- SOME ORGANIC ones a TECHNIQUES co acy which deals with study of carbon compo ih of Chemis i and hydrogen only are called hydro, 7 el cannot be prepared in the la red in the lab by Wobler. > Organic Chemistry is the bran in > The simplest organic compout > According tothe Vital Force theory.ove > Urea is the first organic compound prep’ NH,CNO reas? NH, CON, : ammonium Cyanate Urea ns in the ab is CH,COOH. It was prep > First organic compound prepared from its eleme ; > Shoslicous cont prepared fromits elements in the labis CH,. It was prepared > The ability ofcarbon atom to form long chains or rings is known as catenation, are inumerable due to (QNeumcatesioncpctycfanten (2) Tetvalenyofearbon (©) Isomerism inorganic compound ofcarbon _(d) Carbon has tendency to form muttip} Structure and Bonding of Carbon in Carbon compounds : The ground state electronic configuration of carbon is 1s? 2s? 2p, ! 2p, '2p0 The excited state electronic configuration of carbon is 1s? 2s! 2p,! 2p, 1 2p,! Energy ofexcitationis 501.6 KJ mol! Inorganic compounds carbon atom undergoes ‘SP, Sp? or sp? hybridisation, Vvyy % of character Orbitals involved | -oForbitals Hybridisation ate sp one s 2 | 45 three p one s 333 | 66.6 alle | 109° 29" ee 30 120° sp ones 5 ont 0. 50 ; o 180° x > Greater the s - characts fer lower the ene, ‘and t! S The order of size of different orbitals, ane sp} sae zeae ae a ey The change in hybrids idisation, affects the cme aracter ofthe hybrid or rn Rar, SP carbon> 55° carbon Sites the electronegativty %S character a Cletroncgatvty of cary mnMethane ECO Can Bond. energy. (Acetylene) 7 Bibane |) 0p & 6 |fisp—sp\} 0 [1.54] 1.09 | 341.1(-) or) Ethene | sp? a a (Ethylene |? s S| my 1 [134 (@)) 1.08. | 610.7) "ps Ethyne sp 4 6 Isp-sp\| 2 2sp-s 1.20(=)| 1.06 |827.64 (=) In x(pi) bond formation, parallel orientation of the two ‘P’ orbitals on adjacent atoms is necessary for a proper sidewise overlap In H,C = CH, molecule,both the ‘P” orbitals are mutually parallel and are perpendicular to the plane ofthe molecule, Rotation about C - C bond in C= Cis restricted. WE-1 Write the hybridised state of c1 ‘the following compounds and shapes of each of th molecules. iy a) H,C=O »)CH,F 0) H-CaN "Sol: a) sp” hybridised carbon, trigonal planar | b)sp3 hybridised carbon, tetrahedral c) sp hybridised carbon, linear WE-2 What is the type of hybridization of each carbon in the following compounds? a) CH,CI_ b) (CH,),CO — ¢) CH,CN. | €) HCONH, ¢) CH,CH = CHCN Sol: a) sp? ) sp?, sp? c) sp, sp? ) sp? ) sp, sp’, sp?, sp? | WE-3 How many sigma and pi bonds are preserit ineach of the following molecules? 2) CH,-CH =CH, b) CH,-C=C-CH,. ©) HC = CCH = CHCH, : 67 So a) 06.¢:2; Ooy F ; 2) Ge.c:3} Oey 16 T=2 Writing Systematic Lewis Structurs ‘The molecular formula of methyl nitrteis CH,ONO. Allhydrogens are connected to C - atom and the ‘order of atomic connections in the above example is Cono Total valence electrons can be counted as : H=1x3=03 C= 4x1=04 O=>6x2=12 N= 5x1=05 24 Ist Partial Structure 6 bonds (shared pairs ) equivalent to 12 electrons H w—-f-o-N- ‘Oo H 2nd Partial Structure provision ofan octet for all atoms (except hydrogen atom) by using remaining 12 electrons H a H 0> > Final Structure Atom which have fewer electrons than 8 use unshared pairs on adjacent atoms to form double or triple bond to complete the octet. It is most stable structure for methyl nitrite becauschydrogen atoms have duplet and all other atoms have octet H Ht BH 4, H Calculation of Formal Charge Formal charge, Q; = GN - No. of bonds- No. of unshared