows: the first term indicates the bar material type for the different specimens in terms of concrete strength for BFRP,
(C for carbon, B for basalt and G for glass) along with the bar diam- GFRP and CFRP bars, respectively. Fig. 6(e and f) compares the bond
eter. The second term stands for the concrete strength (RC for stress–slip relations for FRP bars in recycled and natural-aggregate
recycled-aggregate concrete, and NC for natural-aggregate con- concrete, respectively, at the same concrete strength. In some spec-
crete) along with the desired concrete strength, and the last term imens, the slip was not fully recorded due to the sudden layover of
marks the order of the specimen in the test. For instance, B12- the LVDT.
The overall bond stress–slip behaviour is characterized by an
initial increase in the bond stress with little slip, which is known
Table 2 as the micro-slip stage. When the maximum stress is attained,
Mechanical properties of FRP bars.
the debonding between the bar and the surrounding concrete is
Bar Tensile strength Ultimate strain Elastic modulus initiated and the load is transferred towards the unloaded end.
type (MPa) (%) (GPa) Hence, the rate of slip increases with the load until the failure of
CFRP 2800 1.8 155 the specimen. The bond stress–slip relationship is nonlinear until
BFRP 1017 2.2 48 the maximum load level is reached. For BFRP bars, the load remains
GFRP 1270 2.2 57
almost constant for any further increase in slip once the maximum
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A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

Fig. 2. FRP bars: (a) CFRP bars; (b) BFRP bars, and (c) GFRP bars.

Fig. 3. Preparation of FRP bars before casting concrete: (a) plastic taping of FRP bar, and (b) FRP bar in steel pipes.

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A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

Fig. 4. Preparation of specimens: (a) concrete casting in wooden molds, and (b) adjusting the verticality of steel bars.

Table 3
Bond test matrix and test results.

Specimen Concrete type Concrete Maxi mum Average bond Average bond Average max. Failure mode
strength (MPa) bond load (kN) load (kN) stress (MPa) Slip (mm)
C12-RC30-1 Recycled- 30 49.2 44.6 19.7 0.04 Bar pull-out
C12-RC30-2 aggregate 36.6 Bar pull-out
C12-RC30-3 concrete 48.4 Bar pull-out
C12-RC45-1 45 43.7 45.7 20.2 0.02 Bar pull-out
C12-RC45-2 46.0 Bar pull-out
C12-RC45-3 47.3 Bar pull-out
C12-RC60-1 60 67.8 66.8 29.5 0.07 Bar pull-out
C12-RC60-2 65.6 Bar pull-out
C12-RC30-3 67.0 Bar pull-out
B12-RC30-1 30 57.7 55.9 24.7 4.19 Bar pull-out
B12-RC30-2 57.0 Bar pull-out
B12-RC30-3 52.9 Bar pull-out
B12-RC45-1 45 61.6 62.7 27.7 9.08 Concrete splitting
B12-RC45-2 62.9 Concrete splitting
B12-RC45-3 63.7 Concrete splitting
B12-RC60-1 60 64.7 63.3 28.0 1.02 Concrete splitting
B12-RC60-2 63.7 Concrete splitting
B12-RC60-3 61.6 Concrete splitting
G12-RC30-1 30 58.5 57.1 25.2 2.17 Bar pull-out
G12-RC30-2 51.8 Bar pull-out
G12-RC30-3 61.0 Bar pull-out
G12-RC45-1 45 56.1 52.0 23.0 2.01 Bar pull-out
G12-RC45-2 49.0 Bar pull-out
G12-RC45-3 51.0 Bar pull-out
G12-RC60-3 60 64.6 58.8 26.0 3.34 Concrete splitting
G12-RC60-3 59.2 Concrete splitting
G12-RC60-3 52.6 Bar pull-out
C12-NC30-1 Normal- 30 48.6 45.5 20.1 0.15 Bar pull-out
C12-NC30-2 aggregate 39.3 Bar pull-out
C12-NC30-3 concrete 48.4 Bar pull-out
B12-NC30-1 52.9 54.5 24.1 2.86 Bar pull-out
B12-NC30-2 53.5 Bar pull-out
B12-NC30-3 57.0 Bar pull-out
G12-NC30-1 49.5 45.9 20.3 2.21 Bar pull-out
G12-NC30-2 42.2 Bar pull-out
G12-NC30-3 46.1 Bar pull-out

