SURVEYING 1

The measurement of dimensional

relationships among points, lines,
and physical features on or near
the Earth's surface.
Surveying is divided into the
categories:

plane surveying (mapping small areas)

geodetic surveying (mapping large

areas of the globe).
Line AB 100 m long was paced by a surveyor four times
with the following data: 144, 145, 143, 146. Another line
CD was paced for four times again with the following
results: 893, 892, 894, 895.
a. Find the pace factor of the surveyor.
b. Determine the actual length of line CD.
c. If line CD was at elevation of 478m above the sea
level and the radius of the earth is 6400km,
determine the reduced distance of line CD along the
sea level.
 Length of Tape / Distance Average No. 144 + 145 + 143 + 146
PF = =
Ave. No. of Paces of Paces 4
144 Average No. of Paces = 144.50 paces
145
100 m
143 Pace Factor = Pace Factor: 0.692 m/pace
144.50 paces
146

A 100 m B
Line AB 100 m long was paced by a surveyor four times
with the following data: 144, 145, 143, 146. Another line
CD was paced for four times again with the following
results: 893, 892, 894, 895.
a. Find the pace factor of the surveyor.
b. Determine the actual length of line CD.
c. If line CD was at elevation of 478m above the sea
level and the radius of the earth is 6400km,
determine the reduced distance of line CD along the
sea level.
 Length of Tape / Distance Average No. 893 + 892 + 894 + 895
PF = =
Ave. No. of Paces of Paces 4
893 Average No. of Paces = 893.5 paces
892
DistanceCD
894 0.692 m/pace = DistanceCD = 618.30 m
893.5 paces
895

C Distance = ??? D
Line AB 100 m long was paced by a surveyor four times
with the following data: 144, 145, 143, 146. Another line
CD was paced for four times again with the following
results: 893, 892, 894, 895.
a. Find the pace factor of the surveyor.
b. Determine the actual length of line CD.
c. If line CD was at elevation of 478m above the sea
level and the radius of the earth is 6400km,
determine the reduced distance of line CD along the
sea level.
 c. If line CD was at elevation of 478m above the sea level and the radius of
the earth is 6400km, determine the reduced distance of line CD along the
sea level.
L’ L or R
= L’ = L ( )
R R+h R+h
L = 618.30 m
C D L = actual distance
L’ R = radius of the earth
m.s.l. h = altitude/elevation
h L’ = reduced distance/sea level distance

L’ 618.30 m
=
R 6400 x 103 m 6400 x 103 m + 478 m
L’ = 618.25 m
Leveling is the operation of measuring vertical distance, either
directly or indirectly, to determine the difference in elevation.

Methods
The difference in elevation may be measured by the following
methods:

Direct or Spirit Leveling, by measuring vertical distances

directly. Direct leveling is the most precise method of
determining elevations and is the one commonly used.

Indirect or Trigonometric Leveling, by measuring vertical

angles and horizontal or slope distances.
• Differential Leveling is the operation of determining
differences in elevation of points some distance apart or of
establishing bench marks. Usually, differential leveling is
accomplished by direct leveling. Precise leveling is the
precise form of differential leveling.
• Profile Leveling is the operation – usually by direct leveling – of
determining elevations of points at short measured intervals
along a definitely located line, such as the center line for a
highway or a sewer.
 2
From the given data of differential leveling shown,
STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.256 98.500
TP1 1.116 1.886
TP2 1.228 1.527
TP3 1.189 2.246
TP4 1.070 2.017
TP5 1.831 2.656
TP6 1.489 2.723
BM2 2.548
a. What is the value of HI in the 2nd setup.
b. Find the elevation of TP5.
c. Determine the elevation of BM2.
 TP1 BS 2
BM1
Elev. 100
FS FS
IFS
BS

TP2
t ion
IFS obstr
uc

BM1 → TP1 First Setup

3
1 TP1 → TP2 Second Setup
 2
From the given data of differential leveling shown,
STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.256 98.500
TP1 1.116 1.886
TP2 1.228 1.527
TP3 1.189 2.246
TP4 1.070 2.017
TP5 1.831 2.656
TP6 1.489 2.723
BM2 2.548
a. What is the value of HI in the 2nd setup.
b. Find the elevation of TP5.
c. Determine the elevation of BM2.
 STA BS HI FS ELEV
*HI = Elevation + Back Sight Reading
BM1 1.256 98.500
HI = 98.500 + 1.256 TP1 1.116 1.886
HI = 99.756 TP2 1.228 1.527
*TP 1 = HI – Foresight Reading TP3 1.189 2.246
TP4 1.070 2.017
TP 1 = 99.756 – 1.886
TP5 1.831 2.656
TP 1 = 97.870 TP6 1.489 2.723
BM2 2.548

