INTRODUCTION

An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from
plants. They are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea etc. Essential oils are
made up of highly volatile substances which can be extracted from numerous plant species.
Distillation based recovery processes such as steam and Vacuum distillation are preferred for
the extraction of essential oils from plant materials. Virtually all naturally occurring essential oils
are made up of hydrocarbons such as camphene, pinene, limonene, phellandrene cedrene, and
oxygenated hydrocarbons such as alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones, lactones,
phenols and organic acids. The essential oil get their odours from the oxygenated compounds
contained in them and these confer stability on the oil against oxidation. The hydrocarbons are
less stable and they are responsible for the degradation observed in the oils. The hydrocarbons
contained in the essential oils are often removed so that the oils can be more stable and still
retain their odours and flavours.

EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL
OIL :-

● Mainly by steam
distillation method.

Steam Distillation is the most popular method used to extract and isolate essential oils from
plants for use in natural products. This happens when the steam vaporizes the plant material’s
volatile compounds, which eventually go through a condensation and collection process.

● STEAM DISTILLATION PROCESS

A large container called a Still, which is usually made of stainless steel, containing the plant
material has steam added to it.

Through an inlet, steam is injected through the plant material containing the desired oils,
releasing the plant’s aromatic molecules and turning them into vapor.

The vaporized plant compounds travel to the condensation flask or the Condenser. Here, two
separate pipes make it possible for hot water to exit and for cold water to enter the Condenser.
This makes the vapor cool back into liquid form.

The aromatic liquid by-product drops from the Condenser and collects inside a receptacle
underneath it, which is called a Separator. Because water and oil do not mix, the essential oil
floats on top of the water. From here, it is siphoned off. (Some essential oils are heavier than
water, such as clove essential oil, so they are found at the bottom of the Separator.)
EXTRACTION
Of
ESSENTIAL OIL PRESENT IN

SAUNF(ANISEED)
Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an essential oil, known as `Oil of Aniseed`, which has now
replaced the fruits for medicinal and flavoring purposes. Aniseed oil is a colorless or pale-yellow
liquid having the characteristic odor and taste of the fruit. The yield of oil generally varies from
1.9 to 3.1 per cent. Higher values up to 6 per cent have been reported from Syrian aniseed.
Crushing of fruits prior to distillation gives better yields of oil. The material should be distilled
soon after the crushing to prevent any loss of oil due to evaporation. Aniseed oil is a highly
refractive liquid, which solidifies on cooling. The congealing point depends much on the
anethole content and is a valuable criterion for evaluating the oil. Exposure of the oil to air
causes polymerization, and some oxidation also takes place with the formation of anisaldehyde
and anisic acid. The chief constituent of aniseed oil is anethole, which is present to the extent of
80 to 90 per cent and is mainly responsible for the characteristic flavor of the oil. The oil also
contains methyl chavicol, p-methoxyphenyl acetone, and small amount of terpenes and sulfur
containing compounds of disagreeable odour.
Aniseed Essential Oil
● Common Method of Extraction:- Steam Distillation
● Color:- Clear
● Botanical:- Pimpinella anisum
● Aromatic Description:- Distinctive scent of licorice. Rich and sweet.
● Constituents:- a-pinene, camphene, B-pinene, linalool, cis-anethole, trans-anethole,
safrole, anisaldehyde, acetylanisole.
● Uses of Aniseed Oil:-
1.In aromatherapy, aniseed essential oil is used to treat colds and flu.
2.Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both hunting and fishing. It is put
on fishing lures to attract fish. 3.Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor
that can eventually produce
2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is can be used in the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic
drugs such as 2C- B, 2C-I and DOB.
4.Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an aromatic carminative to relieve flatulence, and
as an ingredient of cough lozenges in combination with liquorice.
5.Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide against small insects such as head lice,
mites and vermin. It also has fungicidal properties.
Extraction of saunf essential oil method.
REQUIREMENTS:- Steam generator (Copper Vessel), round bottom flask (500 ml), conical
flask, condenser, glass tubes, iron stand, sand bath, separatory funnel, tripod stands, burners,
Petroleum ether(60-80°C),Saunf(Aniseed) .
PROCEDURE:-
● Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup. The apparatus
consists of a steam generator connected to the round bottom flask through a glass inlet
tube.
● The flask is connected to a water condenser through a glass outlet tube.
● Condenser is further attached to a receiver through an adaptor.
● Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator and start heating to produce steam.
● In the round bottom flask take about 75 gm of crushed saunf. A vigorous current of
steam from steam generator is passed through the round bottom flask. A part of the
steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more and more steam is passed, the
steam volatile components of saunf pass through the condenser along with steam.
● These contents on condensation are collected in the receiver. The contents in the round
bottom flask may be heated by a bunsen burner to prevent excessive condensation of
steam.
● The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour. Transfer the
distillate to a separating funnel and extract with 20 ml portions of petroleum ether 3
times.
● Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry it with the help of
anhydrous sodium sulphate. Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful
distillation in a water bath.
● The essential oil is left behind in the distillation flask.
OBSERVATION:-
Saunf (Aniseed):- Weight of Saunf taken = 100 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle=10gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11.25 gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/100)*100=1.25 %
Color of the oil = Colourless Odour of the oil = Saunf like smell.