stress has been reached, which defined in this study as slip harden- (recycled and natural-aggregate concrete). The figure shows that
ing. The constant bond stress with the continuous increase of slip is similar bond stress–slip curves until the maximum bond stress
attributed to the high bearing friction between the BFRP bars and are obtained for the same concrete strength regardless of the type
concrete. In CFRP specimens, the ascending branch is followed by of aggregate used (B12-NC30 and B12-RC30). The two specimens
an abrupt descent when the maximum bond stress has been showed similar stiffness behaviour in the early phase of the test.
attained. In addition, the slip corresponding to the peak bond stress remains
Fig. 6(a) shows the bond stress–slip relationships obtained for almost unchanged. In the B12-RC30 specimen, the post-peak slip
specimens B12-NC30, B12-RC30, B12-RC455 and B12-RC60. These hardening is fluctuating and almost constant when the maximum
specimens have different concrete strengths and concrete types load is attained. This behaviour is a consequence of the pullout

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A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

Fig. 5. Pullout test: (a) geometry of test setup, and (b) test setup.

load on the bar, which produces confinement action that results in branch is short because failure occurred immediately after the des-
high bearing resistance between the concrete and the bar. For B12- cent began.
RC45 specimen, there is no slip recorded in the specimen after Fig. 6(d) shows the bond stress–slip relations for B12-RC30,
reaching the bond strength, as shown in Fig. 6(a). This occurred G12-RC30 and C12-RC30 specimens. It can be observed that the
because the LVDT did not record slips when the maximum bond type of aggregate and concrete strength have no effect on the ini-
load was attained due to the concrete splitting failure mode. The tial stiffness of the bond stress–slip curves because the initial stiff-
post-peak branch of specimen B12-RC60 was captured although ness of all the curves is almost identical. The figure indicates that
the failure mode was concrete splitting. the slip corresponding to the maximum bond stress for CFRP bar
Fig. 6(b) presents the bond stress–slip relationships for speci- is very small compared to the other specimens. Due to the different
mens with GFRP bars. The curves of GFRP bars in recycled- surface treatments of BFRP (sand-coated with spiral indentations),
aggregate concrete don’t show appreciable differences in the bond GFRP (ribbed), CFRP (sand-coated) bars, various post-peak beha-
stress–slip relations compared to the one in natural-aggregate con- viours of the types of bars is accounted for. Note that the bar
crete. No post-peak slip hardening behaviour of the GFRP bond pull-out failure mode was observed for these specimens regardless
stress–slip curves is obtained as that for the BFRP bars in of the change in bar type. The weak slip performance of CFRP bars
recycled-aggregate concrete. From the figure, it can be observed in concrete may explain the limited use of CFRP bars to external
that the change of concrete strength has no effect on the initial strengthening of structures rather than internal reinforcement
stiffness of the bond stress–slip curves as well as the slip corre- applications.
sponding to the maximum bond stress, which is almost identical In Fig. 6(f), no difference is observed between the B12-NC30 and
for all the curves. It is obvious from these curves that the same G12-NC30 in terms of bond stress–slip behaviour. The figure indi-
descending behaviour is obtained for all GFRP specimens. This cates that similar slip values corresponding to the maximum bond
result follows the one obtained by Baena et al. [24], who reported stress are measured for the specimens with BFRP and GFRP bars,
that bond stress–slip behaviour of GFRP bars is not affected by the whereas the bond stress–slip behaviour of CFRP bars is comparable
type of aggregate used. to the one observed in recycled-aggregate concrete. This test
Fig. 6(c) shows the bond load–slip relation for C12-RC30, C12- results demonstrate the promise of BFRP bars as an alternative to
NC30, C12-RC45 and C12-RC60 specimens. The figure indicates GFRP bars in FRP reinforced concrete, since the two bar types have
that for recycled-aggregate concrete although the bond stress is comparable bond mechanisms. Therefore, the BFRP bars can
similar to the ones with BFRP and GFRP bars, the slips correspond- replace the GFRP ones since the bond development and deteriora-
ing to the maximum bond stress (0.006 mm) and at failure tion are similar. The comparison between Fig. 6(d) and (e) indicates
(0.04 mm) are smaller compared to the ones recorded for the other that the bond stress–slip behaviour of B12-RC30 is different from
types of FRP bars (Fig. 6c). This phenomena can be attributed to the that of B12-NC30 specimen. For the aforementioned specimen,
failure mode observed in all CFRP bar specimens, which is bar pull- the post-peak slip hardening behaviour is obtained, whereas a tra-
out failure regardless of the change in recycled-aggregate concrete ditional descending follows the ascending is observed in the latter
strength, as provided in Table 3. The values of slip at the maximum specimen. This difference in bond stress–slip behaviour can be
bond load (0.02 mm) and at failure (0.15 mm) are higher in attributed to the rougher surface of recycled aggregates due to
natural-aggregate concrete compared to the ones in recycled- the bonded mortar that increases its bond strength with respect
aggregate concrete. In many CFRP bar specimens, the descending to natural aggregate concrete.

