A guide to completing the

Mini Nutritional Assessment MNA®

Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®) The MNA® may be completed at regular intervals in
the community and in the hospital or long term care
The MNA® is a screening and assessment tool setting.
that can be used to identify elderly patients at risk
of malnutrition. The User Guide will assist you in The MNA® was developed by Nestlé and leading
completing the MNA® accurately and consistently. international geriatricians and remains one of the
It explains each question and how to assign and few validated screening tools for the elderly. It has
interpret the score. been well validated in international studies in a
variety of settings5-7 and correlates with morbidity
Introduction: and mortality.
While the prevalence of malnutrition in the free
living elderly population is relatively low, the
risk of malnutrition increases dramatically in INSTRUCTIONS TO COMPLETE THE MNA®
the institutionalized and hospitalized elderly 1.
The prevalence of malnutrition is even higher in Before beginning the MNA®, please enter the patient’s
cognitively impaired elderly individuals and is information on the top of the form:
associated with cognitive decline.2 • Name
Patients who are malnourished when admitted • Gender
to the hospital tend to have longer hospital stays,
experience more complications, and have greater • Age
risks of morbidity and mortality than those whose • Weight (kg) – To obtain an accurate weight,
nutritional state is normal.3 remove shoes and heavy outer clothing. Use a
By identifying patients who are malnourished calibrated and reliable set of scales. If applicable:
or at risk of malnutrition either in the hospital or convert pounds (lbs) to kilograms (1kg = 2.2lbs).
community setting, the MNA® allows clinicians to • Height (cm) – Measure height without shoes using
intervene earlier to provide adequate nutritional a stadiometer (height gauge) or, if the patient is
support, prevent further deterioration, and improve bedridden, by knee height or demispan (see
patient outcomes.4 Appendices 4 or 5). Convert inches to centimeters
Mini Nutritional Assessment MNA® (1inch = 2.54cm).

The MNA® provides a simple and quick method • Date of screen

of identifying elderly patients who are at risk for
malnutrition, or who are already malnourished.
It identifies the risk of malnutrition before severe
changes in weight or serum protein levels occur.

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 Screening

Complete the screen by filling in the boxes with Key Points

the appropriate numbers. Then, add together the
Ask the patient to answer the following questions
numbers to determine the total score of the screen.
using the suggestions in the shaded areas. If the
If the score is 11 or less, continue on with the
patient is unable to answer the question, ask the
assessment to determine the Malnutrition Indicator
patient’s caregiver to answer. Using the patient’s
Score.
medical record or your professional judgment,
answer any remaining questions.

Has food intake declined over the past three Ask patient
months due to loss of appetite, digestive
»» “Have you eaten less than normal over the past
problems, chewing or swallowing difficulties?
three months?”
Score 0 = Severe loss of appetite
»» If so, “is this because of lack of appetite,
1 = Moderate loss of appetite
chewing, or swallowing difficulties?”
2 = No decrease in food intake
»» If yes, “have you eaten much less than before or
only a little less?”
»» If this is a re-assessment, then rephrase the
question: “Has the amount of food you have
eaten changed since your last assessment?”

Weight loss during the last 3 months? Ask patient / medical record
Score 0 = Weight loss greater than 3 kg (if long term or residential care)
(6.6 pounds) »» “Have you lost any weight without trying over
1 = Does not know the last 3 months?”
2 = Weight loss between 1 and 3 kg »» “Has your waistband gotten looser?”
(2.2 and 6.6 pounds)
»» “How much weight do you think you have lost?
3 = No weight loss
More or less than 3 kg (or 6 pounds)?”
Though weight loss in the overweight elderly
may be appropriate, it may also be due to
malnutrition. When the weight loss question is
removed, the MNA® loses its sensitivity, so it is
important to ask about weight loss even in the
overweight.

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Mobility? Ask patient / Patient’s medical record /

Score 0 = Bed or chair bound Information from caregiver
1 = Able to get out of bed/chair, but »» “Are you presently able to get out of the bed /
does not go out chair?”
2 = Goes out »» “Are you able to get out of the house or go
outdoors on your own?”

Has the patient suffered psychological stress or Ask patient / Patient medical record /
acute disease in the past three months? Professional judgment
Score 0 = Yes »» “Have you suffered a bereavement recently?”
1 = No
»» “Have you recently moved your home?”
»» “Have you been sick recently?”