CAROM(AJWAIN)
Carom seeds are also known as
ajwain , Thymol seeds, Onum , Ajma , Ajmoda and bishops weed. They are the tiny, cute,
delicate and oval shaped herbs with a penetrating fragrance. Carom seed belongs to the family
of cumin and parsley. These seeds have been used since years as they consists number of
medical properties. Because of their strong aroma, carom seeds are highly used for the Indian
culinary.
● Botanical name : Trachyspermum ammi
● Common Method of Extraction: Distillation
 ● Aroma: Warm, Pungent, Peppery
● Extraction: Ajwain oil is extracted from the crushed seeds of ajwain by the method of
steam distillation.
Chemical composition: The main constituents of the ajwain oil are thymol, gamma-terpinene,
p cymene, and beta-pinene. Alpha-pinene, alpha- thujene, beta-myrcene, carvacrol, limonene,
and terpinen-4-ol.There are variations in the composition of ajwain oils depending upon the
region where it is cultivated. For instance, ajwain oil collected from Southern India is rich in
thymol
● Uses OF AJWAIN:
1. It is used for skin alignments.
Ajwain can help with pimples. It is used as digestive aid. One can treat indigestion, ulcers, and
various other bacterial infections of the gut with ajwain seeds and essential oil.
2.It is Useful in aromatherapy, ajwain oil offers calming sensations that relieves neuralgia and
migraines.
3.Carom seeds are sharp and hot with the burning taste, that’s why
few seeds are enough to bring the flavor in any Indian recipe. Carom Seeds can be whole or
powdered one. It is always advisable to buy whole carom seeds as they can be easily turned
into powder form just by grinding them in a smooth powder.

Extraction of carom essential oil method.

REQUIREMENTS:-
Steam generator (Copper Vessel), round bottom flask (500 ml), conical flask, condenser, glass
tubes, iron stand, sand bath, separatory funnel, tripod stands, burners, Ajwain(Carom),
Petroleum ether(60-80°C).
PROCEDURE:-
● Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup. The apparatus
consists of a steam generator connected to the round bottom flask through a glass inlet
tube.
● The flask is connected to a water condenser through a glass outlet tube
● Condenser is further attached to a receiver through an adaptor.
● Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator and start heating to produce steam.
● In the round bottom flask take about 75 gm of crushed carom . A vigorous current of
steam from steam generator is passed through the round bottom flask. A part of the
steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more and more steam is passed, the
steam volatile components of carom pass through the condenser along with steam.
● These contents on condensation are collected in the receiver. The contents in the round
bottom flask may be heated by a bunsen burner to prevent excessive condensation of
steam. The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour.
● Transfer the distillate to a separating funnel and extract with 20 ml portions of petroleum
ether 3 times. Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry it
with the help of anhydrous sodium sulphate.
● Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful distillation in a water bath. The
essential oil is left behind in the distillation flask.
OBSERVATION:-
Ajwain (Carum):- Weight of Saunf taken= 75 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11 gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/75)*100=1.33%
Color of the oil = Colourless Odour of the oil = Ajwain like smell.

