UNDERSTANDING CONFIDENTIALITY

AND MINOR CONSENT IN CALIFORNIA

An Adolescent Provider Toolkit

Illustrations by Jordan Zioni, 17

 HOW TO OBTAIN A COPY This module along with sample polices and handouts in Spanish and Chinese can be
OF THIS TOOLKIT MODULE downloaded for free from the following websites:
Adolescent Health Working Group (AHWG) – www.ahwg.net
California Adolescent Health Collaborative (CAHC) – www.californiateenhealth.org

ADOLESCENT HEALTH The Adolescent Health Working Group (AHWG) was formed in 1996 by a group of
WORKING GROUP adolescent health providers and youth advocates concerned about the lack of age-
appropriate health services in the city of San Francisco. Today, the AHWG remains
the only group if its kind in San Francisco. The AHWG’s vision is that all youth
have unimpeded access to high quality, culturally competent, youth friendly health
services. The AHWG’s mission is to support and strengthen the network of providers
working to improve adolescent health. The AHWG’s works to fulfill its vision and
mission through the following core functions: 1) develop tools and trainings that
increase providers’ capacity to effectively serve youth, 2) advocate for policies that
increase access to health insurance and comprehensive care, 3) convene stakeholders
and coordinate linkages across systems to improve information sharing, networking
and referral for youth services.

CALIFORNIA ADOLESCENT California Adolescent Health Collaborative (CAHC), a project of The Public Health
HEALTH COLLABORATIVE Institute, is a public-private statewide collaborative with the goal of increasing
understanding and support for adolescent health and wellness in California. CAHC’s
vision is that adolescents and young adults from all California communities are
living healthy lives and pursuing positive life options with resources, support, and
opportunities from families, communities, schools, and service systems. Core
functions include: 1) curriculum development, training, and technical assistance
to strengthen the capacity of providers and systems; 2) publications to increase
awareness of providers and policymakers and improve policy and practice;
3) advocacy to keep the health and well being of adolescents central to public debate
and decision-making; and 4) collaborative development to strengthen partnerships
between different disciplines through a common commitment to adolescent health.

SUGGESTED CITATION Second edition: Duplessis V, Goldstein S and Newlan S, (2010) Understanding
Confidentiality and Minor Consent in California: A Module of Adolescent
Provider Toolkit. Adolescent Health Working Group, California Adolescent
Health Collaborative.

QUESTIONS ON TRAININGS Contact CAHC: [email protected]

AHWG: [email protected]
 Adolescent Health Working Group

Dear Colleague,

We are pleased to present you with the second revised edition of Understanding Confidentiality and Minor Consent in
California, a module of the Adolescent Provider Toolkit series, produced jointly by the Adolescent Health Working Group and
the California Adolescent Health Collaborative.

During adolescence, youth confront new issues that affect their physical, reproductive, and mental health. At the same time,
establishing autonomy is one of their most vital developmental tasks. As they face these changes, teens crave increased privacy
and opportunities to make health-related decisions. This is an appropriate element of healthy development, which, if supported by
involved parents and clinicians, can provide an important opportunity for maturation and independence. Youth list concerns about
confidentiality as the number one reason they might forgo medical care. For this reason, youth need assurances of privacy and
confidentiality with their healthcare providers. However, providers indicate that they are mystified and confused by the various
confidentiality and minor consent laws, as well as their child abuse reporting responsibilities. This module, compiled by a multi-
disciplinary group of health care providers, lawyers, health educators, social workers, with important input from parents and
youth, strives to clarify these issues.

Designed for busy providers, the new Understanding Confidentiality and Minor Consent in California Module includes
materials that you are free to copy and distribute to your adolescent patients and their families, or to hang in waiting and exam
rooms. This module includes:

• Charts on minor consent and confidentiality

• Practice tools
• Screening, Assessment and referral tools
• Resource sheets
• Health education handouts for teens and their parents/guardians
• Online resources and research

Updates and additions in this new edition include:

• Updated legal information

• Added resources for youth
• A new section for parents/guardians
• Information addressing issues of HIPAA and FERPA

Our two websites have additional examples of forms and health education handouts in Chinese and Spanish for both youth and
parents/guardians. This module can be downloaded for free in its entirety.

An interactive live training is also available to integrate the use of the module into clinical practice. Our evaluation data indicates
that those who utilize our trainings find the materials richer, more salient, and are more likely to feel confident responding to
minor consent and confidentiality concerns in their work with teens.

