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BS Civil Engineering (Batangas State University)

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PPT 1 == COLOR USAGE ==

CHROMATIC ENERGY OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Residential - Colors used within the home must be tolerated
by the whole family. If members of a family have tastes
== PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT ==
which differ widely, they may be satisfied by selecting the
RED - tends to produce rage or passion; it is exciting and colors of their own rooms.
stimulates the brain. It has an aggressive quality and is
- The plan of living of a household group should be studied
frequently associated with violence and excitement.
before any color selections are made. Someone engaged in a
(medium red) suggests health and vitality (bright red) often
business which uses a great deal of energy should have a
has amorous connotations.
retreat at home-a room with a quietly harmonious color
YELLOW - stimulating cheering - to the lazy, upsetting to the scheme.
nervous. It is the most luminous color. Yellow also demands
Commercial - The commercial institution is a home away
attention, and so it is used in dangerous locations, such as
from home for many people, and the inclination to introduce
the edge of a subway platform to mark the hazard, while red
some of the principles used in residential work is always
used to be the color for fire trucks, yellow is now preferred.
present. But all the colors in such an installation must relate
ORANGE - orange projects an idea of intensity, creativity, to each other and to a central scheme and personal choice
euphoria, and enthusiasm. It is often used in creative which conflicts with the appearance of the general scheme
environments, such as offices, studios, and schools. If used cannot be tolerated.
together with blue, it conveys the idea of impulsivity and
- The main objectives in determining the color scheme of a
trust, and so is adopted.
commercial installation are to provide colors which are rich,
BROWN - is restful and warming but should be combined definite, and harmonious which will be easy to live with, and
with orange, yellow or gold because it could be depressing if which will contribute to the efficiency and well-being of all
used alone. who tenant the building. Colors should be subtle; for
example, no brash greens or blues should be used unless
GRAY - suggests cold and is also depressing unless combined compensating colors are used with them. Where offices are
with at least one livelier color. located upon an uninteresting interior court, the colors of
WHITE - is cheerful, particularly when used with warm colors such offices should be ''sunny" and brilliant.
like red, yellow and orange. Industrial - The kind of artificial light must be taken into
PURPLE- is sedative and soothing. It suggests a stately or consideration in the design of industrial interiors. It will
melancholy atmosphere. Cheerfulness or cowardice, depend, to a large extent, upon the type of operation
cheapness. performed. It is equally important that the proper kind of
light be used to avoid shadows and glare.
BLUE- is peaceful and tranquil. It reduces excitability and
therefore helps one to concentrate. - However, if intense heat produced by some of the
processes in space, the walls should be painted a cool color,
GREEN- Evokes calm, tranquillity, serenity and well-being. It regardless of the size of the space, to psychologically assist
is regularly used in spaces associated with health and well- the workers to bear the heat.
being, such as hospitals and relaxation centers.
- Similarity in areas that are extremely cold, warm tones
This psychological use of color has been related to should be used on the walls columns in nearly all industrial
architecture for centuries. Theatres and circuses are gay and building should be brilliantly painted in yellow or vermillion
brilliant with banners, decorations and pageants. Bright to point them out to operators of trucks, forklift, etc.
colors stimulate the imagination and excite the senses to
produce a feeling of joy and pleasure. While the funeral == Safety Guides ==
chapel is sombre in its color appeal. Garish hues would be an Red “STOP” – Basic Color Identification
offense to those who come in a mood of respectful worship,
whereas, subdued colors lend themselves to the spirit of the a. tire protection equipment and apparatus, such as
occasion. The color scheme of a restaurant for dining and pumps buckets, sprinkler pipings.
dancing should be quite different from that of a library for b. dangerous cans of inflammable liquid, barricades or
reading and meditation. temporary obstruction.
c. stop- stop bars on hazardous machine; stop buttons
or switches indicates prohibition.
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Orange “Danger” – Dangerous parts of machine or energized meets the white, an effect directly opposed to contrast
equipment. induction.

Yellow “Caution” – Marking Physical hazard such as

possibility of stumbling, falling, tripping, striking against
something, or being ‘caught in between’ it indicated danger
such as fire explosion, radiation, and poison.

Green “Safety” – First aid dispensary or kits.

