SSM 106 GEOGRAPHY 3
(URBAN GEOGRAPHY)
Week 5 Prelimary Period
King Arnold C. Satsatin
College Instructor
Learning Objectives:
• At the end of the week, the preservice
teacher (PST) should be able to:
a. define urban poverty and disorder;
b. discuss on heterogeneity of cities;
and
c. define and responding to urban
dis(order)
URBAN POVERTY AND DIS
(ORDER)
Urban Poverty
• It refers to the set of economic and social
difficulties that are found in industrialized
cities and that are the result of a combination
of processes such as: the establishment of
comfortable living standards, the increase of
individualism, processes of social
fragmentation, and the dualization of the
labor market, which translates into social
dualization.
• Urban poverty is seen as a type of poverty with the
primary characteristic that it occurs in industrialized
societies, according to (Rowntree 1901).
• The concept of absolute poverty is
based on the notion of subsistence,
i.e., the basic conditions that need to
be met for a person to live a healthy
life from the physical point of view.
Theories of Deprivation
Dimensions of Multiple Deprivation
Crime
Crime
• The intentional commission of an act
usually deemed socially harmful or
dangerous and specifically defined,
prohibited, and punishable under criminal
law.
The emergence of mass
unemployment coincided with an
increase in recorded crime. Research
confirmed that crime grew by 49 per
cent, or 4.1 per cent per annum,
between 1981 and 1991.
Urban Disorder
•Constitutes a permanent fact,
inherent in the urban condition; it is
neither the result of wrong planning
(sometimes also this), nor of a
perverse will, but rather of the
dynamic mechanisms of the city
itself.
• In an attempt to identify factors
conditioning criminal behaviour,
Farrington and West (1988), in a
longitudinal study of 400 predominantly
white inner-city males born in 1953,
found several factors at age 8–10 that
significantly predicted chronic convicted
offenders.
These were:
1. economic/material deprivation, including low
income, poor housing and unemployment
periods experienced by parents;
2. family criminality, including convicted parents
and delinquent siblings;
3. unsatisfactory parenting, either too
authoritarian or too unbounded;
4. school failure.
Health
Health
• Although some of the factors that affect
health, such as age, gender and genetic
make-up, cannot be changed by public
policy or individual choice, a number of
‘external’ factors are recognized to be of
significance for health status.
These include the physical environment
(e.g. adequacy of housing, working
conditions and air quality),
Social and economic factors (e.g.
income and wealth, levels of
unemployment)
Access to appropriate and effective
health and social services.
• In London the ‘re-emerging’ infectious disease
of tuberculosis is concentrated among the
unemployed and those in rented
accommodation, while in the Bronx, New York,
there is a clear relationship between childhood
tuberculosis and residential crowding that is
itself associated with household poverty,
dependence upon public assistance, Hispanic
ethnicity, larger household size and a high
population of young children.
Lack of shelter or homelessness can
have a direct impact on the
individual’s health.
Gender
Gender
•Although women constitute much the
same proportion of the poor (60 per
cent) in today as they did in 1900,
women’s poverty has become more
visible as a result of the growth in
number of female-headed
households.
Gender
•Women may also experience the
same deprivation to a different
degree, with, for example, poor
housing affecting women
responsible for domestic labour
and child care more than men.
The Geography of Deprivation
Analyses using territorial social
indicators reveal that in some
urban localities the intensity
and socio-spatial concentration
of problems are severe.
The Inner-City Problem
• The ‘inner city’ is a generic term that may usefully be
seen as a metaphor for wider social problems at the
heart of which is the core issue of poverty.
• The dispersal of the ‘inner city problem’ to other
parts of the city is particularly evident in British cities,
where the nature and incidence of ‘urban
disadvantage’ have been affected by public urban-
renewal programs and associated population
movements
Inner-City
Nature of Community
Community
•Community is a social
organization that is territorially
socialized and through which its
members satisfy most of their
daily needs and deal with most of
their common problems.
Community
•Also refers to any set of social
relationships operating within certain
boundaries , location or territories.
Elements of Community
•Population
•Territory
•Social Interaction
The Nature of Rural and Urban
Community
Rural Communities
• These are localities which are usually
small, having a homogeneity of culture
and personal relationships.
• The occupation of people are usually
agriculture, fishing and food gathering
and cottage industries.
Urban Communities
•It refer to the cities or urban
settlements characterized by size,
density and heterogeneity which in
combination provide the basis for a
complex division of labor and
fundamental changes in the nature of
social relationships.
The Evolution of City
1. Nomadic Existence
2. Neolithic Period
3. First True Cities or Polis
4. Pre-Industrial City
5. Industrial Revolution and Urban
Explosion
6. Metropolis
7. Megapolis
Comparison of Rural and Urban
Community
Rural Urban
1. Culture Homogeneous Heterogenous, complex
2. Occupation Generally fishing, Non-fishing, non-
farming, food gathering, farming, professions,
cottage industries skilled and semi-skilled,
sales and servicing,
business and
commercial pursuits
and white collar jobs,
underground economy.
Rural Urban
3. Geography Natural physical Artificial, cultural
environment, natural environment human
resources offers resources.
opportunities in quiet
solitude and tranquility.
4. Spatial Farm villages, line and Sector model,
Patterns round villages nucleated concentric zone,
type, dispersed type and megastructures, ghettos
great breathing spaces. and slums.
Rural Urban
5. Family More nuclear, bilateral More extended
close ties, bilocal or extended, bilateral,
neolocal familistic economic, political,
relationships. religious and educational
functions are being taken
by entities.
6. Economic Higher percentage of Lower percentage of
labor force in agriculture. labor force and with great
diversification in
occupations in business
and industries.
Rural Urban
7. Government Barangay government City government
8. Social Classes Fewer social classes with More open and
no extreme wealth international in
composition, upper
classes and middle
classes.
Rural Urban
9. Population Sparely populated, man to Densely populated and
density land ratio is small , more congested
moving space
10. Transportation Animal-drawn vehicles, Modern means of
jeepneys and buses transportation
11. Health and Poor health services, Better health services,
sanitation malnutrition in children, more clinics and hospitals
unsanitary surroundings and more variety of
and unhygienic practices nutritious food
Any Questions?