If you have questions regarding the Toolkit or its accompanying training and resources; please call the California Adolescent
Health Collaborative at (510)285-5712 or Adolescent Health Working Group at (415)554-8429.

Regards,

Sandi Goldstein, MPH Alicia St. Andrews, MPH

Director, California Adolescent Health Collaborative Director, Adolescent Health Working Group
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The California Adolescent Health Collaborative and Adolescent Health Working Group gratefully acknowledge The California
Endowment and the Compton Foundation for generously supporting the production of the second edition of this toolkit module.

THE ADOLESCENT MINOR CONSENT and CONFIDENTIALITY PROVIDER TOOLKIT ADVISORY GROUP

We would like to extend our sincerest thanks to members of the Toolkit Advisory Group for their time, energy, dedication, and
unwavering commitment to the health of adolescents.

Virginia Duplessis, MSW – California Adolescent Health Collaborative

Elizabeth Edwards, MPH, CHES – Alameda Alliance for Health
Sandi Goldstein, MPH – California Adolescent Health Collaborative
Rebecca Gudeman, JD, MPA – National Center for Youth Law
Amy Halio, MD –La Clínica de la Raza School Based Health Centers
Amanda Howell, The Permanente Medical Group, Inc
Robin Kirkpatrick, LCSW, MPH - California Adolescent Health Collaborative
David Knopf, LCSW, MPH – UCSF Division of Adolescent Medicine
Terrie Lind - Planned Parenthood Mar Monte
Erica Monasterio, MN, FNP – UCSF Division of Adolescent Medicine
Tomás Magaña, MD, MA, FAAP – Children’s Hospital and Research Center, Oakland
Sami Newlan, California Adolescent Health Collaborative
Janet Shalwitz, MD - Adolescent Health Working Group
Alicia St. Andrews, MPH - Adolescent Health Working Group

ORIGINAL AUTHORS
We would like to acknowledge the original authors of the Understanding Confidentiality and Minor Consent in California: An
Adolescent Provider Toolkit Module, Marlo Simmons, Janet Shalwitz, Sara Pollack, and Allison Young.

YOUTH FOCUS GROUP PARTICIPANTS

We would like to thank students from: Alameda High School, Balboa High School (San Francisco), Manual Arts High School (Los
Angeles), and San Luis Obispo Community School.

PARENT FOCUS GROUP PARTICIPANTS

We would like to thank parents from: Chinatown Child Development Center in San Francisco, Corcoran Family Resource Center,
Riverside Community Health Foundation, and El Cerrito High School.

PROVIDER FOCUS GROUP PARTICIPANTS

We would like to thank providers from: Fresno, Alameda, and Riverside Counties.

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS

Samantha Blackburn (California School Health Centers Association), Katie Hornung, and Christiana Macfarlane (National Center for
Youth Law).
MODULE ONE: CONFIDENTIALITY
A. TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS California Minor Consent Laws .................................................................2
Snapshot: Who Can Consent for What .......................................................7
When Sexual Intercourse is Reportable as Child Abuse ............................8
Confidentiality and Minor Consent Q&A ..................................................9
Mandated Reporting Q&A........................................................................11
Is Your Office Confidentiality Conscious? ...............................................13
Confidentiality Conscious Back Office Recommendations .....................15
Balancing Act: Engaging Youth, Supporting Parents ...............................16
Provider Tips for Discussing Conditional Confidentiality .......................17
Financing Sensitive Services: A Guide for Adolescent
Health Care Providers...............................................................................18

B. HANDOUTS FOR PARENTS AND YOUTH Introduction...............................................................................................21

FOR YOUTH The Truth About Confidentiality ..............................................................22

Youth-friendly Clinic Poster .....................................................................23
Your Health Rights and Responsibilities ..................................................24
Quiz: How well do you know your health rights and responsibilities?....25

FOR PARENTS Handouts from Providers to Parents Regarding Consent

and Confidentiality ...................................................................................26
Your Teen is Changing! ............................................................................28
Talking to Your Teen About Tough Issues ................................................29
Helping Your Teen Take Responsibility for Their Health ........................30
Know Myself, Know My Teen .................................................................31
The 5 Basics of Parenting Adolescents.....................................................32
My Teen is Going to the Doctor and Not Telling Me!..............................33

C. FOR SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS What is FERPA? .......................................................................................34

How Does FERPA Differ From HIPAA? .................................................36
What Do I Follow? ...................................................................................38
FAQs .........................................................................................................40