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A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

Fig. 6. Experimental bond stress-slip relations: (a) effect of concrete strength for CFRP bars; (b) effect of concrete strength for BFRP bars; (c) effect of concrete strength for
GFRP bars; (d) FRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete, and (f) FRP bars in natural-aggregate concrete.

The analysis of results presented in Fig. 6(d and e) indicate that dent on the surface treatment and no concern should be given to
significant difference in the bond stress–slip relations is obtained the concrete grade. Based on the results obtained in this study,
for BFRP bars. This leads to the conclusion that the recycled- the pull-out failure mode can be avoided when sufficient concrete
aggregate concrete modify the bond mechanism in terms of bond strength is secured.
development and failure process between the BFRP and concrete, All specimens with 30 MPa concrete strength failed in pull-out
which is different from natural-aggregate concrete. This may be failure with no cracks observed at the surface of concrete block after
attributed to the different surface treatment of BFRP bars (sand failure, as depicted in Fig. 7(a–c), for CFRP, BFRP and GFRP bars,
coated with spiral indentations). The post-peak slip hardening respectively. Visual inspection shows low damage to surface of
behaviour observed in BFRP bars can be attributed to the wedging the BFRP and GFRP bars regardless of their surface treatment. It
action, which is a consequence of a confinement action exerted by can be noticed that the bar outer surface was peeled off at the direc-
the surrounding concrete on the BFRP bar and increases the bear- tion of unloaded end. In addition, no concrete particles adhered to
ing resistance of the bond mechanism. the FRP bar after failure. It can be mentioned that the failure was
governed by the shear strength interface at the FRP bar layers rather
3.2. Bond failure modes than the interface between the FRP bar and the concrete. For CFRP
bars, it can be noticed that the bar outer surface was completely
A summary of failure modes observed during the pull-out tests damaged along the location of contact between the bar and con-
are provided in Table 3. The experimental results demonstrate that crete at all concrete strengths. At the direction of loaded end, the
the concrete strength has a significant influence on the failure bar outer surface was with no apparent damage sign.
mode. This result is different from the one obtained by Baena For the BFRP bars in 45 and 60 MPa as well as GFRP bars in
et al. [24], who mentioned that failure mode for FRP bars is depen- 60 MPa, the concrete splitting is dominant failure mode, where

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A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

Fig. 7. Bond failure modes: (a) pullout failure of CFRP bars; (b) pullout failure of BFRP bars; (c) pullout failure; (d) concrete splitting failure of BFRP bars, and (d) BFRP bar after
concrete splitting failure.