electrons methyl nitrite has two resonance structures Structure - IT The structure -I with no formal charges is more stable than the structure -II with formal charges. In the Structure - II The formal charge on oxygen atoms +1 5-3-2-0 T=6-1-6=-1, M= formal charge on nitrogen ator Structural Representation of Organic Molecules : Structures of organic in several ways. The structure, dash structure, bond line structure. Example ofcomplete structural H H- é ¢-H Nc (eb densed structural formula HC=CH CH,OH compounds are represented Lewis structure (or) dot condensed structure and | formula H HOH Examples of con a can be further condensed to CH, (Cx, 5 Se of bond lin representation 7. x (cyelopropane) : The various ways ofrepresenting 2- bromo butang are: Cu, ts Sy CH,CHCH,CH, Br Incyclic compounds, the bond -line formulae may be givenas follows Cl CH, “CH; (chlor eylohexane) Examples of Bond Line Structures : oO 1,3-butadiene ) es Propane ce or (oes 1,3-diene Y desnethynex 2-7 CH,CH, H,C=CH, Bee : (ethyne) (methanol) (ethane) (ethene)STS H Dashed wedge Bond in the (Bond away plane of paper Cy"!!! | from observer) se N\ Solid wedge H iH (Bond towards observe) Organic compounds Acycli O; chat compounds Cyclic or Closed chain ‘or Ring compounds Saturated Un saturated ~Homocyeli | ye arbor lic or leter i wimcatene OR "EE — pounds Alicyclic Aromatic Aromatic ‘Non- Aromatic compounds compounds compounds ‘compounds Benzenoid Non-Benzenoid compounds compounds Acyclic Compounds : > Other than aromatic cyclic compounds are called Non cyclic compounds are called acylic compo alicyclic compounds Saturated : Forexample, oe CH,CH,CH,CH, CH;—CH—CH, Butane Isobutane Unsaturated ca Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclohexene 2 Aromatic compounds : Cie Sree =CH > Allaromatic compounds are cyclic, planar CH,CH,CH=CH, cH, > The cee anes in the aromatic ring undergo 3 seats sp’ isation. 1-Butene * 3,3-Dimethy-I-butyne |, Aromatic compounds obey Huckel rule, Cyclic compounds : (4n+2)ne" > Contains atleast one ring or closed chain of atoms} Where n=0,1,2)...ete These are of two types. , containing benzene rings are > Homocyetic compounds have same atomsinring |” A oe aed | » Carbocyclic compounds have carbon atoms only ring. snMASTER JEI eed nate Qo © Benzene Naphthalene Phenanthrene > Aromatic compounds which do not contain a benzene ring are called non-benzenoids, Forexample, OOO Azulene —Tropene Cyclohepta- trienyl cation > Hetero cyclic compounds contain hetero ‘atom in ring /\ i 4 Tetrahydro Oxirane Azirane furan Aromatic Hetero Cyclic Compounds : O86 4 Thiophene Furan Pyridine Pyrole Homologous Series : > Aseries oforganic compounds containing same Seneral formula and same functional group and any {wo successive compounds differ by CH, unit > 1. Homologues can be prepared by: similar methods, 2. Homologues show similar properties, CRUE errs a) 3. Homologues show gradatioy properties, : 4. Successive members differ by, molecular formula and molecular 5.Allhomologues have the same General Rules for IUPAC No, Carbon Compounds : d TUPAC names usually consists of ‘many cases two parts) (1)Root word (2) (3) prefix(es) : Root Word :It represents the number of ‘atoms inthe longest chain. Generalroot word No.of carbon atoms | = nt in the chain 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2) Sufix: The sufix may be ®) Primary suffix andb) secondary suffix, Primary suffix: Indicates saturation or ‘unsaturation RW Tsufix yy, Saturated a cco ~ Unsaturated = Lae C=C ay rene alkene “CaC ook alkyns ; Incase of more than one