Blue “Mandatory Action” – Caution against operation or use

of equipment out of operation or being repaired. Also an
obligation to wear personal protective equipment.

Purple “Radiation Hazard” - Can be used in combination The effect of the visible size of color - A colour covering a
with yellow for markers such as tags, labels, signs and floor small surface is less intense in colour than the same local
markers. colour spread over a large surface. This may be called the
"area effect". It is well known to architects and interior
Black & White (Combination) – Traffic and Housekeeping decorators that a wall painted in accordance with a given
markings. colour sample has a much stronger colour than the sample
itself.
Institutional - The interiors of institutions such as hospitals,
youth detention centers, child care facilities, nursing homes,
and mental health facilities-are carefully studied in order to
provide the most favourable environment for patients,
visitors and staff. The aim should be to provide an
atmosphere that is friendly and inviting.

- Color and illumination are probably the most important of

the visual elements. While pastel colors are most often
employed in patient rooms, variety can be obtained by Colors on a non-uniform background - Such colours are
deepening the tone of the bed wall, painting the window subject to many unexpected changes. The blue areas in the
wall plus an adjacent wall a deeper tone, or perhaps using a pattern below are printed with exactly the same colour ink.
contrasting color on one or two of the other walls. Note their different appearance, a heightened effect can be
- Long corridors can be used as a tool to unify; the tack of seen if the design is tilted or looked at from a distance.
interest can be countered with artwork and with colorful
accents-unusual treatment of the ends of the corridors, of
doors and frames, or periodical spaces, or of handrails.

Educational - Very young children prefer strong colors, but

when they grow older, their taste becomes more
sophisticated and subtle.

- It colors are pastels. bright accents are employed for

furniture and accessories- say bright blue, yellow, Chinese The effect of color if the form - If the form are able to
red, or blue green. Doors and trim are usually darker than change the colour, then the colour is also able to change the
the walls in which. they are located, and painted doors can form.
be given variation and additional interest by the use of
various colors.

== Color as an Expression Element of Design ==

The uniform color of the wall of a room - One special result

of the influence of form on colour is the "spreading effect".
In this figure, divide into halves by a finger or pencil placed
between the black and white grilles. Where the red meets
the black parts of the grill, it becomes darker than where it
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What is a composition in architecture? - When feeling of depth within two or three-dimensional

defining architecture composition, it can be described as compositions.
“the planned arrangement of parts to form a whole”.
Balance – Balance can be defined as the concept of visual
- Architects typically use it to compose concepts, equilibrium. Similar to our physical sense of balance, like
contexts, drawings, elements, experiences, functions, attempting to stand on a ball, opposing forces within a
materials, spaces, etc. Where the placement or order of composition generate visual stability.
elements such as lines, planes and volumes, or visual
- Symmetrical balance, also known as formal balance, is
elements like color, texture, and size, form visual order
achieved by having equal “weight” on each side of a
and formal structure.
central fulcrum. When the elements on each side are
Why is composition important in architecture? – arranged identically then it is referred to as bilateral
Architects use space and mass to form an ordered symmetry.
expression through composition. This ordering process is
Asymmetrical balance, or informal balance, is the
quintessential to direct a design’s character, appearance,
arrangement of elements of different visual weights to
and style.
balance each other out along a central point. In
- Composition is especially important in architecture for architecture, this can take place by varying the design of
taking optimal photographs of a building or space, due to each floor of a building.
the relationship between the structural elements and
Restraint – Restraint is the measure or condition that
negative, or surrounding, spaces.
keeps something under control. This means solving a
== Principle of Architecture Composition == problem in the simplest way possible. A good example of
this principle is Minimalistic design.
Proportion – Proportion as the relationship of one object
to another or one part of an object to its other parts of Definition –references the outer line or form of any
the whole. Also, the proportion does not rely on a known components or part of a building. Some examples include
size. the exterior windows, archways, and different levels.

Scale – Scale refers to how the size of different elements Hierarchy – is the placement of design elements into
relates to each other. Çankaya University suggests that distinct levels of importance. This principle is used within
varying the size of elements can produce visual drama design to emphasize one element over another and
that draws attention to a focal point. distinguish it as more important.