CARDAMOM(ELAICHI)
Cardamom provides a warming and stimulating tonic .Cardamom is also an excellent choice for
the digestive system.
Cardamom is greatly admired and extensively used as a culinary spice all over the world. A
gargle with Cardamon if suffering with halitosis (bad breath). One drop of Cardamon and one
drop of Peppermint in a small amount of water act as an effective way to freshen breath
● Botanical Name : Elettaria cardamomum.
● Common Method Of Extraction: Steam Distillation
● Aroma : Very complex and smooth spice aroma
● Extraction: Cardamom oil is extracted using steam distillation method. For this, seeds of
the fruit are used just before they ripe. The yield through this process is normally 1 to 5
per cent.
● Chemical Composition: Cardamom oil contains sabinene, myrcene, a-pinene,
b-pinene, a phellandrene, limonene, p-cymene, terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, y-terpinene,
linalool, linalyl acetate, a-terpineol acetate, citronellol, nerol, terpinen-4-oil, a terpineol,
geraniol, methyl eugenol and trans-nerolidol.
● Uses of CARDAMOM:
1.Cardamom oil has a vast range of usage for treatment of sciatica, coughs, abdominal pains,
spasm and nervous disorders. Traditionally, it is used for pulmonary disease, fever, digestive
and urinary problems in India and China for over 3000 years.
2. It is also used to flavour pharmaceutical products. Apart from pharmaceutical usage,
cardamom oil is also used as a fragrant in soaps, perfumes and cosmetic products.

Extraction of cardamom essential oil method.

REQUIREMENTS:-
Steam generator (Copper Vessel), round bottom flask (500 ml), conical flask, condenser, glass
tubes, iron stand, sand bath, separatory funnel, tripod stands, burners,Elaichi(cardamom),
Petroleum ether(60-80°C).
PROCEDURE:-
● Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup. The apparatus
consists of a steam generator connected to the round bottom flask through a glass inlet
tube.
● The flask is connected to a water condenser through a glass outlet tube
● Condenser is further attached to a receiver through an adaptor.
● Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator and start heating to produce steam.
 ● In the round bottom flask take about 75 gm of crushed cardamom . A vigorous current of
steam from steam generator is passed through the round bottom flask. A part of the
steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more and more steam is passed, the
steam volatile components of cardamom pass through the condenser along with steam.
● These contents on condensation are collected in the receiver. The contents in the round
bottom flask may be heated by a bunsen burner to prevent excessive condensation of
steam. The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour.
● Transfer the distillate to a separating funnel and extract with 20 ml portions of petroleum
ether 3 times. Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry it
with the help of anhydrous sodium sulphate.
● Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful distillation in a water bath. The
essential oil is left behind in the distillation flask.
OBSERVATION:-
Cardamom(Elaichi):- Weight of elaichi taken = 100 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11 .25gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/100)*100=1.25%
Color of the oil = Colourless Odour of the oil = elaichi like smell.

CONCLUSION

● Smell great, reduce stress, treat fungal infections, and help you sleep. They are
concentrated extractions from plants. A process called distillation turns the “essence” of
a plant into a liquefied form for many medicinal and recreational uses. Essential oils
have many uses outside of aromatherapy. Many people use them to scent their homes
or freshen up things like laundry. They are also used as a natural scent in homemade
cosmetics and high-quality natural products Essential oils enter the body primarily in
three ways—applied to the skin, inhaled, or ingested. Within each of these, there are
many different kinds of application methods. For example, we can apply essential oils
topically using compresses, sprays, baths, or massaging them into the skin.
● Other most Essential Oils are Lavender (Lavandula officinalis) Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis) Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Lemon (Citrus limonum) Peppermint
(Mentha piperita) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus sideroxylon and
Eucalyptus torquata) Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis)
Frankincense (Boswellia carterii ) Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha ) Grapefruit (Citrus
paradisi ) Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Ginger (Zingiber officinale).
● Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide against small insects such as head
lice, mites and vermin. It also has fungicidal properties.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise

WWW.icbse.com

WWW.Slideshare.net

http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/aniseed.htm

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