the concrete block is separated in two pieces at the location of the Once the bond breaks, the friction between the bar surface and
FRP bar, as shown in Fig. 7(d) and (e). The failure was brittle with concrete controls the bond mechanism. Achillides and Pilakoutas
no advance warning of crack on the concrete block side surfaces. [35] reported that the FRP bars bond depends on the bar diameter
The concrete splitting failure indicates the proper bond between regardless of its fibre material. The average slip results listed in
the FRP bar and the concrete, which prevents the occurrence of Table 3 show that the average slip of 4.19, 9.08 and 1.02 mm are
pull-out failure. In some cases, the FRP bars was still attached to measured for BFRP bars in 30, 45 and 60 MPa, respectively, com-
the concrete after the splitting failure mode. These results are iden- pared to 2.17, 2.01 and 3.34 mm and 0.042, 0.022 and 0.065 are
tical to the ones observed for pull-out bond behaviour in natural- reported for GFRP and CFRP bars, respectively. These finding
aggregate concrete [31–34]. demonstrate that the maximum slip in BFRP bars in recycled-
The average slip measured at the unloaded end of the bars cor- aggregate concrete is higher of that occurred by GFRP and CFRP
responding to the maximum bond stress are shown in Table 3. Slip bars. The maximum slip is to 2.86, 2.21 and 0.15 mm for the BFRP,
initiates when the bond broke between the FRP bar and concrete. GFRP and CFRP bars in natural-aggregate concrete.

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A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

3.3. Influences on bond strength bar, the increase of concrete strength from 30 to 45 MPa provided
an increase of 12% in the bond stress. When the concrete strength
3.3.1. Influence of concrete strength is increased from 45 to 60 MPa, smaller percentage of increase in
Concrete strength has an important influence on the bond the bond strength is found compared to the previous increase. This
strength, which increases with increasing the concrete strength indicates that for recycled-aggregate concrete the further increase
[36]. The study of El Refai et al. [31] on BFRP bars in natural- in the concrete strength may not add additional increase to the
aggregate concrete revealed that the high concrete strength has bond strength. This can be attributed to the bond mode of failure.
no effect on the bond strength. In this study, the results of bond For low concrete strength (30 MPa), the failure mode was FRP bar
strength from three concrete compressive strengths (30, 45 and pull-out, whereas the increase of concrete compressive strength
60 MPa) are investigated to determine its impact on the bond (45 and 60 MPa) converted the failure to concrete splitting. This
strength. result is identical to the conclusion of El Refai et al. [31].
Relationships between the various types of concrete strengths For GFRP bars, the recycled-aggregate concrete strength had no
for BFRP, GFRP and CFRP bars are presented in Fig. 8(a). The figure noticeable impact on the bond strength. Fig. 8(a) and Table 3 show
is prepared based on the bond strength obtained for the three that the increase of recycled-aggregate strength does not imply
strengths of recycled-aggregate concrete considered in this study significant changes to bond strength. This may indicate that when
as well as the natural-aggregate concrete. For CFRP bars, Fig. 8(a) the failure mode is FRP bar pull-out, the bond strength is more
shows that the bond strength is almost identical for the recycled- dependent on the shear strength interface of GFRP bar layers more
aggregate and natural-aggregate concrete at strength of 30 MPa. than the concrete strength. This result is in accordance with the
This indicates that the use of recycled-aggregate concrete does one reported by Baena et al. [24]. Finally, experimental results con-
not alter the bond mechanism and maintain the same bond perfor- firm the effect of concrete strength on the bond strength and bear-
mance as natural-aggregate concrete. However, this may not be ing resistance, which increases with increasing the concrete
true in all circumstances because the quality of recycled- compressive strength.
aggregate concrete depends on to the source of original coarse
aggregates, and the processes of screening recycled aggregates. 3.3.2. Influence of FRP bar elastic modulus
Caution should be paid to the amount of water absorbed due to It is documented in the available literature that the bond
the presence of adhered mortar. strength for FRP bars is significantly affected by its material
For recycled-aggregate concrete strength of 45 MPa, no notice- [31,35]. This can be understood from the fact that the type of
able impact on the bond strength is obtained compared to the FRP fibres and resins have a great influence on its mechanical prop-
one in 30 MPa. Higher recycled-aggregate concrete strength erties and therefore its bond strength. Fig. 8(b) shows the influence
(60 MPa) results in an increase in the bond strength. For the BFRP of the FRP bar material type on the bond strength for recycled and