Cac orCec. Rodification ofroot word takes Place Novof Normal Maia carbons root word root word 4 but. buts 5 Pent Penta 5 hex. hhexa- feue are more than one C= Cog Cth terms di Wiandtetraete.are used bap, the Primary sufi @:4@» reece ee as Ay CH,=CH- CH= CH, AC name : 1, 3- butadiene” tp) Secondary Suffix : It i secon scene ton ‘ primary suffix . The final ‘ein the mine fix is dropped for a secondary sufix beginnin’, “with a vowel (a, €, i, 0, u ) but itis retained for "secondary suffix beginning with aconsonant. Class [Aichol Aldehydes eat Ketones -oic acid [Carboxylic acids} ~ -one Esters -oate |Acid chlorides -oyl chloride /Acid amides -amide Icyanides nitrile {Isocyanides -Carbyl amine 3) Prefixes : (a) 1° prefix: It tells us about the nature of carbon chain i.e. whether it is open chain oreyelic ring. The commonly used primary. prefixes are cyclo, bicyclo, spiro ete.,it is meant for alicyclic compounds. Examples: Cyclopropane Cyclobutane 2prefix: These indicate the substitution of other groups (not regarded as functional groups) in place ofhydrogen atoms in the compound. Group -NO, -NO TIES eda Types of Carbon and Hydrogen Atoms: There are four types of carbon atoms and three types of hydrogen atoms. Primary (1°) carbon : Acarbon atom attached to one or no other carbon atoms. ‘Secondary (2°) carbon : A carbon atomattached to two other carbon atoms. Tertiary (3°) carbon : Acarbon atom attached to three other carbon atoms. Quarternary (4°) carbon : A carbon atom attached to four other carbon atoms. Hydrogens attached to primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms are termed as primary, secondary and tertiary hydrogen atoms respectively. Secondary (2°) CH. s lee (pee ay CH p— CCH CH, CHs Tertiary (3°) Quaternary (4°) ¢ Total number of 1° hydrogen atoms : 15 Total number of 2° hydrogen atoms: 2 Total number of 3° hydrogen atoms: 1 ‘Alkanes : Alkanes or paraffins are saturated hydrocarbons. The general formula : C, Haya: The word'alk’ indicates the chain length while the suffix ‘ane’ indicates saturation. Molecular formula IUPAC name CH, Methane OHe Ethane ‘Alkyl groups are monovalent groups obtained by removing one hydrogen atom ofalkanes. 53USES Compound and IUPAC names of alkyl groups: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES on Parent | Formula of alkane | - Alblesips Z Alken | Eo SARA) As | eR as is Methyl Methane | CH, CHy Ethane | CHi,-CH, CH-CH,- Ethyl Ethyl- Propane |CHy-CH-CH, — |CHS-CH-CH- —_Ia-Propyl Propyl— CH,-CH-CH, I Burane_|CH,-CH,-CH,-CH, CHy-CH,-CH,-CH,-ln-Butyl Buty (CH;-CH,-CH-CH,,|sec-Butyl 1-Methylpropyl— il Isobutane CHCH-CH, CAH Isobuty —_ J2-Methytpropyt- CH, cH, r Cie fer-Butyl |1, 1-Dimethylethyl— cH, Alkenes : 1 A > cata ttahydrocattons with double bond are > Alkynes : called alkenesor clan” Drsturated hydrocarbons with Cact > steel formula oF alkenes is, Suffix for |, Caled alkynes, alkenes is'ene’, Longest carbon chai containing > Oeneral molec the>C=C< group is chosen, IIUPAC syst ~ ane from alkane COMMON NAME || TUPAC Olefins alkene Ethylene ethene Propylene Propene J Alkenyl Group : The group derived fomanalkene by removing a hydrogen atom is called alkeny| ~ group. ethenyl Propeny! butenyl idIkyl Halides : Alkyl Halides and IUPAC names: Ikylhalides are the halogen derivatives of alkanes, Depending on the number of halogens in the ecule they are further divided into mono, di, tr, ives. >» General molecular formula is Coop XorR-X, Polyhalogen derivat In IUPAC system they are given the name halo alkane, Formula “Common Name” | TUPAGNa HBr Methyl