D. RESOURCES Confidentiality Literature Review Summaries .........................................43

Federal Medical Privacy Regulations (HIPAA Rules):
A Brief Overview......................................................................................45
Confidentiality and Minor Consent-related Online Resources.................48
 CALIFORNIA MINOR CONSENT AND CONFIDENTIALITY LAWS:
MINOR CONSENT SERVICES AND WHEN PARENTS MAY ACCESS RELATED MEDICAL INFORMATION

MINORS OF ANY AGE LAW CONFIDENTIALITY AND/OR INFORMING

MAY CONSENT OBLIGATION OF THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
IN RELATION TO PARENTS

PREGNANCY “A minor may consent to medical care related to the The health care provider is not permitted to inform a
prevention or treatment of pregnancy,” except parent or legal guardian without the minor’s consent.
sterilization. (Cal. Family Code § 6925). The provider can only share the minor’s medical
information with parents with a signed authorization
from the minor. (Cal. Health & Safety Code §§
CONTRACEPTION A minor may receive birth control without parental 123110(a), 123115(a)(1); Cal. Civ. Code §§ 56.10,
consent. (Cal. Family Code § 6925). 56.11).

ABORTION A minor may consent to an abortion without parental The health care provider is not permitted to inform a
consent. (Cal. Family Code § 6925; American Academy parent or legal guardian without the minor’s consent.
of Pediatrics v. Lungren, 16 Cal.4th 307 (1997)). The provider can only share the minor’s medical
information with parents with a signed authorization
from the minor. (American Academy of Pediatrics v.

A-2
Lungren, 16 Cal.4th 307 (1997); Cal. Health & Safety
Code §§ 123110(a), 123115(a)(1); Cal. Civ. Code §§
56.10, 56.11).

SEXUAL ASSAULT1 SERVICES “A minor who [may] have been sexually assaulted may The health care provider must attempt to contact the
consent to medical care related to the minor’s parent/guardian and note in the minor’s record
1For the purposes of minor consent alone, sexual assault includes acts diagnosis,…treatment and the collection of medical the day and time of the attempted contact and whether
of oral copulation, sodomy, and other crimes of a sexual nature.
evidence with regard to the …assault.” (Cal. Family it was successful. This provision does not apply if the
Code § 6928). treating professional reasonably believes that the
parent/guardian committed the assault. (Cal. Family
Code § 6928).

RAPE2 SERVICES FOR MINORS UNDER 12 YRS3 A minor under 12 years of age who may have been Both rape and sexual assault of a minor are considered
raped “may consent to medical care related to the child abuse under California law and must be reported
2Rape requires an act of non-consensual sexual intercourse. diagnosis,…treatment and the collection of medical as such. The child abuse authorities investigating the
3See also “Rape Services for Minors 12 and Over” on page 3 of this
evidence with regard” to the rape. (Cal. Family Code § report legally may disclose to parents that a report was
chart
6928). made.

Adolescent Provider Toolkit © National Center for Youth Law, revision Feb. 2010. Available at www.teenhealthrights.org and www.youthlaw.org.
 MINORS OF ANY AGE LAW CONFIDENTIALITY AND/OR INFORMING
MAY CONSENT OBLIGATION OF THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
IN RELATION TO PARENTS

EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES* A provider shall not be liable for performing a procedure The parent or guardian usually has a right to inspect the
on a minor if the provider “reasonably believed that [the] minor’s records. (Cal. Health & Safety Code §§
*An emergency is “a situation . . . requiring immediate services for procedure should be undertaken immediately and that 123110(a); Cal. Civ. Code § 56.10. But see exception
alleviation of severe pain or immediate diagnosis of unforeseeable
there was insufficient time to obtain [parental] informed at endnote (EXC.)).
medical conditions, which, if not immediately diagnosed and treated,
would lead to serious disability or death” (Cal. Code Bus. & Prof. § consent.” (Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 2397).
2397(c)(2)).

SKELETAL X-RAY TO DIAGNOSE CHILD ABUSE OR “A physician and surgeon or dentist or their agents . . . Neither the physician-patient privilege nor the
NEGLECT* may take skeletal X-rays of the child without the consent psychotherapist-patient privilege applies to information
of the child's parent or guardian, but only for purposes of reported pursuant to this law in any court proceeding.
* The provider does not need the minor’s or her parent’s consent to diagnosing the case as one of possible child abuse or
perform a procedure under this section. neglect and determining the extent of.” (Cal. Penal Code
§ 11171.2).