Fig. 8. Effect of various parameters on bond strength: (a) effect of concrete strength, and (b) effect of elastic modulus.

9
A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

natural-aggregate concrete based on the average results. In the bars in natural-aggregate concrete is 2.62. It should be mentioned
current study, the bond strength of the BFRP, GFRP and CFRP bars that for 45 MPa, the bar failed at the maximum slip with no post-
in recycled-aggregate concrete demonstrated similar bond peak slip behaviour.
strength although there is an appreciable difference in their elastic GFRP bar specimens showed average ductility ratios of 4.52,
modulus. Note that the BFRP and GFRP bars has comparable elastic 4.73 and 2.40 for 30, 45 and 60 MPa, respectively. The lower duc-
modulus, which is significantly lower compared to that of CFRP tility ratio of GFRP bars compared to BFRP bar specimens may be
bars. attributed to that the GFRP bars showed an abrupt change from
The similar results of the bond strength for the FRP bars can be ascending to descending when reaching the maximum bond stress.
explained based on the surface deformations of the two materials. The ductility ratio of GFRP bars in natural-aggregate concrete is
BFRP bars considered in this study were sand-coated with spiral 3.23. The CFRP bars showed the lowest and constant ductility,
indentations, whereas a ribbed surface and uniform sand- which is 1 for all concrete strength grades (30, 45 and 60 MPa)
coating was the treatment for GFRP and CFRP bars, respectively. as well as the natural-aggregate concrete strength. The poor ductil-
Epoxy resins were used to bond the fibres in BFRP and CFRP bars, ity ratio of CFRP bars can be explained by the separation of the
whereas vinylester resin was considered for GFRP bars. As previ- sand-coated surface from the core of the bar. The remaining
ously mentioned, for the specimens with 30 MPa recycled- smooth surface of the bar failed to provide enough resistance to
aggregate concrete the failure mode occurred in the interface of the pull out force.
the bar outer surface layer with no effect observed in the bar An important observation from the experimental tests is that
core. This indicates that the failure bond strength of FRP bars is the post-peak slip hardening is the dominant behaviour for BFRP
governed by the surface treatment irrespective to its fibre type. bars. It indicates that these bars restore their bond strength till
In addition, this result shows the superiority of the sand- the failure. The slip hardening of the of BFRP bars in recycled-
coating with spiral indentations (used for BFRP bars) treatment aggregate concrete can be explained by the followings: (i) the
over the other surface treatments. development of friction between the bar and the concrete due to
the surface treatment of the bar and rougher surface of recycled
3.4. Ductility ratio aggregates, and (ii) the contribution of the undamaged part of
the bar when entered the embedded zone.
The ductility, or post peak slip, describes the bond stress–slip
behaviour of FRP bars after attaining the maximum bond stress. 4. Theoretical analysis
As well, it indicates the additional resistance of FRP bars to pull-
out force along the descending branch. With the increase of ductil- In this section, a brief review of the available proposed analyt-
ity, the bond capacity is enhanced. In this study, the interfacial slip ical models in the literature of the bond strength and bond
is investigated based on the slip values since the bond strength stress–slip relationship for the FRP reinforced concrete are pro-
results are similar for the FRP bars considered. It should be men- vided along with the reliability of each model to predict the exper-
tioned that the maximum slip (smax) is the one corresponding the imental results. The analytical models presented in this study aims
maximum bond stress, and the ultimate slip is the one at zero to identify a general law for FRP reinforced recycled-aggregate con-
pull-out stress. crete and to determine its parameters by curve fitting to experi-
Fig. 9 compares the ductility ratio of the BFRP, GFRP and CFRP mental results.
specimens at various recycled-concrete strengths compared to
the natural-aggregate concrete. The ductility is evaluated for each
4.1. Bond strength
FRP bar at different concrete strengths as a ratio between the ulti-
mate to the maximum slip. Test results show that BFRP bars exhi-
Based on the experimental results obtained in this study, it can
bit average ductility of 4.57, 1.00 and 14.10 for 30, 45 and 60 MPa,
be mentioned that the bond strength of FRP reinforced concrete is
respectively. The high ductility ratio of BFRP bars can be attributed
dependent on the concrete compressive strength as well as other
to the friction resistance of the bar, which is mainly based on the
parameters. Previous research studies reported that the bond
surface treatment. In addition, the effect of undamaged part of
strength of FRP or steel reinforced concrete is a function of con-
the bar that may be involved in the resistance at the occurrence
crete compressive strength by considering the square root of the
of the slip can add additional resistance. The ductility ratio of BFRP
concrete compressive strength [37–39]. In this study, the models
proposed in these studies are considered and their applicability
for the FRP bond strength in recycled-aggregate concrete is
verified.
In order to estimate the bond strength for FRP reinforced
natural-aggregate concrete, fib [37] distinguish between two cases
based on the failure mode: (i) concrete splitting failure, where the
bond strength is calculated as follows:
qffiffiffiffi
0
smax ¼ 2:5 f c ð2Þ