bromide Bromomethane CH,CH,C/ Ethyl chloride Chloro ethane CH,CH,CH,C/ n-propyl chloride 1-Chloropropane CH,CHCICH, Isopropyl chloride 2-Chloropropane CH,CH,CH;CH,I n-butyliodide 1-Todobutane cH, 2 CH Isobutyl iodide 1-iodo-2-methylpropane cH | | CH;CH,C HCH, sec-butyliodide 2-iodobutane I | CH,;-C-CH, tert-butyl iodide 2-iodo2-methy! propane I CH, Alcohols : Ethers : InIUPAC system, the alcohols ae called alkanols, | > TUPACname of ether is alkoxy alkane, ie. by replacing -e from the name ofalkane by-ol | > The smaller alkyl group plus the oxygen atom is ic,, (alkane -e+ol=alkanol) called asan alkoxy substituent. Aliphatic hydrocarbons with -OH functional groups | > The name of the alkane is prefixed by the name of are called alcohols. the alkoxy group and position number. General formula is C, H,,,, OH.orR- OH > General formula is (C,H,,.,),0. IMMON |! FormuLa | COMMON |'qipkc Tconnion NAME | C-OH Methyl alcohol [Methanol 7 C-C-OH Ethylalcohol | Ethanol ethane C-C-C-OH {n-propyl aleohol| Propanol Methyl ethyl |methony- C-C-C-C-OH|n-butyl alcohol |Butanol ~ |ether ethane C-C-C-OH ___|Isobutyl alcohol | 2-Methyl Diether ether Jethoxy- | propanol sais a methane g CH,OCH(CH,), Ey !2-ethoxy- isopropyl {propane CH, ether CH, C -on t-butyl alcohol CH, 2- Methyl - 2- Propanol 55vv Aldehydes : InTUPAC system, aldehydes are named after the corresponding alkanes as alkanal by replacing suffix~'e' with -‘al’ ‘When substituents are present the carbonyl carbon is assigned position 1. General formula is C, H,,0 ‘Aldehydes contain - CHO functional group v COMMON NAME Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde aoa, | FORMULA HCHO ICH,CHO |CH,CH,CHO| TUPAC. ‘methanal ethanal ropanal v butanal CH, CH CHO cis > 2-methyl_ Iso-Butyraldehyde Propanal Ketones : TUPAC name's alkanone In TUPAC system longest chain containing the ketonic group is taken as the parent chain, Inketones >C= 0 group is present, Inketones the carbonyl carbon s linked with two alkyl groups In TUPAC system, ketones are named after the Corresponding alkanes sufix is replaced by the suffix- one. vy vv > The general formulas (C, Hy,4)CO or RCO. |” i common) Tope] |> NAME) TUPAC “Acetone |Propanone LyMethy! [pena | |. Propyl {none ketone > Carboxylic acids : TUPAC name isalkanoic acids (alkane -oic- acid), The name is derived by replacing ‘e' of the corresponding alkane by -oic acid, General formula is RCOOH or C, H,,., COOH (CH,CH,CH,CHO > n- Butyraldehyde > "| Propionic acid Butyric Acid chlorides: TUPACname isalkanoyl chloride, Itis derived from the corresponding replacing'e' with ‘oyt halide, FORMULA) HCOCr methanoyl|/ chloride CH,COCI — |Acetyl chloride ethanoy! poi chloride CHSCH,COCHPropiony! chloride Amines : egrets amines are the alkyl derivatives of Monoalkyl derivatives of i Primary a are called Dialkyl derivatives ofatnmon ies (RNID, ninare cad secondary Trialkyl derivatives ofammon; i nen Smmonia are called tertiary TUPAC name of primary aming is Secondary amine is N -alkyt any tertiaryamine is N, N-dialkylaminoatkangMethylamine i than- H,NH> met! ce amine secondary ines: q arNHCH, Dimethy! amine | N-methy! methan- amine ’ ‘Tertiary, — |Amines: : : — cayN ___|Trimethylamine | N,N- dimethyl : methan - amine is Nitro compounds : > The functional group is -NO,. If'N' of NO, is Jinked to the alkane it is named as nitro alkane. > If'0' of - NO, group is linked to the alkane it is named as alkyinitrite. uLA| COMMON | yupac FORM = NAME) |p [CH;NO, — (Methylnitrate | nitro- methane CH.NO, _ | Ethylnitrile nitro - ethane IC;HjNO, | Propyinitrate | nitro- propane Nomenclature of Branched Chain Alkanes: To sumup IUPAC name ofan organic compound consists of following arragement word- root suffixes and prefixes. v For example, akiess 1 4 io Br She0n6 4-Bromo Cyclo Hex an one prefix prefix iv ds ds va Longest Chain Rule: Carbon chain containing more number of carbon atoms is considered as longest carbon chain root word is given based on the number of carbon atoms of longest carbon chain Lee Die 5.3 CH;—CH;—CH—CH;—CH, 4 5g CH;—CH;—CH, correct selection (6C atoms) 1 2 3 4 5 CH;—CH;-CH—CH;—CH, CH;—CH;—CH, wrong selection (5C atoms) Iftwo different chains of equals lengths are possible » the chain with maximum number of side chains or alkyl groupsis selected. For example: Pies Qe 1B 4. CH;—CH;~ CH—CH—CH;— CH;—CH, She oy CH, (CH-CH-CH, CH, correct selection (Longest chain of 7C atoms with three branches) Aki 2- iSkeidd st $7861) 7 CH;—CH;— CH—CH—CH;- CH—CH, cH, Gi CECB, CH, wrong selection (Longest chain of 7C atom with two branches) . Lowest Number or Lowest Sum Rule. Numbering of the carbons in the parent chain as 1, 2, 3... ete. starting from the end which gives the least number to the carbon atoms carrying the substituent(s). Ss Ss eae er Mey ree eee es Ea C—t—c—c c—C—C—C (correct) (wrong) ‘When several substituents are involved, the lowest number means (i) lowest sum of numbers (ii) lowest individual numbers (iii) lowest number for the first 37[FORMULA primary K ines? AHANH, —[Methylamine | methan- ) amine secondary Amines? : : QH,NHCH,, [Dimethyl amine | N-methyl : methan- : amine ‘tertiary Amines: a .. {Hp N.—_|Trimethylamine | N,N- | dimethyl methan - amine Nitro compounds : > The functional group is -NO,. If'N' of NO, is, linked to the alkane it is named as nitro alkane. > If'0' of-NO, group is linked to the alkane it is named as alkylnitrite. COMMON FORMULA RANE TUPAC CH,NO, _|Methylnitrate | nitro- methane C.HNO, |Ethylnitrile nitro - ethane CHjNO, |Propylnitrate _| nitro- propane Nomenclature of Branched Chain Alkanes: > Tosumup IUPAC name ofan organic compound consists of following arragement word- root suffixes and prefixes. For example, 2 3 l 4 oO: Br Ser 4Bromo Cyclo Hex an one ay os Yes Seney 2prefix Iprefix RW PS SS vo Longest Chain Rule : Carbon chain containing more number ofcarbon atoms is considered as longest carbon chain root word is given based on the number of carbon atoms of longest carbon chain 1 vs 3 CH;—CH;—CH—CH;—CH, 4 ‘5. 6 CH,—CH;—CH, correct selection (6C atoms) 1 2 3 4 5 CH GH CR CH CH, CH;—CH;—CH, wrong selection (SC atoms) Iftwo different chains of equals lengths are possible , the chain with maximum number ofside chains or alkyl groupsis selected. For example: Letgedue 34 CH;—CH;— CH—CH— CH;- CH;—CH, SLs 56.5 2 CH, ‘CH-CH-CH, cH, correct selection (Longest chain of 7C atoms with three branches) WAL 2. Sen SAe TS AGE OT, CH;—CH;— CH—CH—CH;— CH;—CH, CH, .GH-CHCH, CH, wrong selection (Longest chain of 7C atom with two branches) Lowest Number or Lowest Sum Rule. ‘Numbering of the carbons in the parent chain as 1, 2, 3..... etc. starting from the end which gives the least number to the carbon atoms carrying the substituent(s). es Vee] Ogi) Be ea c—ct—c-c.. c—t—c—c (correct) (wrong) When several substituents are involved, the lowest number means (i) lowest sum of numbers (ii) lowest individual numbers (iii) lowest number for the first 4 57nl CRUISE, WS ert named group, inthe order of preference, Nomenclature of Orga pounds Containing Function, s ss ~COOM > $0,H'> Cogg. e-goe-e-gatig COCI> CON, > CH s cy . 222 *:3. 