MINORS OF 12 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER LAW CONFIDENTIALITY AND/OR INFORMING

MAY CONSENT OBLIGATION OF THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
IN RELATION TO PARENTS

A-3
OUTPATIENT MENTAL HEALTH “A minor who is 12 years of age or older may consent MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT:
SERVICES4/SHELTER SERVICES to mental health treatment or counseling on an The health care provider is required to involve a parent or
outpatient basis, or to residential shelter services, if guardian in the minor’s treatment unless the health care
4This section does not authorize a minor to receive convulsive provider decides that such involvement is inappropriate.
both of the following requirements are satisfied: (1)
therapy, psychosurgery or psychotropic drugs without the consent of The minor, in the opinion of the attending professional This decision and any attempts to contact parents must be
a parent or guardian. documented in the minor’s record. Cal. Fam. Code §
person, is mature enough to participate intelligently in
6924; 45 C.F.R. 164.502(g)(3)(ii). While this exception
the outpatient services or residential shelter services.
allows providers to inform and involve parents in
(2) The minor (A) would present a danger of serious treatment, it does not give providers a right to disclose
physical or mental harm to self or to others without the medical records to parents without the minor’s consent.
mental health treatment or counseling or residential The provider can only share the minor’s medical records
shelter services, or (B) is the alleged victim of incest or with a signed authorization from the minor. (Cal. Health &
child abuse.” (Cal. Family Code § 6924). Saf. Code §§ 123110(a), 123115(a)(1); Cal. Civ. Code §§
56.10, 56.11, 56.30; Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 5328. See
also exception at endnote (EXC).
SHELTER:
Although minor may consent to service, the shelter must
use its best efforts based on information provided by the
minor to notify parent/guardian of shelter services.

Adolescent Provider Toolkit © National Center for Youth Law, revision Feb. 2010. Available at www.teenhealthrights.org and www.youthlaw.org.
 CALIFORNIA MINOR CONSENT AND CONFIDENTIALITY LAWS:
MINOR CONSENT SERVICES AND WHEN PARENTS MAY ACCESS RELATED MEDICAL INFORMATION, cont.

MINORS OF 12 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER LAW CONFIDENTIALITY AND/OR INFORMING OBLIGATION OF

MAY CONSENT THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IN RELATION TO PARENTS

DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE TREATMENT “A minor who is 12 years of age or older may There are different confidentiality rules under federal and state
consent to medical care and counseling law. Providers meeting the criteria listed under ‘federal’ below
• This section does not authorize a minor to receive relating to the diagnosis and treatment of a must follow the federal rule. Providers that don’t meet these
replacement narcotic abuse treatment without the drug or alcohol related problem.”(Cal. Family criteria follow state law.
Code §6929(b)). FEDERAL: Federal confidentiality law applies to any
consent of the minor's parent or guardian.
individual, program, or facility that meets the following two
criteria:
• This section does not grant a minor the right to refuse 1. The individual, program, or facility is federally assisted.
medical care and counseling for a drug or alcohol (Federally assisted means authorized, certified, licensed or
related problem when the minor’s parent or guardian funded in whole or in part by any department of the federal
consents for that treatment. (Cal. Family Code § government. Examples include programs that are: tax exempt;
6929(f)). receiving tax-deductible donations; receiving any federal
operating funds; or registered with Medicare.)(42 C.F.R.
§2.12); AND
2. The individual or program:
1) Is an individual or program that holds itself out as

A-4
providing alcohol or drug abuse diagnosis, treatment, or
referral; OR
2) Is a staff member at a general medical facility whose
primary function is, and who is identified as, a provider of
alcohol or drug abuse diagnosis, treatment or referral; OR
3) Is a unit at a general medical facility that holds itself out as
providing alcohol or drug abuse diagnosis, treatment or
referral. (42 C.F.R. §2.11; 42 C.F.R. §2.12).
For individuals or programs meeting these criteria, federal law
prohibits disclosing any information to parents without a minor’s
written consent. One exception, however, is that an individual or
program may share with parents if the individual or program
director determines the following three conditions are met: (1)
that the minor’s situation poses a substantial threat to the life or
physical well-being of the minor or another; (2) that this threat
may be reduced by communicating relevant facts to the minor’s
parents; and (3) that the minor lacks the capacity because of
extreme youth or a mental or physical condition to make a
rational decision on whether to disclose to her parents. (42 C.F.R.
§2.14). STATE RULE: Cal. Family Code §6929(c). Parallels
confidentiality rule described under “Mental Health Treatment”
supra at page 2. See also exception at endnote (EXC.).