1.256 1.886

Elevation BM1
BM 1
Elev: 98.500m
HI Elevation TP1

TP 1
datum (mean sea level) Elev. 0
STA BS HI + FS ELEV
BM1 1.256 99.756 - 98.500 HI TP1 = 97.870 + 1.116
TP1 1.116 98.986 1.886 97.870
HI TP1 = 98.986
TP2 1.228 98.687 1.527 97.459
TP3 1.189 97.630 2.246 96.441
TP4 1.070 96.683 2.017 95.613
TP5 1.831 95.858 2.656 94.027
TP6 1.489 94.624 2.723 93.135
BM2 2.548 92.076
ΔElev. = ΣBS - ΣFS
Elev. of TP 5 = Elev. of BM 1 + ΔElev.
STA BS HI FS ELEV Find the elevation of TP 5.
BM1 1.256 98.500
Δ Elev. =
TP1 1.116 98.986 1.886 (1.256 + 1.116 + 1.228 + 1.189 + 1.070)
TP2 1.228 1.527 – (1.886 + 1.527 + 2.246 +2.017 +2.656)
TP3 1.189 2.246 Δ Elev. = - 4.473
TP4 1.070 2.017
Elev. of TP 5 = 98.500 + (- 4.473) = 94.027
TP5 1.831 2.656 94.027
TP6 1.489 2.723
BM2 2.548
ΔElev. = ΣBS - ΣFS
Elev. of BM 2 = Elev. of TP 5 + ΔElev.
STA BS HI FS ELEV Find the elevation of BM 2.
BM1 1.256 98.500
Δ Elev. =
TP1 1.116 98.986 1.886 (1.831 + 1.489) – (2.723 + 2.548) = - 1.951
TP2 1.228 1.527
Elev. BM 2 = 94.027 + (- 1.951) = 92.076
TP3 1.189 2.246
TP4 1.070 2.017
TP5 1.831 2.656 94.027
TP6 1.489 2.723
BM2 2.548 92.076
ΔElev. = ΣBS - ΣFS
Elev. of TP 5 = Elev. of BM 1 + ΔElev. a) What is the value of HI in the 2nd setup?
Elev. BM1 + BS (BM1) + BS (TP1) – FS (TP1)
STA BS HI FS ELEV
98.500 + 1.256 + 1.116 – 1.886 = 98.986
BM1 1.256 99.756 98.500
TP1 1.116 98.986 1.886 97.870 b) Find the elevation of TP 5.
TP2 1.228 98.687 1.527 97.459 Δ Elev. = (1.256 + 1.116 + 1.228 + 1.189 + 1.070)
TP3 1.189 97.630 2.246 96.441 – (1.886 + 1.527 + 2.246 + 2.017 + 2.656)
= - 4.473
TP4 1.070 96.683 2.017 95.613
TP5 1.831 95.858 2.656 94.027 Elev of TP 5 = 98.500 + (- 4.473) = 94.027
TP6 1.489 94.624 2.723 93.135
c) Find the elevation of BM 2.
BM2 2.548 92.076
ΔElev. = ΣBS - ΣFS Δ Elev. = 1.831 + 1.489 – (2.723 + 2.548) = - 1.951
Elev. of BM 2 = 94.027 + (- 1.951) = 92.076
Elev. of BM 2 = Elev. of TP 5 + ΔElev.
 3
• A line of levels 6 km long is run from BM1 to BM2
with a computed elevation of 165.8m. The average
BS and FS distances are 100m and 150m
respectively. It was found out however that the line
of sight of the instrument is inclined upward by
0.003m in a distance of 10m.

a. Compute the error in every setup.

b. Determine the total error.
c. Find the correct elevation of BM2.
 0.003 0.003
10 10 NOTE: (for error/set-up)
*Line of sight
e1 e2
Inclined Upward :
FS
BS FScorrect e = -e1 + e2
BScorrect
Inclined Downward :
100 m 150 m e = e1 - e 2
TP1 TP2

e ct rect
0.003 e1 0.003 e2 cor
r
cor
= = Elev. TP2 = Elev. TP1 + BS – FS
10 100 10 150
e1 = 0.03 e2 = 0.045 Elev. TP2 = Elev. TP1 + (BS – e1) – (FS – e2)
Elev. TP2 = Elev. TP1 + BS – e1 – FS + e2
e = -0.03 + 0.045 = 0.015 m/setup
Elev. TP2 = Elev. TP1 + BS – FS + (-e1 + e2)
 3
• A line of levels 6 km long is run from BM1 to BM2
with a computed elevation of 165.8m. The average
BS and FS distances are 100m and 150m
respectively. It was found out however that the line
of sight of the instrument is inclined upward by
0.003m in a distance of 10m.