Neuropsychological problems? Review patient medical record / Professional

Score 0 = Severe dementia or depression judgment / Ask nursing staff or caregiver
1 = Mild dementia The patient’s caregiver, nursing staff or medical
2 = No psychological problems record can provide information about the
severity of the patient’s neuropsychological
problems (dementia).
If a patient cannot respond (i.e. one with
dementia) or is severely confused, ask the
patient’s personal or professional caregiver to
answer the following questions or check the
patient’s answers for accuracy (Questions A, B, C,
D, G, J, K, L, M, O, P).

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 F

Body mass index (BMI)? Determining BMI

(weight in kg / height in m2)
BMI is used as an indicator of appropriate weight
Score 0 = BMI less than 19 for height. BMI is calculated by dividing the weight
1 = BMI 19 to less than 21 in kg by the height in m2 (Appendix 1).
2 = BMI 21 to less than 23 BMI = weight (kg)

3 = BMI 23 or greater height (m2)
Before determining BMI, record the patients’
weight and height on the MNA® form.
1. Convert subject’s weight to metric using
formula 1kg = 2.2lbs. Convert subject’s height
to metric using formula 1inch = 2.54cm
2. If height has not been measured, please
measure using a stadiometer or height gauge
(Refer to Appendix 3).
3. If the patient is unable to stand, measure height
using indirect methods such as measuring
demi-span (half arm span) or knee height
(See Appendices 4 and 5). If height cannot
be measured either directly or by indirect
methods, use a verbal or historical height to
calculate a BMI. Verbal height will be the least
accurate, especially for bedridden patients and
patients who have lost height over the years.
4. Using the BMI chart provided (Appendix 1),
locate the patient’s height and weight and
determine the BMI. It is essential that a BMI is
included in the MNA® – without it the tool is
not valid.
5. Fill in the appropriate box on the MNA® form to
represent the BMI of the patient.
6. To determine BMI for a patient with an
amputation, see Appendix 2.

The screening section of the questionnaire is now A score of 11 points or less indicates:
complete. Add the numbers to obtain the screening Patient may be at risk for malnutrition. Please
score. complete the full MNA® assessment by answering
questions G – R.
A score of 12 points or greater indicates:
Patient is not at nutrition risk. There is no need to
complete the rest of the questionnaire. Rescreen at
regular intervals.

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 Assessment

Lives independently (not in a nursing home)? Ask patient

Score 0 = No This question refers to the normal living
1 = Yes conditions of the individual. Its purpose is to
determine if the person is usually dependent
on others for care. For example, if the patient is
in the hospital because of an accident or acute
illness, where does the patient normally live?
»» “Do you normally live in your own home, or in
an assisted living, residential setting, or nursing
home?”

Takes more than 3 prescription drugs per day? Ask patient / Patient medical record
Score 0 = Yes Check the patient’s medication record /
1 = No ask nursing staff / ask doctor / ask patient

Pressure sores or skin ulcers? Ask patient / Patient’s medical record

Score 0 = Yes »» “Do you have bed sores?”
1 = No
Check the patient’s medical record for
documentation of pressure wounds or skin
ulcers, or ask the caregiver / nursing staff / doctor
for details, or examine the patient if information
is not available in the medical record.

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J

How many full meals does the patient eat daily? Ask patient / Check food intake record
Score 0 = 1 meal if necessary
1 = 2 meals »» “Do you normally eat breakfast, lunch and
3 = 3 meals dinner?”
»» “How many meals a day do you eat?”
A full meal is defined as eating more than 2 items
or dishes when the patient sits down to eat.
For example, eating potatoes, vegetable, and
meat is considered a full meal; or eating an egg,
bread, and fruit is considered a full meal.

Selected consumption markers for protein Ask the patient or nursing staff, or check
intake the completed food intake record

»» At least one serving of dairy products per day? »» “Do you consume any dairy products (a glass
of milk / cheese in a sandwich / cup of yogurt /
Yes No can of high protein supplement) every day?”
»» Two or more servings of legumes or eggs per »» ”Do you eat beans/eggs? How often do you eat
week? them?”
Yes No
»» “Do you eat meat, fish or chicken every day?”
»» Meat, fish or poultry every day?
Yes No

Score 0.0 = if 0 or 1 Yes answer(s)

0.5 = if 2 Yes answers
1.0 = if 3 Yes answers

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Consumes two or more servings of fruits or Ask the patient / check the completed food
vegetables per day? intake record if necessary
Score 0 = No »» “Do you eat fruits and vegetables?”
1 = Yes
»» ”How many portions do you have each day?”
A portion can be classified as:
• One piece of fruit (apple, banana, orange, etc.)
• One medium cup of fruit or vegetable juice
• One cup of raw or cooked vegetables

How much fluid (water, juice, coffee, tea, milk) is Ask patient
consumed per day?
»» “How many cups of tea or coffee do you
Score 0.0 = Less than 3 cups normally drink during the day?”
0.5 = 3 to 5 cups
»» ”Do you drink any water, milk or fruit juice?
1.0 = More than 5 cups What size cup do you usually use?”
A cup is considered 200 – 240ml or 7-8oz.

