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Is 11371-2022

Method of Macro Testing and Inspection

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667 views12 pages

Is 11371-2022

Method of Macro Testing and Inspection

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rose.karthik25
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© © All Rights Reserved
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snreciher area Is 14374 : 2022 Indian Standard ‘Amal gamating I$ 11371 and 18 13105 | facat geara searel & Heat atta, Fatteror atte fer & fore fafa (ween Freier ) Method for Macroetch Testing, Inspection and Rating of Wrought Steel Products (First Revision ) Ics 77,040.99 Bis 2022 set aT =a) BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS ars ga, 9 HEI wRwC aM, af Feet - 110000 MANAK BHAVAN, @ BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG. NEW DELHI-110002 ww.bis.covin wiaw.standardebis in April 2022 Price Group 4 Metallography and Heat-Treatment Sectional Committee, MTD 22 FOREWORD ‘This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, afer the draft finalized by the Motallography and Heat-Treatment Sectional Committee had been approved by the Metallurgical Engineering, Division Coun ‘This standard was fst published in 1985. In che custent revision, inspection and rating of using macroeteh test for steel product have been included which were previously covered separately in IS 13015 : 1991 ‘Macroetch testing, inspection and rating of stel product’ the Committee decided to merge IS 11371 : 1985 Methods for Macroetch test wrought steel and IS 13015 : 1991 Macroetch testing, inspection and rating of steel product as IS 11371 In this revision following modifications have been made: a) Sampling plan have been added, +b) Clause on Preparation of sample has been added; ©) Clause on Macroetchants for stel have been modified to inelude all reagents; and 4) Clause on Examination of Specimens has been added. ‘The composition of the Committee and the Panel responsible for the formulation of this standard is given at Annex C. For the purpose of whether a particular requirement of ths standard is complied withthe final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 2022 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( second revision ). The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value inthis standard as 11371 : 2022 Indian Standard METHOD FOR MACROETCH TESTING, INSPECTION AND RATING OF WROUGHT STEEL PRODUCTS (First Revision ) 1 SCOPE 1.1 This standard covers the method of macroctching, for evaluating weought steel products, such a8 bars, billets, looms, sheets, plates and forgings. 1.4.1 This method is limited in application to wrought products of carbon and alloy stels 2 TERMINOLOGY For the purpose of this standard, the following {efinitions shall apply. 2A Dendritic Structure — Primary crystals of {dendritic structure formed during solidification of ste!, still remaining aller working, 2.2 Ingot Pattern — A pattern developed during solidification of the ingot which appears as a zone of {demarcation between the columnar and heterogeneous region of ingot and persists even after reduction to the stage of inspection 2.3 Segregation — Variation inthe density of corosive elfect caused by segregstion during solidification. ‘When this phenomenon occurs atthe central portion it is called centre segregation, 2.4 Porosity or Looseness — A spongy pattern caused by the development of fast corrosive elfect onthe entre section or the central portion of te steel material, 2.5 Pit/Pin Hole — A spotty pattem of small visible Cavities caused by etching out of inclusions or ‘microconstituents from the finished surface of the specimen, 2.6 Pipe —A discontinuity associated with segregated impurities caused by shrinkage during. solidification ff steel. This may be carried through the various ‘manufacturing processes tothe finished product. 2.7 Burst — A distinct pattem of cracks inthe central von without any segregated impurities caused by {improper forging or rolling. 