Adolescent Provider Toolkit © National Center for Youth Law, revision Feb. 2010. Available at www.teenhealthrights.org and www.youthlaw.org.
 MINORS OF 12 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER LAW CONFIDENTIALITY AND/OR INFORMING
MAY CONSENT OBLIGATION OF THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
IN RELATION TO PARENTS

DIAGNOSIS AND/OR TREATMENT FOR “A minor who is 12 years of age or older and who may The health care provider is not permitted to inform a
INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS COMMUNICABLE have come into contact with an infectious, contagious, parent or legal guardian without the minor’s consent.
DISEASES or communicable disease may consent to medical care The provider can only share the minor’s medical
related to the diagnosis or treatment of the disease, if information with parents with a signed authorization
the disease… is one that is required by law…to be from the minor. (Cal. Health & Safety Code §§
reported….” (Cal. Family Code § 6926). 123110(a), 123115(a)(1); Cal. Civ. Code §§ 56.10,
56.11).

Rape of a minor is considered child abuse under

California law and must be reported as such. Even if
health care providers cannot disclose to parents that
they have made this report, adolescent patients should
be advised that the child abuse authorities investigating
the report legally may disclose to parents that a report
“A minor who is 12 years of age or older and who is was made.
RAPE SERVICES FOR MINORS 12 AND OVER
alleged to have been raped may consent to medical care
related to the diagnosis or treatment of the condition
and the collection of medical evidence with regard to

A-5
the alleged rape.” (Cal. Family Code 6927).

AIDS/HIV TESTING AND TREATMENT A minor 12 and older is competent to give written The health care provider is not permitted to inform a
consent for an HIV test. (Cal. Health and Safety Code § parent or legal guardian without the minor’s consent.
121020). A minor 12 and older may consent to the The provider can only share the minor’s medical
diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS. (Cal. Family information with parents with a signed authorization
Code § 6926). from the minor. (Cal. Health & Safety Code §§
123110(a), 123115(a)(1); Cal. Civ. Code §§ 56.10,
56.11).
DIAGNOSIS AND/OR TREATMENT FOR SEXUALLY A minor 12 years of age or older who may have come
TRANSMITTED DISEASES into contact with a sexually transmitted disease may
consent to medical care related to the diagnosis or
treatment of the disease. (Cal. Family Code § 6926).

Adolescent Provider Toolkit © National Center for Youth Law, revision Feb. 2010. Available at www.teenhealthrights.org and www.youthlaw.org.
 CALIFORNIA MINOR CONSENT AND CONFIDENTIALITY LAWS:
MINOR CONSENT SERVICES AND WHEN PARENTS MAY ACCESS RELATED MEDICAL INFORMATION, cont.

MINORS OF 15 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER LAW CONFIDENTIALITY AND/OR INFORMING

MAY CONSENT OBLIGATION OF THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
IN RELATION TO PARENTS

GENERAL MEDICAL CARE “A minor may consent to the minor's medical care or “A physician and surgeon or dentist may, with or
dental care if all of the following conditions are satisfied: without the consent of the minor patient, advise the
(1) The minor is 15 years of age or older. (2) The minor is minor's parent or guardian of the treatment given or
living separate and apart from the minor's parents or needed if the physician and surgeon or dentist has
guardian, whether with or without the consent of a parent reason to know, on the basis of the information given
or guardian and regardless of the duration of the separate by the minor, the whereabouts of the parent or
residence. (3) The minor is managing the minor's own guardian.” (Cal. Family Code § 6922(c). See also
financial affairs, regardless of the source of the minor's exception at endnote (EXC)).
income.” (Cal. Family Code § 6922(a)).

MINOR MUST BE EMANCIPATED LAW CONFIDENTIALITY AND/OR INFORMING

A-6
(GENERALLY 14 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER) OBLIGATION OF THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
IN RELATION TO PARENTS

GENERAL MEDICAL CARE An emancipated minor may consent to medical, dental The health care provider is not permitted to inform a
and psychiatric care. (Cal. Family Code § 7050(e)). See parent or legal guardian without minor’s consent. The
Cal. Family Code § 7002 for emancipation criteria. provider can only share the minor’s medical information
with parents with a signed authorization from the minor.
(Cal. Health & Safety Code §§ 123110(a), 123115(a)(1);
Cal. Civ. Code §§ 56.10, 56.11).

This chart may be reproduced for individual use if accompanied by an acknowledgement.