Mode of Feeding? Ask patient / Patient medical record/

Score 0 = Unable to eat without assistance * information from caregiver
1 = Feeds self with some difficulty ** »» “Are you able to feed yourself?” / “Can the patient
2 = Feeds self without any problems feed himself/herself?”
»» ”Do you need help to eat?” / “Do you help the
patient to eat?”
»» “Do you need help setting up your meals
(opening containers, buttering bread, or cutting
meats)?”
* Patients who must be fed or need help holding the fork
would score 0.
** Patients who need help setting up meals (opening
containers, buttering bread, or cutting meats), but are
able to feed themselves would score 1 point.

Pay particular attention to potential causes of

malnutrition that need to be addressed to avoid
malnutrition (e.g. dental problems, need for
adaptive feeding devices to support eating).

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Self-View of Nutritional Status Ask the patient

Score 0 = Views self as being malnourished »» “How would you describe your nutritional state?”
1 = Is uncertain of nutritional state
Then prompt ”Poorly nourished?”
2 = Views self as having no nutritional “Uncertain?”
problems “No problems?”
The answer to this question depends upon the
patient’s state of mind. If you think the patient is
not capable of answering the question, ask the
caregiver / nursing staff for their opinion.

In comparison with other people of the same Ask patient

age, how does the patient consider his/her
»» “How would you describe your state of health
health status?
compared to others your age?”
Score 0.0 = Not as good
Then prompt ”Not as good as others of your age?”
0.5 = Does not know
“Not sure?”
1.0 = As good “As good as others of your age?”
2.0 = Better “Better?”
Again, the answer will depend upon the state of
mind of the person answering the question.

Mid-arm circumference (MAC) in cm Measure the mid-arm circumference in cm as

Score 0.0 = MAC less than 21 described in Appendix 6.
0.5 = MAC 21 to 22
1.0 = MAC 22 or greater

Calf circumference (CC) in cm Calf circumference should be measured in cm as

Score 0 = CC less than 31 described in Appendix 7.
1 = CC 31 or greater

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Final Score »» Ensure adequate fluid intake ; 6-8 cups / glasses
per day.
»» Total the points from the assessment section of
the MNA® (maximum 16 points). Follow-Up
»» Add the assessment and screening scores »» Re-screen all patients every three months.
together to get the total Malnutrition Indicator
»» Please refer results of assessments &
Score (Maximum 30 points).
re-assessments to dietitian/doctor and record in
»» Check the appropriate box indicator. medical record.
»» If the score is greater than 23.5 points, the patient
is in a normal state of nutrition and no further
action is required.
»» If the score is less than 23.5 points, refer the
patient to a dietitian or nutrition specialist for
nutrition intervention.
Until a dietitian is available, give the patient /
caregiver some advice on how to improve nutritional
intake such as:
»» Increase intake of energy/protein dense foods
(e.g. puddings, milkshakes, etc).
»» Supplement food intake with additional snacks
and milk.
»» If diet alone does not improve the patient’s
nutritional intake, the patient may need oral
nutritional supplements.

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 Appendices

Appendix
Appendix11 • Body Mass Index table

Height (feet & inches)

5’0” 5’1” 5’2” 5’3” 5’4” 5’5” 5’6” 5’7” 5’8” 5’9” 5’10” 5’11” 6’0” 6’1” 6’2” 6’3” 6’4”