(ii) pullout failure, where the bond strength is estimated based

on the following equation:
qffiffiffiffi
0
smax ¼ 1:25 f c ð3Þ

It should be noted that no equation is provided in the fib [37] for

the FRP rupture failure.
Orangun et al. [38] proposed the following equation to estimate
Fig. 9. Ductility ratio of FRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete compared to the bond strength of steel reinforced natural-aggregate concrete,
natural-aggregate concrete. which is:
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A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

qffiffiffiffi 
0 C db Cosenza et al. [40] (CMR model) as a modification of Eligehausen,
smax ¼ 0:083045 f c 1:2 þ 3 þ 50 ð4Þ
db lb Popov and Bertero (BPE) model. The latter model consists of an
ascending and descending branches to simulate the pre- and
where C is the average value of Cs and Cb; Cs is the minimum half post-peak bond behavior, respectively. The two branches are given
clear spacing or side cover; Cb is the concrete cover; lb is the bar with the following expressions:
bond length. In this study, the value of Cb is the one considered
 a
and it is taken as half the concrete block width (100 mm). Darwin s s
¼ ð6Þ
et al. [39] modified Eq. (4) to: smax smax
qffiffiffiffi 
C C max db
0
smax ¼ 0:083045 f c ð1:06 þ 2:12 Þð0:92 þ 0:08 Þ þ 75 s
db C min lb ¼ 1  pðs  smax Þ=smax ð7Þ
smax
ð5Þ
where a and p are curve fitting parameters. In the CMR model, a sin-
where Cmin is the minimum among Cx, Cy and Cs/2; Cmax is the max- gle equation is developed to describe both the ascending and
imum among Cx, Cy and Cs/2; Cx is the side cover; Cy is the bottom descending branches of the bond stress–slip relations as:
covers; Cs is the spacing between bars. To apply Eq. (5) in this study,
s  s b
the ratio of Cmax/Cmin is taken as 1.0. This is attributed to the nature ¼ 1  esr ð8Þ
of the bond test carried out in this study, which is a single bar cen-
smax
tered in a cubic concrete block. where sr and b are curve-fitting parameters.
The experimental results are compared with the theoretical In this study, the initial predictions of the curve-fitting param-
predictions of the four Eqs. (2) to (5) in Table 4. From the results eters proposed by Cosenza et al. [40] are considered. They reported
provided in the table, the fib predictions are lower than the exper- that the curve-fitting parameters for the interfacial behavior of FRP
imental results. The average bond strength calculated according to reinforced concrete are dependent on the bar surface treatment.
the fib equations is 42% (standard deviation of 0.17) lower than the Cosenza et al. [40] suggested values of 0.145 and 1.870 for a and
experimental measurements. The discrepancy between the theo- p, respectively, when smooth-surfaced bars are considered. For
retical predictions and experimental results is reasonable because sand-coated bars, they suggested to use higher values for a and p
Eqs. (3) and (4) do not include any term to define the bond length compared to the one of smooth-surfaced bars based on the fact
nor the bar diameter. In addition, the low predictions can probably that these bars exhibit stiffer bond stress–slip behavior.
due to the conservative nature of the design guideline. Therefore, In order to fit the experimental bond stress–slip relations for