EXC: Providers may refuse to provide parents access to a minor’s medical records, where a parent normally has a right to them, if “the health care provider
determines that access to the patient records requested by the [parent or guardian] would have a detrimental effect on the provider’s professional relationship
with the minor patient or the minor’s physical safety or psychological well-being.’ Cal. Health & Safety Code § 123115(a)(2). A provider shall not be liable for
any good faith decisions concerning access to a minor’s records. Id.

© National Center for Youth Law, revision Feb. 2010. Available at www.teenhealthrights.org and www.youthlaw.org.

Adolescent Provider Toolkit

FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS

CALIFORNIA MINOR CONSENT LAWS

SERVICES YOUTH CAN RECEIVE WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THEIR CAN PROVIDER TELL YOUTH’S
PARENT/GUARDIAN PARENT/GUARDIAN?

Birth Control Minors of any age No

Except Sterilization Parental notification allowed only with
consent of minor
Pregnancy (Prev, Dx, Tx) Minors of any age
Including inpatient care

Abortion Minors of any age

STIs, Contagious and Reportable Minors 12 yrs or older

Diseases (Dx & Tx)

HIV Testing Minors 12 yrs or older and assessed as

competent to give informed consent

Sexual Assault Care Minors of any age Yes

In most cases, an attempt to notify
parent/guardian must be made. 1,2

Alcohol/Drug Counseling by Federally Minors 12 yrs or older 3,4 No

Assisted Treatment Program Parental notification allowed only with
Including inpatient care consent of minor

Alcohol/Drug Counseling by Non- Minors 12 yrs or older 3,4 Yes

Federally Assisted Treatment Program An attempt to notify parent/guardian
must be made, except when provider
Outpatient Mental Health Treatment Minors 12 yrs or older 5 believes it is inappropriate

DEFINITIONS 1The law allows for some exceptions to parental

notification. These exceptions include suspecting the parent
(with regard to minor consent) of assault and certain cases of rape. See
Confidentiality: The provider can only share patient information with teenhealthrights.org for more information.
2Sexual assault requires a child abuse report in which case
permission of patient. Note: Exceptions include reporting child abuse and
insurance billing. youth should be advised that parents may be notified by
law enforcement or child protective services.
Consent: Giving permission to receive health services; or giving permission to 3However, parent/guardian can consent over the minor’s
share patient information with others. objection.
4Parent/guardian’s consent is required for methadone
Notification: The provider is required to tell a minor’s parent/guardian that treatment.
he/she received a specific health service. Note: Notification does not mean access 5If (1) the minor is 12 years or older, is mature enough to
to medical records. consent AND (2) the minor is (A) the victim of incest or
child abuse or (B) would present a threat of serious
Sexual assault: For the purposes of minor consent alone, sexual assault includes
physical or mental harm to self or others without treatment.
but is not limited to acts of oral sex, sodomy, rape, and other violent crimes of a
sexual nature that occur without permission.
KEY:
Note: Minors maintain the same right to consent for the above healthcare Pre=Prevention
services upon entry into foster care and juvenile justice systems. Dx=Diagnosis
For more detailed information on consenting for healthcare services for youth in Tx=Treatment
the foster care and juvenile justice systems, see: Consent to Treatment for Youth STIs=Sexual Transmitted Infections
in the Juvenile Justice System: California Law and Consent to Medical
Treatment for Foster Children: California Law at www.teenhealthrights.org.

Adapted from: CA Minor Consent Laws Pocket Card, the Adolescent Health Working Group.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-7 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
When Sexual Intercourse with a Minor
Must Be Reported as Child Abuse: California Law*
In California, health care practitioners are mandated to report any reasonable suspicion of child abuse. Sexual intercourse with a minor
is reportable as child abuse:

1. WHEN COERCED OR IN ANY OTHER WAY NOT VOLUNTARY

Mandated reporters must report any intercourse that was coerced or in any other way not voluntary, irrespective of the ages of the partners
and even if both partners are the same age. Sexual activity is not voluntary when accomplished against the victim’s will by means of force
or duress, or when the victim is unconscious or so intoxicated that he or she cannot resist. See Penal Code § 261 for more examples.
Irrespective of what your patient tells you, treating professionals should use clinical judgment and “evaluate facts known to them in light
of their training and experience to determine whether they have an objectively reasonable suspicion of child abuse.” 249 Cal. Rptr. 762.