45 20 19 18 18 17 17 16 100
16 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 12 12
47 21 20 19 19 18 17 17 105
16 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 13
50 21 21 20 19 19 18 18 110
17 17 16 16 15 15 15 14 14 13
52 22 22 21 20 20 19 19 115
18 17 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14
54 23 23 22 21 21 20 19 120
19 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 15
57 24 24 23 22 21 21 20 125
20 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 16 15
59 25 25 24 23 22 22 21 130
20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16
61 26 26 25 24 23 22 22 135
21 21 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16
63 27 26 26 25 24 23 23 140
22 21 21 20 20 19 18 18 17 17
66 28 27 27 26 25 24 23 145
23 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18
68 29 28 27 27 26 25 24 150
23 23 22 22 21 20 20 19 19 18
70 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 155
24 24 23 22 22 21 20 20 19 19
72 31 30 29 28 27 27 26 160
25 24 24 23 22 22 21 21 20 19
75 32 31 30 29 28 27 27 165
26 25 24 24 23 22 22 21 21 20
77 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 170
27 26 25 24 24 23 22 22 21 21

Weight (pounds)
79 175
Weight (kg)

34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 24 24 23 22 22 21
82 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 180
28 27 27 26 25 24 24 23 22 22
84 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 185
29 28 27 27 26 25 24 24 23 23
86 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 190
30 29 28 27 26 26 25 24 24 23
88 38 37 36 35 33 32 31 195
31 30 29 28 27 26 26 25 24 24
91 39 38 37 35 34 33 32 200
31 30 30 29 28 27 26 26 25 24
93 40 39 37 36 35 34 33 205
32 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 26 25
95 41 40 38 37 36 35 34 210
33 32 31 30 29 28 28 27 26 26
98 42 41 39 38 37 36 35 215
34 33 32 31 30 29 28 28 27 26
100 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 220
34 33 32 32 31 30 29 28 27 27
102 44 43 41 40 39 37 36 225
35 34 33 32 31 31 30 29 28 27
104 45 43 42 41 39 38 37 230
36 35 34 33 32 31 30 30 29 28
107 46 44 43 42 40 39 38 235
37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 29
109 47 45 44 43 41 40 39 240
38 36 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 29
111 48 46 45 43 42 41 40 245
38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 31 30
114 49 47 46 44 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 250
150 152.5 155 157.5 160 162.5 165 167.5 170 172.5 175 177.5 180 182.5 185 187.5 190

Height (cm)
n Underweight n Weight Appropriate n Overweight n Obese
Source:
Adapted from Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. National Institute of
Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute

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 Appendix 2 • Determining BMI for amputees

To determine the BMI for amputees, first determine

the patient’s estimated weight including the weight Weight of selected body components
of the missing body part.8,9 It is necessary to account for the missing body
component(s) when estimating IBW.
»» Use a standard reference (see table) to determine
the proportion of body weight contributed by an Table: Percent of Body Weight Contributed
individual body part. by Specific Body Parts

»» Multiple patient’s current weight by the percent Body Part Percentage

of body weight of the missing body part to Trunk w/o limbs 50.0
determine estimated weight of missing part.
Hand 0.7
»» Add the estimated weight of the missing body Forearm with hand 2.3
part to patient’s current weight to determine
estimated weight prior to amputation. Forearm without hand 1.6
Upper arm 2.7
Divide estimated weight by estimated body height2
to determine BMI. Entire arm 5.0
Foot 1.5
Example: 80 year old man, amputation of the Lower leg with foot 5.9
left lower leg, 1.72 m, 58 kg
Lower leg without foot 4.4
1 . Estimate body weight: Current body weight
+ Proportion for the missing leg Thigh 10.1

58 (kg) + [58 (kg) x 0.059] = 61.4 kg

Entire leg 16.0
References cited:
2 . Calculate BMI: Malone A., Anthropometric Assessment, In Charney P, Malone E, eds. ADA
Pocket Guide to Nutrition Assessment. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic
Estimated body weight / body height (m)2 Association; 2004:142-152.
Osterkamp LK., Current perspective on assessment of human body proportions
61.4 / 1.72 x 1.72 = 20.8 of relevance to amputees, J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95:215-218.

12
 Appendix 3 • Measuring height using a stadiometer

1 . Ensure the floor surface is even and firm.