2 6 2454613 (wrong numberi Priority order: CO> OH > SH > Nxp 20) iority I, Rees M N=N>NO,> NOs y > Priority Principles If the compound jg oly x ooay: functional compound, thescection ofthe pa saat i the: Ice, x 2434611 (correct numbering) functional group follows the sequen : Acids > acid derivatives except nitrile 5 TIL. Presence of More Than One Substituents ; nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols : >» Ifthe same: substituent is repeated in the: chain that amines> ether> double bond > triple bong, 's indicated by prefixes such as di, tri, tetra ete. >. The longest parent carbon chain is sclectee insuch indicate, ‘number ofsuch groups or atoms an position way that the functional group bearing carbon, of carbon atom on which they are present are to be inclided init even though itcontaing lesser numibes eee of carbon atoms, CH, Hyc—C—cHy, CH, CH, CH, (2, dimethyl propane) 5 as” sy Be 1C—H,C—H,C—C = CH, IV. Alphabetical Order: correct chain droge or moresubsivens ar presntonthe paren 6cH, chain , they are named in the alphabetical order 3 along with their appropriate postions, SoH cH, CH;-cH, Teag it ce Tee ales gh gf Tg: ng HyC—H,C—H,c—C CH, C—~CH—CH—CH~CH— CH~CH, Wrong chain 4-ethyl-2-methyl heptane > The numbering ofatoms inthe ent chain is pi v. Kumbering ofCarbon Atoms ‘ in such a way that carbon atoms aeeiten Alkyl group substituents containing sub branches | inert 00D geste ones ining. srepaitedssubsituted ay groupsin which tn > ihe Patent chainishydrooa see {arbon atom ofthe branched substituent attache ‘ene! and ‘yne! Then ae deg cluding both directly to longest carbon chain should be always | tet ade caseiflowess sco" Of Preference numbered 1, St sum rule is same, > The numbering is done as shown below: *EEC-CH, Cc, 1 y—CH- CH Hs~ CH—CH~CH>-CH=- cH, FGI Si Gece FT 9 peat teen spe ICH, CH orc, B. 30H, Hs 5-2, 2-dimethylpropyl) nonane ] 1 CH~CHs-C=cH—cy 3-ethyl pent-2-ene >eee ie c= C—C—CH = CH, CH, 3,3-dimethylpent-1-cn-4-yne CH; : CH;— C—GH = CH—CHO Hy 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentenal HC= C—CH,OH 2-propynol or prop-2-yne-1-ol Gis CBs CHy— CH— CH—CH;~c = 3,4-dimethyl pentane nitrile cu F CH ¢—cH, ° pentane-2, 4-dione cue CHy~CH-CHs-Cocn, NH. 4-amino-2-hexanone CHS CH CH COOCAH, cH, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate CH, -CH, ~ 0 ~ CH, ~ CH,CI 2- chloro =1- ethoxy ethane cH, CHy—O—F— CH cH, 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane Writing the Structure of the Compound Whose Name is Given : Observe the root word and write the continuous carbon chain. Number the carbon atoms in a suitable way and attach the functional groups, substituents and multiple bonds at their respective carbon atoms. Carbon has tetravalency, Attach the required number ofhydrogen atoms at each carbon atom to Salisfy its tetra valency. Now the structure is completed, °8: 3~Bromo~2~Methylpentan-2~ol 8) As per the rootword pent we have C—C—c—c—¢ Pad 3g 8 ah 4.4 b)Asper the name ©“F—F—C—C CH, Br ©) To satisfy the tetravalency of each carbon atom hydrogen atoms are added to each carbon atom as Per requirement, H OCH,Br Hence, the structure is complete, Rules for IUPAC Nomenclature of Alicyclic Compounds : The following rules are generally followed. The names of alicyclic compounds are obtained by adding the prefix ‘cyclo’ to the name of the Corresponding hydrocarbon (alkane, alkene or OO Cyclobutane Cyclohexene CyclohexYne Iftwo or more alkyl groups or other substituent are present in the ring, their positions are indicated by arabic numerals, ie., 1,2, 3, 4,... ete. While numbering the carbon atoms of the ring, the substitutent which comes first in the alphabetical order is given the lowest number provided it does not violate the /owest locant rule. For example, 1 L 5, 6 2 sl 4 3 ¥ 1,2-Dimethyl- _ 3-Ethyl-1,1-dimethyl cyclopentane cyclohexane Ifthe ring contains more or equal number of carbon atoms, ring is considered as parent compound. 