a. Compute the error in every setup.

b. Determine the total error.
c. Find the correct elevation of BM2.
 0.003 0.003
10 10 NOTE: (for error/set-up)
*Line of sight
e1 e2
Inclined Upward :
FS
BS FScorrect e = -e1 + e2
BScorrect
Inclined Downward :
100 m 150 m e = e1 - e 2
TP1 TP2

0.003 e1 0.003 e2 etotal = e x no. of setup

= = Total Distance
10 100 10 150
BS + FS
e1 = 0.03 e2 = 0.045
6000
etotal = 0.015 x = 0.36 m
e = -0.03 + 0.045 = 0.015 m/setup 100 + 150
 3
• A line of levels 6 km long is run from BM1 to BM2
with a computed elevation of 165.8m. The average
BS and FS distances are 100m and 150m
respectively. It was found out however that the line
of sight of the instrument is inclined upward by
0.003m in a distance of 10m.

a. Compute the error in every setup.

b. Determine the total error.
c. Find the correct elevation of BM2.
 0.003 0.003
10 10 Always ADD the total error
(etotal) to the value of
e1 e2
measured/erroneous elevation
FS because the sign (+/-) of the
BS BScorrect FScorrect
error per set-up will dictate
whether it will be added or
100 m 150 m subtracted.
TP1 TP2

0.003 e1 0.003 e2 etotal = e x no. of setup

= = Total Distance
10 100 10 150
BS + FS
e1 = 0.03 e2 = 0.045
6000
etotal = 0.015 x = 0.36 m
e = -0.03 + 0.045 = 0.015 m/setup 100 + 150
 0.003 0.003
10 10 NOTE: (for error/set-up)
*Line of sight
e1 e2
Inclined Upward :
FS
BS FScorrect e = -e1 + e2
BScorrect
Inclined Downward :
100 m 150 m e = e1 - e 2
TP1 TP2

re ct rect
0.003 e1 0.003 e2 cor cor
= = Elev. TP2 = Elev. TP1 + BS – FS
10 100 10 150
e1 = 0.03 e2 = 0.045 Elev. TP2 = Elev. TP1 + (BS – e1) – (FS – e2)
Elev. TP2 = Elev. TP1 + BS – e1 – FS + e2
e = -0.03 + 0.045 = 0.015 m/setup
Elev. TP2 = Elev. TP1 + BS – FS + (-e1 + e2)
ADD/PLUS
 0.003 0.003
10 10 Always ADD the total error
(etotal) to the value of
e1 e2
measured/erroneous elevation
FS because the sign (+/-) of the
BS BScorrect FScorrect
error per set-up will dictate
whether it will be added or
100 m 150 m subtracted.
TP1 TP2

0.003 e1 0.003 e2 etotal = e x no. of setup

= = Total Distance
10 100 10 150
BS + FS
e1 = 0.03 e2 = 0.045
6000
etotal = 0.015 x = 0.36 m
e = -0.03 + 0.045 = 0.015 m/setup 100 + 150

Elev. BM2correct = 165.8 m + 0.36 m = 166.16 m

 4
Differential leveling is run from BM1 to BM2 at a
distance of 6km. It was observed that the leveling rod
was inclined 4 degrees from the vertical every time the
backsight is taken. The average BS reading is 2.4m
and the average length per setup is 300m. Determine
the correct elevation of BM2 if the recorded elevation
was 68.3m.
 e = L – L cos θ
BS FS = 2.4 – 2.4 cos 40
e = 0.00585 m/set-up
2.40
etotal = e x no. of set-up
6000m
A = 0.00585 x
B 300m
BS + FS or
e (error per set-up) Ave.Length
per set-up
etotal = 0.117m

2.40 cos 4ᵒ L = 2.40 Elev.correct = 68.30m 0.117m

40
L = 2.40 Elev.correct = 68.183m
 Elev.correct = 68.30m - 0.117m
Elev.correct = 68.183m

Note: (Total Error)

Reading @ BS - SUBTRACT
A B Reading @ FS - ADD
e = L – L cosθ
Example:
= 2.4 – 2.4 cos40 Elev.A = 100 FS = 10
e = 0.00585 m/set-up BS = 20 Elev.B = ?

etotal = e x no. of set-up Elev.B = 100 + 20 - 10 = 110

BS + FS or
6000m Ave.Length Elev.B = 100 + 30 - 10 = 120 (subtract)
= 0.00585 x 300m per set-up
etotal = 0.117m Elev.B = 100 + 20 - 20 = 100 (add)