2.8 Seam, Laps — A surface imperfection on wrought sel due to folding of one portion ofthe surface metal lover another at any stage of working without being unwelded 2.9 Thermal Cracks or Flakes — Short discontinuous intemal eracks eaused by stresses produced by localized transformation and hydrogen solubility effects during cooling after hot working. Also called shatter eracks and hairline cracks, 2.10 Flow Lines — Lines which appear on the polished ‘and macroetched surface of a metal and indicate the rection in which plastic flow has taken place during fabrication, 3. GENERAL USES 3.1 Significance The data obtained from macro examination of steol provides important indications regarding heterogeneity of a material and consequently determine its serviceability. Macroetch test method is used as an ‘evaluating technique for revealing: 4) Variations in structure, such as grain size, flow lines, columnar structure, dendrites, etc; ') Variations in chemical composition as evidenced by segregation, coring, ete; and ©) Presence of discontinuities and voids produced ‘during mannfactare such as seams, lps, porosity, flakes, bursts, rupture eracks, ete. 4 SAMPLING 4.1 Sampling Plan When in accordance with the requirements of the enquiry or contract, forgings, billets, blooms, ete, are subjected to macroetch testing and inspection, the sampling plan shall be made as per the agreement bberween the manufacturer and the purchaser and shall include the following: 4) The stage of manufacture at which the test shall be carried out; }) Location and umber of specimen per test to be ‘examined; and ©) The ype, size, number, location and orientation of heterogeneities that are considered injurious. NOTE — When not species the grosodue of the test 1s 11371 : 2022 4.2 Selection of Samples ‘By macroetching appropriately selected samples/seetions at an carly stage of manufacture, defeotive material may be detected early thereby avoiding wasteful end product Sampling may be done after ingot breakdown and after ‘ost chances of bursts and fakes occurring have passed. ‘While stages of examination shall depend on agreement between manufacturers and the purchasers, itis usually carried out at semi-finished and/or finished stage. Sampling may be dane systematially or on a random 4.3 Billets, Blooms and Hot-Rolled Products Discs are usually cut from these products near the ends covering entire eross section ofthe product 4.4 Forgings Discs may be cut transverse to the long dimension to reveal defects like eracks, bursts, flakes, ete. For revealing flow lines, forgings should be cut parallel to the long dimension, [NOT — The dts et rom hoes progs or fringe thiknes and maximus 75 ei cron eton wl do, 5 PREPARATION OF SAMPLE 5.1 Sampling preparation need not be elaborate. Any ‘method for preparing a smooth surface with minimum amount of cold work will be satisfactory, 5.2 For hol mill products, such as bars, billets, ete the dise cut with parting tool is prepared by facing on @ lathe or by grinding. But the specimen must be kept sufficiently cool to prevent heating the surface to an ‘excessively high temperature 5.3 For inspection purpose, finishing on 120 grit grinding wheol or on No, 00 or No, 000 emery papers should be done, when maximum amount of detail careful preparation may be necessary to provide @ smooth surface with a minimum amount of cold work. This is achieved by polishing the specimen with @ series of metallographic papers to obtain the desired smooth polished surface. It should be ensured that the polished surface of the specimen remains free from contal 6 MACROETCHANTS FOR STEEL, Selection of macro etchants for steel depends on the purpose of examination and types of alloy grades (ee Annex A: Table 1). The reagents should be of good quality but need not be of analytical grade, The solution should be clean, clea, free from suspended particles, scum, etc, Maximum precautions are to be taken while handling, mixing or beating the chemicals. 7 PROCEDURE 7.1 Mactoetching should be carried out in containers which shall be fairly resistant to the attack of the etching reagents, Dishes or trays made of porcelain, hheat resistant glass or a corrosion resistant glass or & corrosion resistant alloy may be used as etch tanks. 7.2 The prepared specimen should be put directly into the etching solution with the surfaces to be examined either face up or vertical to permit the gas generated to escape freely, The specimens being etched should not be too close to each other orto the tank, ifit is metallic, te avoid non-uniform etching, ‘7.3 Whenctehing is caried out above room temperature, the etchant should be first heated to the requiced femperature and then the specimen is immersed in it To get best reproducible resuls, especially when the total volume of the specimen is higher to the volume of the solution, the specimen should also be heated in a wwater-bath, (othe etching solution temperature, before immersed in the hot etchant, 7A The etching periods, recommended in Table 1 are only intended as guide. The time required to {develop the desired results in a particular test may be

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