59oo os PU acu ieee a 5 number of cat > Tf thesde chain cont ae ot chat atoms than ring, itis considere POG Lk -(I-methy! Heyl , va cyclohexane propyl cyclohexane pen If the side chain contains a multiple toot es u functional group, the alicyclic ring is treated as substituent irrespective of the size of the ring. NO, HH S 3 Ll 12 2 eg: 2 g ; S 3-Cyclo 3-Nitrosyclohex Cyclofiex-2 propylprop —-I-ene -en-l-ol -l-ene > Substituent of the base compound is assigned ‘number 1 and then the direction of numbering is chosen such thatthe next substituents appear in the name in alphabetical order, No, 7 cr O,N’ 0 o CH, 2-chloro-I-methyl- 4-nitrobenzene I-chloro-2,4-dinitro- benzene Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds: UTA Laan econ > When an aromatic compound contains two or more fanctional groups, itis named as a derivative ofthe compound with the principal funcitonal group at Position. > Ifallthe functional groups present in the benzene ring are such which are normally treated ag substituent groups, the various groups are arragned in alphabetical order with the group named first in the alphabetical order getting the lowest locant Provided it does not violate the lowest locant rule forall the substitutents, OG ay Q) (oy Methyl Methoxy Bro benzene benzene _benzen Br 7 an : Br Che (4) () 1,2-dibromo —_1,2-dichloro benzene benzene ; 5 NO, ©) @ (8) Ichloro-4- Benzene Benzene nitro benzene carbaldehyde carboxylic acid 1H OH ‘OCH, 1} (10) 3 1,2-Di benzene?! Hydroxy Acet Compound is assign: m . hmber 1 and then the {tection of numbering is. chosen such that th ores ‘umber. The substi Bets the lowest Alphabetical order "'S @Ppear in the mame th CH, ‘ NO, No, s 8: consider No, . 60eich eaee a) qe jmed #8 24,6 trinitro toluene taking toluene | > mpase name.Similarly OCH; ; Ibenzene ring is named as substituent it ivnamed as phenyl (C,H, ) Similarly an arene is named as aryl. F CH,CH,OH CH,CI H=CH, 4 is d-cthyl-2- fluoroanisole. CH,CHy imple base name other than benzene is wihen n0 8 a c 2-phenyl- chloro phenyl Phenyl Widble, the positions are numbered 50 as to give ethanol methane oes ie lowest cent the first point of difference. (Benzyl chloride) © F 4-ethyl-1-fluoro- 2-nitrobenzene Isomerism: The phenomenon by which two or more compounds possess same molecular formulae but different physical and chemical Properties is known as isomerism NO, eg? ISOMERISM Constitutional Stereoisomerism or structural Isomerism L- chain tsomerism Conformational Configur | Position Isomerism isomerism isomeri {~ Functional Isomerism |— Metamerism Geometrical Optical isomerism. | Ring-Chain Isom or or Ring Chain WWoeverie: Cis-trans isomerism Enantiomerism |_ Tautomerism Chain Isomerism : eg: 2) Pentane has three chain isomers. Chain isomerism arises due to differences in the CH,CH,CH,CH,CH, n-Pentane ‘arangement ofcarbon chain. Itis also known asnuclear, cH, cn, or skeletal isomersim. Chain isomerism is found in 1 1 compounds containing more than three carbon atoms. CH;-CH—CH,—CH, CH;-C— cH, eg: 1) Butane has two chain isomers. Isopentane bs CH. thylbuta 5 te (enctnyiputane) Neopentane CH;-CH;—CH—CH, CH;~CH—CH, n-Butane(butane) Isobutane (methylpropane) of