2 . Have subject remove shoes and stand up straight
with heels together, and with heels, buttocks and
shoulders pressed against the stadiometer.
3 . Arms should hang freely with palms facing thighs.
4 . Take the measurement with the subject standing
tall, looking straight ahead with the head upright
and not tilted backwards.
5 . Make sure the subjects heels stay flat on the floor.
6 . Lower the measure on the stadiometer until it
makes contact with the top of the head.
7 . Record standing height to the nearest centimeter.
Accessed at:
http://www.ktl.fi/publications/ehrm/product2/part_iii5.htm

Appendix 4 • Measurement of Demispan

Demispan (half-arm span) is the distance from the Calculate height from the formula below:
midline at the sternal notch to the web between
the middle and ring fingers along outstretched arm. Females
Height is then calculated from a standard formula.10 Height in cm =
(1.35 x demispan in cm) + 60.1
1 . Locate and mark the midpoint of the sternal notch Males
with the pen. Height in cm =
2 . Ask the patient to place the left arm in a horizontal (1.40 x demispan in cm) + 57.8
position.
3 . Check that the patient’s arm is horizontal and in
line with shoulders.
4 . Using the tape measure, measure distance from
mark on the midline at the sternal notch to the
web between the middle and ring fingers.
5 . Check that arm is flat and wrist is straight. Source:
Reproduced here with the kind permission of BAPEN ( British Association for
6 . Take reading in cm. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition ) from the ‘MUST’ Explanatory Booklet.
For further information see www.bapen.org.uk
(http://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf)

13
 Appendix 5 • Measurement of Knee Height

Knee height is one method to determine statue in

the bed- or chair-bound patient and is measured Using population-specific formula, calculate
using a sliding knee height caliper. The subject must height from standard formula:
be able to bend the knee and the ankle to 90 degree Gender & ethnic group Equation: Stature (cm) =
angles.
Non-Hispanic white men 78.31 + (1.94 x knee height)
1 . Have the subject bend the knee and ankle of one (U.S.)11 [SEE = 3.74 cm] – (0.14 x age)
leg at a 90 degree angle while lying supine or
Non-Hispanic black men 79.69 + (1.85 x knee height)
sitting on a table with legs hanging off the side (U.S.)11 [SEE = 3.80 cm] – (0.14 x age)
of the table.
Mexican-American men 82.77 + (1.83 x knee height)
2 . Place the fixed blade of the knee caliper under (U.S.)11 [SEE = 3.68 cm] – (0.16 x age)
the heel of the foot in line with the ankle bone. Non-Hispanic white women 82.21 + (1.85 x knee height)
Place the fixed blade of the caliper on the anterior (U.S.)11 [SEE = 3.98 cm] – (0.21 x age)
surface of the thigh about 3.0 cm above the
Non-Hispanic black women 89.58 + (1.61 x knee height)
patella. (U.S.)11 [SEE = 3.82 cm] – (0.17 x age)
3 . Be sure the shaft of the caliper is in line with and Mexican-American women 84.25 + (1.82 x knee height)
parallel to the long bone in the lower leg (tibia) (U.S.)11 [SEE = 3.77 cm] – (0.26 x age)
and is over the ankle bone (lateral malleolus). Taiwanese men12 85.10 + (1.73 x knee height)
Apply pressure to compress the tissue. Record the [SEE = 3.86 cm] – (0.11 x age)
measurement to the nearest 0.1 cm.
Taiwanese women12 91.45 + (1.53 x knee height)
4 . Take two measurements in immediate succession. [SEE = 3.79 cm] – (0.16 x age)
They should agree within 0.5 cm. Use the average Elderly Italian men13 94.87 – (1.58 x knee height)
of these two measurements and the person's [SEE = 4.3 cm] – (0.23 x age) + 4.8
chronological age in the country and ethnic group Elderly Italian women13 94.87 + (1.58 x knee height)
specific equations in the following table. [SEE = 4.3 cm] – (0.23 x age)
5 . The value calculated from the selected equation French men14 74.7 + (2.07 x knee height)
is an estimate of the person's true stature. The 95 [SEE = 3.8 cm] – (-0.21 x age)
percent confidence for this estimate is plus and French women14 67.00 + (2.2 x knee height)
minus twice the SEE value for each equation. [SEE = 3.5 cm] – (0.25 x age)
Mexican Men15 52.6 + (2.17 x knee height)
[SEE = 3.31 cm]
Mexican Women15 73.70 + (1.99 x knee height)
[SEE = 2.99 cm] – (0.23 x age)
96.50 + (1.38 x knee height)
Filipino Men16 – (0.08 x age)
89.63 + (1.53 x knee height)
Filipino Women16 – (0.17 x age)
Malaysian men17 (1.924 x knee height)
[SEE = 3.51 cm] + 69.38
Source: Malaysian women17 (2.225 x knee height)
http://www.rxkinetics.com/height_estimate.html
[SEE = 3.40] + 50.25
Accessed December 12, 2006.