2. BASED ON AGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTNER AND PATIENT IN A FEW SITUATIONS

Mandated reporters also must report based on the age difference between the patient and his or her partner in a few circumstances,
according to the following chart:
KEY: M = Mandated. A report is mandated based solely on age difference between partner and patient.
CJ = Clinical Judgment. A report is not mandated based solely on age; however, a reporter must use clinical judgment and
must report if he or she has a reasonable suspicion that act was coerced, as described above.

AGE OF PATIENT AGE OF PARTNER

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 and older

11 CJ CJ M M M M M M M M M _
12 CJ CJ M M M M M M M M M _
13 CJ CJ M M M M M M M M M _
14 M M CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ M M _
15 M M CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ M M _
16 M M CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ

17 M M CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ

18 M M CJ CJ CJ CJ
Chart design by David Knopf, LCSW, UCSF.
19 M M CJ CJ CJ CJ The legal sources for this chart are as follows: Penal
Code §§ 11165.1; 261.5; 261; 259 Cal. Rptr. 762, 769
20 M M CJ CJ CJ CJ (3rd Dist. Ct. App. 1989); 226 Cal. Rptr. 361, 381
(1st Dist. Ct. App. 1986); 73 Cal. Rptr. 2d 331, 333
M M M M (1st Dist. Ct. App. 1998).
21 and older CJ CJ

DO I HAVE A DUTY TO ASCERTAIN THE AGE OF A MINOR’S SEXUAL PARTNER FOR THE PURPOSE OF CHILD ABUSE
REPORTING?
No statute or case obligates health care practitioners to ask their minor patients about the age of the minors’ sexual partners for the
purpose of reporting abuse. Rather, case law states that providers should ask questions as in the ordinary course of providing care
according to standards prevailing in the medical profession. Thus, a provider’s professional judgment determines his practice. 249
Cal. Rptr. 762, 769 (3rd Dist. Ct. App. 1988).

WHAT DO I DO IF I AM NOT SURE WHETHER I SHOULD REPORT SOMETHING?

When you aren’t sure whether a report is required or warranted, you may consult with Child Protective Services and ask about the
appropriateness of a referral.

*This worksheet addresses reporting of consensual vaginal intercourse between non-family members. It is not a complete review of all California sexual abuse reporting
requirements and should not be relied upon as such. For more information on other reporting rules and how to report in California and other states, check www.teenhealthrights.org
© National Center for Youth Law. Feb. 2010. For questions about this chart, contact us at www.teenhealthrights.org.

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-8

FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
CONFIDENTIALITY AND MINOR CONSENT Q&A

Q: What are the services a

A:
See pages 2-8 “CALIFORNIA MINOR CONSENT LAWS: Who can consent
minor can consent to? for what services and providers’ obligations.”

Q: If a minor cannot give

A:
Adult Caretaker: With letter from parent, or with a caretaker consent
consent to health care, who affidavit;
(besides a parent) can give Guardian: With court order granting guardianship;
it for them? Court: Minors 16 and over whose parents are unavailable;
Juvenile Court: Minor who is a dependent of court;
Foster Parent: In some cases.

Emergency: Consent not required in an emergency

Note: For complete information, please refer to
http://www.teenhealthrights.org/

Q: How far should I go when

A:
When parental consent is necessary in order to provide a service, the provider
trying to reach a parent? must obtain that consent. If the provider is unable to reach a parent and
believes that treatment must be provided immediately, the provider should
proceed if the youth’s medical condition qualifies as an emergency. The
provider should clearly document his/her actions, decisions, and rationale for
treatment or interventions.

Q: Can consent be given

A:
California statutes do not specifically require that consent be written. Often,
verbally? for routine uncomplicated care, providers feel comfortable with verbal
consent. In these cases, it is clear that the person giving consent understands
the risks and consequences of the procedure and that the verbal
communication is documented in the medical record. If the treatment is more
complicated, the provider may want a signed consent form to be sure that the
person providing consent is providing “informed consent” and understands
the ramifications of the procedures performed. Health care providers should
establish an office policy to provide all staff guidance. (See Back Office
Policies, p.15)

Q: If parents give consent to

A:
The general rule is that parents have a right to see medical records if the
treatment, does that give parents consented to the treatment. HOWEVER, California law gives health
them the right to look over care providers the right to refuse access to records anytime the health care
medical records? provider determines that access to the patient records would have a
detrimental effect on the provider’s professional relationship with the minor
patient or the minor’s physical or psychological well-being. (Cal. Health and
Safety Code § 123115(a)(2)). The health care provider is not liable for
denying access to records under this provision if the decision to deny access
was made in good faith.