these equation need to be updated to take into account such terms. recycled-aggregate concrete to the predicted curves, different
Satisfactory predictions are obtained when implementing Eqs. curve-fitting parameters are proposed from the ones of Cosenza
(4) and (5) although it were developed for bonded steel bars in et al. [40]. The objective is to calibrate the values of curve-fitting
natural-aggregate concrete. This may be attributed to the fact that parameters while minimizing the difference between the theoret-
these equations considered the various terms that are essential in ical and experimental bond stress–slip curves. It is necessary to
predicting the bond strength, such as concrete compressive mention that for the BPE model, same values of curve-fitting
strength, FRP bar bond length and bar diameter. The average pre- parameters are predicted regardless of the bar surface treatment
dictions are 84% (standard deviation of 0.11) and 75% (standard nor the bar material type. It is obtained that a and p are 0.1 and
deviation of 0.10) for Eqs. (4) and (5), respectively, lower than 0.025, respectively. In the CMR model, the best fit for sr and b is
the experimental results. From Table 4, it can be observed that 0.8 and 0.5, respectively, for the BFRP and GFRP bars. For the CFRP
Eqs. (4) demonstrate the experimental results with higher accu- bars, it is 0.8 and 0.5 for sr and b, respectively.
racy. The accuracy of the prediction decreases for BFRP bars when Representative results of the comparison between the theoret-
the concrete strength is 30 MPa. The high accuracy of Eq. (4) to pre- ical curves obtained using the modified BPE model and the CMR
dict the bond strength make it the appropriate candidate for the model compared to the experimental results are depicted in
bonded FRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete. Fig. 10(a–f) for CFRP, BFRP and GFRP bars. It should be mentioned
that the comparison is carried out for only the ascending branch of
4.2. Bond stress–slip models the bond stress–slip curves. From the figure, it is obvious that both
models show very good agreement compared to the experimental
In this study, the bond stress–slip models proposed in the liter- results. The advantage of the CMR model is the use of two curve-
ature to describe the bond behavior of FRP reinforced concrete are fitting parameters to describe the bond stress–slip curve. Few dis-
employed to calibrate the experimental bond stress–slip relations. crepancies are observed between the theoretical and experimental
The first one is the double-branch model that was proposed by curves of the bond stress–slip relations in the post-peak slip hard-

Table 4
Comparison between theoretical and experimental bond strength.

Specimen Average Stress (Exp) s fib (MPa) s Orangun (MPa) s Darwin (MPa) fib (Theo/Exp) Orangun (Theo/Exp) Darwin (Theo/Exp)
C12-RC30-L5 19.7 6.8 17.3 15.3 0.35 0.88 0.78
C12-RC45-L5 20.2 8.4 21.2 18.8 0.42 1.05 0.93
C12-RC60-L5 29.5 9.7 24.5 21.7 0.33 0.83 0.73
B12-RC30-L5 24.7 6.8 17.3 15.3 0.28 0.70 0.62
B12-RC45-L5 27.7 16.8 21.2 18.8 0.61 0.77 0.68
B12-RC60-L5 28.0 19.4 24.5 21.7 0.69 0.88 0.78
G12-RC30-L5 25.2 6.8 17.3 15.3 0.27 0.69 0.61
G12-RC45-L5 23.0 8.4 21.2 18.8 0.37 0.92 0.82
G12-RC60-L5 26.0 19.4 24.5 21.7 0.75 0.94 0.83
C12-NC30-L5 20.1 6.8 17.3 15.3 0.34 0.86 0.76
B12-NC30-L5 24.1 6.8 17.3 15.3 0.28 0.72 0.64
G12-NC30-L5 20.3 6.8 17.3 15.3 0.33 0.85 0.76