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 Appendix 6 • Measuring Mid Arm Circumference

1 . Ask the patient to bend their non-dominant arm 6 . Record measurement in cm.
at the elbow at a right angle with the palm up.
7 . If MAC is less than 21, score = 0.
2 . Measure the distance between the acromial surface If MAC is 21-22, score = 0.5.
of the scapula (bony protrusion surface of upper If MAC is 22 or greater, score = 1.0.
shoulder) and the olecranon process of the elbow
(bony point of the elbow) on the back of the arm.
3 . Mark the mid-point between the two with the pen.
4 . Ask the patient to let the arm hang loosely by his/
her side.
5 . Position the tape at the mid-point on the upper Source: Source:
Moore MC, Pocket Guide to Nutrition PEN Group., A pocket guide to clinical
arm and tighten snugly. Avoid pinching or causing and Diet Therapy, 1993 nutrition: Assessment of nutritional sta-
indentation. tus, British Dietetic Association. 1997

Appendix 7 • Measuring Calf Circumference

1 . The subject should be sitting with the left leg 4 . Take additional measurements above and below
hanging loosely or standing with their weight the point to ensure that the first measurement
evenly distributed on both feet. was the largest.
2 . Ask the patient to roll up their trouser leg to 5 . An accurate measurement can only be obtained
uncover the calf. if the tape is at a right angle to the length of the
calf.
3 . Wrap the tape around the calf at the widest part
and note the measurement.

References
1. Guigoz Y, Vellas B. Garry PJ., Assessing the nutritional 7. Murphy MC, Brooks CN, New SA, Lumbers ML., The use 13. Donini LM, de Felice MR, De Bernardini L, et al.,
status of the elderly: The Mini Nutritional Assessment of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool in elderly Prediction of stature in the Italian elderly., J Nutr Health
as part of the geriatric evaluation, Nutr Rev orthopaedic patients., Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:555-562. Aging. 2004;8:386-388.
1996;54:S59-S65. 8. Malone A. Anthropometric Assessment. In Charney 14. Guo SS, Wu X, Vellas B, Guigoz Y, Chumlea WC.,
2. Fallon C, Bruce I, Eustace A, et al., Nutritional status of P, Malone E, eds. ADA, Pocket Guide to Nutrition Prediction of stature in the French elderly., Age & Nutr.
community dwelling subjects attending a memory clinic., Assessment., Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association; 1994;5:169-173.
J Nutr Health Aging 2002;6(Supp):21. 2004:142-152. 15. Mendoz-Nunez VM, Sanchez-Rodriguez MA, Cervantes-
3. Kagansky N, Berner Y, Koren-Morag N, Perelman L, 9. Osterkamp LK., Current perspective on assessment of Sandoval A, et al., Equations for predicting height for
Knobler H, Levy S., Poor nutritional habits are predictors human body proportions of relevance to amputees., J elderly Mexican-Americans are not applicable for elderly
of poor outcomes in very old hospitalized patients., Am J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95:215-218. Mexicans., Am J Hum Biol 2002;14:351-355.
Clin Nutr 2005;82:784-791. 10. Hickson M, Frost G., A comparison of three methods for 16. Tanchoco CC, Duante CA, Lopez ES., Arm span and
4. Vellas B, Villars H, Abellan G et al., Overview of the estimating height in the acutely ill elderly population., J knee height as proxy indicators for height., J Nutritionist-
MNA® – It’s history and challenges., J Nutr Health Aging Hum Nutr Diet 2003;6:1-3. Dietitians’ Assoc Philippines 2001;15:84-90.
2006;10:455-465. 11. Chumlea WC, Guo SS, Wholihan K, Cockram D, 17. Shahar S, Pooy NS., Predictive equations for estimation of
5. Guigoz Y, Vellas J, Garry P (1994)., Mini Nutritional Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL., Stature prediction equations statue in Malaysian elderly people., Asia Pac J Clin Nutr.
Assessment: A practical assessment tool for grading the for elderly non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and 2003:12(1):80-84.
nutritional state of elderly patients., Facts Res Gerontol Mexican-American persons developed from NHANES III
4 (supp. 2):15-59. data., J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:137-142.
6. Guigoz Y., The Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA®) review 12. Cheng HS, See LC, Sheih., Estimating stature from
of the literature – what does it tell us?, J Nutr Health Aging knee height for adults in Taiwan., Chang Gung Med J.
2006;10:465-487. 2001;24:547-556.

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