- The perception of scale can be affected by a viewer’s == Visual Hierarchy establishes prioritization and focal
own dimensions. points ==

Repetition – Repetition is the implementation of the Accentuation – can be defined as the highlighting of
same colors, elements, etc. throughout the design. The certain parts of the architecture composition. To
principle can be used to create a pattern or repetition of accomplish this, you must create a visual starting point
an object or symbol in an art piece. for the eye to look at and navigate around the entire
work.
Rhythm – Rhythm is the repetitive use of one or more
design elements to generate a sense of organized Strength - In architectural composition, strength is the
movement. This leads the eye to follow a visual link representation of durability and stability. This is achieved
across the space. through the shape of a building; particularly a pyramid or
rectangle.
- Rhythm can be accomplished with repetition by
duplicating shapes, colors, lines, and textures “Government buildings like the U.S. Capitol are
extensively large and use columns to portray a feeling of
- It can also be developed by a gradation of shifting size
strength.”
or color, via identical objects radiating from a center axis,
through opposition by making abrupt changes in lines, Unity – is when a harmony among the different design
shapes, and color. elements is achieved. More than that, it is the final result
of each object and design principle working together to
Contrast – Contrast is the difference between objects in a
improve the appearance of a space.
composition, usually from varying sizes, textures, colors,
positions, shapes, orientation. This principle can create a
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Properties – In the book Compositions in Architecture - This technique can also apply to the shapes in your
claims that architectural design is virtually pattern composition. You can imagine a triangle and align three
making. In fact, every part of a building, from its plan to subjects with each of the shape’s points.
small details, appears as a pattern.
Marie Gardener provides the example of stairways
== Architecture composition in photography == leading to a door. Not only that, but your image can
direct the viewer’s gaze along multiple paths. Another
Fill the frame/cropping - The cropping, or resizing of an
idea is to look up while taking photos of an architectural
image by removing excess background, can be helpful to
site.
enhance focus on the main subject
== Functional Grouping & Zoning ==
- Cropping is also beneficial for portraits, where the
frame is filled with the person waist up or even just Horizontal Disposition - The various units of plan are first
his/her face. arranged in a horizontal manner in order to secure a
workable relationship between the different areas. This
Consider what you’re cutting off - Whether you’re taking
pattern is dictated by the function of the building and the
an image or cropping one, make sure you don’t leave out
desirable size and shape of the units themselves.
components of the main subject.
This is called Planning for Potential Circulation. Structures
Rule of thirds - a classic photography technique, which is
are built to be used, and the purpose is defeated unless
to mentally divide your camera’s shot into a grid
people can go easily and directly from one area to another,
consisting of nine equal sections.
and unless the related areas are adjacent to each other.
- This principle is particularly useful for landscape
== The principle related to function ==
imagery, as you can align the horizon with the upper or
lower line and subjects like trees or people with the 1. Under this category, we study the Need of Adjacency
vertical lines.

Use frames - You can use elements such as arches or

trees as the frame of your composition.

Watch the background - Before you take a photo, look at

the background for any obtrusive elements that may
interfere with the focus on the main subject. You can
select a wider aperture on a DSLR camera to unfocused,
or blur, the background.

Create depth - Verifying that your image captures

elements in the fore-, middle-, and background can
create a sense of depth. As a result, this draws the
viewer’s gaze throughout the photo. However, make sure
the objects in your image are balanced.

Utilize abstraction - Identify patterns within patterns to

create a more abstract composition. This abstraction can
cause the meaning behind the image to be more
interpretable for the viewer.

Consider negative space - Negative space is the empty

space surrounding or highlighting a subject. In
architecture, this could be the sky around a building or
shadows within a space.

Line composition in architecture - When looking at

pictures, our eyes navigate along lines. Therefore, line
placement in photos will affect how viewers experience
them. You can capture a line with various points or have
it stop to a focal point.
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This is also called the “Bubble Diagram” of Schematic

Relationship of units. This allows the organization of the
tasks in space according to their relationship to each
other.

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== Functional Design ==

- This Deals with the development of a plan arrangement

to serve in a purely mechanical way the functions of the
building. It discovers the proper size of rooms and their
relations to each other. It furnished the elements of
comfort; Light, heat and ventilation.

- Determines the correct size and location of the

structural members which give the building strength.

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