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A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

Fig. 10. Comparison between theoretical and experimental bond stress–slip relations.

ening branch. This can be attributed to the fluctuation nature of the
In general, there is no negative impact on the pull-out bond
experimental curves. behaviour of FRP bars when coarse recycled aggregate used.
The initial stiffness and maximum bond stress were identical
5. Conclusions for recycled-aggregate and natural-aggregate concrete;

In the case of recycled-aggregate concrete, an increase in bond
An experimental investigation was carried out with the objec- stress and a change in the failure mode from pull-out to con-
tive of understanding the bond performance of carbon, glass and crete splitting can be obtained by enhancing the concrete
basalt FRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete. To this end, various strength;
strengths of recycled-aggregate concrete that may have a major
The use of BFRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete resulted
influence on the bond performance was investigated. In this study, post-peak slip hardening behaviour. This can be attributed to
the bond performance of FRP bars in natural-aggregate concrete the friction resistance of the bar, which is mainly due to the
was used as a benchmark for comparison. From analytical stand BFRP bar surface treatment and the rougher surface of recycled
point, some equations proposed in the literature to estimate the aggregates. An abrupt descending behaviour was observed for
bond strength were employed to predict the one for FRP bars in CFRP bars;
recycled-aggregate concrete. The BPE modified model and the
The equation of Orangun et al. predicted the maximum bond
CMR model were proposed with new curve-fitting parameters to stress for FRP bars in recycled-aggregate concrete with high
simulate the bond stress–slip curves of FRP bars in recycled- accuracy. Due to the small amount of data available on this
aggregate concrete. Based on the results obtained in this study, topic, this equation cannot be recommended for practical
the following conclusions can be drawn: engineers;

12
A. Godat, S. Aldaweela, H. Aljaberi et al. Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021) 120919

Highly accurate results were obtained using the BPM and the [9] J.R. Jiménez, J. Ayuso, M. López, J.M. Fernández, J. Brito, Use of fine recycled
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Declaration of Competing Interest [22] Sun-Woo Kim, Hyun-Do Yun, Influence of recycled coarse aggregates on the
bond behavior of deformed bars in concrete, Eng. Struct. 48 (2013) 133–143.
[23] M.J.R. Prince, Bond behavior between recycled aggregate concrete and
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- deformed steel bars, Mater. Struct. 47 (3) (2014) 503–516.
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared [24] M. Baena, L. Torres, A. Turon, M. Llorens, C. Barris, Bond behaviour between
to influence the work reported in this paper. recycled aggregate concrete and glass fibre reinforced polymer bars, Constr.
Build. Mater. 106 (2016) 449–460.
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Acknowledgements aggregate concrete reinforced with basalt fiber, Constr. Build. Mater. 135
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[26] ACI E1–16,, ‘‘Aggregate for concrete”, American Concrete Institute, ACI
The authors express their appreciation to the Research Affairs committee E-701, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016.
Office at the United Arab Emirates University for financial support [27] BS 8500, Complementary British Standard to BS EN206‘‘, Part 1-Methods of
of the project under fund grant #G00003194. The authors are specifying and Guidance for the Specifier, London, UK, 2015.
[28] PCA, ‘‘High-performance concrete”, Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures
grateful to Al-Ain Recycling Plant for providing the coarse 16th 2016, Washington USA.
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lamin, Faisal Abdulwahab (technician) and Al Hoty-Stanger Labo- of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars, West Conshohocken, PA,
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