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Ps
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Knowing the World
The knowledge about various objects around us become
possible with the help of our sense organs, attention and
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perception.
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The sense organ registers several kinds of information
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about various objects.
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In order to be registered the object and their qualities you
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must be able to draw 'attention'.
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The registered information must also be sent to the brain
that constructs some meaning out of them, perception.
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Human Senses
Vision
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Audition
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Smell
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Taste
Touch y ch
Ps
Kinesthetic system ( in ligaments/joints, movement of
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body parts related to each other )
Vestibular system ( in ear, balance and position of
body )
Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT
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Limitations of Sense organs
The relationship between stimuli and the sensations
evoked has been studied in a discipline called
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psychophysics.
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In order to be noticed a stimulus has to carry a minimum
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value or weight, called absolute threshold for absolute
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limen.
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In order to notice to stimuli is as different from each other,
there has to be some minimum difference between the
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value of the stimuli, called difference threshold or
difference limen.
It is not possible to understand sensations without the
understanding of a AL and DL different types ofPsychology
stimuli.Class 11 & 12 YT
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Attentional processes
The process through which certain stimuli are selected
from a group of others is generally referred to as attention.
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There are two types of attention : -
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1). Selective attention ( concerned with the selection
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of limited no. of stimuli from large no. of stimuli )
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2). Sustained attention ( concerned with the ability to
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maintain attention on any stimuli )
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Sometimes we can also attend two different things at the
same time, which is called divided attention.
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Factors affecting selective attention
External factors, stimuli's characteristics. (Size, intensity,
motion)
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Internal factors, individual's characteristics. (Motivational
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factors & cognitive factors)
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Three theories of Selective attention :-
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Filter theory ( 'bottle neck situation' one stimulus at a
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time)
Filter-attenuation theory ( some stimuli still may enter )
Multimode theory ( three stages, sensory representation,
semantic representation, enters consciousness
Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT
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Factors affecting Sustained attention
sensory modality ( audio more over video)
clarity of stimuli
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temporal uncertainty
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spatial uncertainty
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Perceptual processes y
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The process by which we recognise, interpret, or give meaning
to the information provided by sense organs is called
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perception.
Two processing approaches : -
1). top down processing
2). bottom up processing Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT
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The Percevier
Human being are creative beings who try to give
meaning to the external world.
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Some of these factors play an important role in this
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process. They are :
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1. Motivation
2. Expectations y ch
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3. Cognitive style ( field dependent & independent)
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4. Cultural background & experiences
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Principles of perceptual organisation
The process of organising visual field into
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meaningful wholes' is known as form
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perception.
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Gestalts psychology believes we perceive the
y ch
world in organised wholes rather than in
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discrete parts.
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Good figure and figure-ground segregation.
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Gestalt psychologists have given us several laws to explain
how and why different stimuli in our visual field are
organised into meaningful whole object.
ts
ho
_S
The principle of proximity
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The principle of similarity
The principle of continuity
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Ps
The principle of smallness
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The principle of symmetry
The principle of closure.
Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT
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Perception of Space, Depth & Distance
In perceiving depth we depend on two main sources of
information called cues. Binocular cues require both eyes
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and monocular cues allow us to perceive depth with just
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one eye.
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Monocular cues
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relative size, interposition, linear perspective, aerial
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perspective, light and shade, relative height, texture
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gradient, motion parallax.
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Binoculars cues
- retinal disparity
- convergence
- accommodation Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT
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Perceptual consistencies :
Perceptions of the objects as relatively stable in spite of
changes in the stimulation of sensory receptors is called
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perceptual consistency.
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Size, Shape & Brightness constancy
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Illusions
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Sometimes we feel to interpret the sensory information
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Ps
correctly. Misperception resulting from misinterpretation
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of information received by our sense organs are generally
known as illusions.
-Geometrical illusion (Muller lyer)
-Apparent movement illusion (also called 'phi-phenomenon')
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Social cultural influences on perception.
People do not always see the world as it is, instead they
construct it based on the features of stimuli and their own
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ho
experiences.
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Different people around the world, perceive differently. A
study done in Africa found that, people had great
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difficulty in recognising objects depicted in pictures as
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they have never seen it.
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This shows that instructions in home and habitual
exposure to picture were necessary to sustain skill of
pictorial depth perception.
Psychology Class 11 & 12 YT
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