Q: When the youth has the

A:
If a minor has the legal right to confidential care, a provider must abide by
right to confidential care, that right or risk liability or other legal sanction. There are a few minor
what do I do if I’m consent statutes that grant the health provider the right to decide whether
uncomfortable NOT telling contacting a parent is appropriate or necessary even over the minor’s
parents? objection. One example is the minor consent drug treatment statute. See the
chart on pages 2-6 confidentiality column for statutes that allow providers to
share with parents over the minor's objection. In those cases and no others, a
provider can rely on their professional judgment to decide whether to share
information with parents. Providers are not legally obligated to provide
services to which they are morally or ethically opposed. In such circum-
stances, the provider should refer the adolescent to another provider, clinic,
or program who can better meet the teen’s health care needs.
© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010
Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-9 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
CONFIDENTIALITY AND MINOR CONSENT Q&A, cont.

Q: What if the minor does not

A:
A patient is competent if the patient (1) understands the nature and
SEEM competent to make consequence of his/her medical condition and the proposed treatment, and (2)
his or her own decisions? can communicate his/her decision.
(low IQ, drug use, adult
influence, etc.) Providers can make their own assessment of a patient’s competency and do
not need a judicial ruling or psychiatric diagnosis in order to find a patient
incompetent. When assessing whether the patient understands the nature and
consequences of his/her medical condition (and can communicate his/her
decision) take into account the following:

(1) Always start with the presumption that a patient is competent.

(2) Minority age alone is not a sufficient basis for determining if someone is
incompetent. The law specifically deems minors capable of providing consent
in certain medical situations.
(3) Physical or mental disorders alone are not a sufficient basis for finding
incompetency.
(4) The nature and consequence of the medical condition must be explained
in terms a minor would understand.
(5) Believing that the patient is making an unwise or “wrong” medical
decision is not a sufficient basis for finding the patient incompetent.
(6) Competency is situation specific. A minor deemed incompetent in one
situation may not be considered incompetent in all situations.

Q: How can we provide

A:
If you know that a health plan will automatically send out materials to your
confidential patient you can do the following:
care when the patient’s (1) Become a Family PACT provider and bill for services through this
health plan sends program.
Explanation of Benefits (2) Urge your patient to sign-up for the Medi-Cal Minor Consent program
(EOBS), bills, or surveys and bill for services through this program.
home after a visit? (3) Refer your patients to Family PACT or Medi-Cal Minor Consent
providers. See page A-18, “Financing Sensitive Services: A Guide for
Adolescent Health Care Providers.”
(4) Contact the patient’s health plan and let them know your concerns.
(5) Urge your patients to request that their insurer not send an EOB or send it
to a different address, although the insurer is not obligated to comply.

Q: I know that minors 12 and

A:
There is no statute or regulation that defines the term “serious harm”. The
over can consent to their interpretation of this term is left to the discretion and professional judgment
own mental health care of the provider. For more detailed information, please refer to “Behavioral
when they are mature Health: An Adolescent Provider Toolkit” at www.ahwg.net.
enough to participate in the
service and the minor would
present “a danger or
serious physical or mental
harm to self or others
without the mental health
treatment.” But, what is
“serious harm?”

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-10 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
MANDATED REPORTING Q&A

Q: Who is a Mandated
A:
There is a list of 33 mandated reporters, but those pertaining to
Reporter? adolescent health services are: 1) Physicians, 2) Surgeons, 3) Psychiatrists,
4) Psychologists, 5) Psychological Assistants, 6) Mental Health and
Counseling Professionals, 7) Dentists, 8) Dental Hygienists, 9) Registered
Dental Assistants, 10) Residents, 11) Interns, 12) Podiatrists,
13) Chiropractors, 14) Licensed Nurses, 15) Optometrists, 16) Marriage,
Family and Child Counselors, Interns and Trainees, 17) State and County
Public Health Employees, 18) Clinical Social Workers, 19) EMT's and
Paramedics, and 20) Pharmacists.

Q: Why and when am I

A:
The California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act created a set of state
required to make a report? statutes that establish the whys, whens and wheres of reporting child abuse in
California.
“Mandated reporters” are required to make a child abuse report anytime, in
the scope of performing their professional duties, they discover facts that lead
them to know or reasonably suspect a child is a victim of abuse. Reasonable
suspicion of abuse occurs when “it is objectively reasonable for a person to
entertain a suspicion, based upon facts that could cause a reasonable person in
a like position, drawing when appropriate on his or her training and
experience, to suspect child abuse or neglect.”
The Act requires professionals to use their training and experience to
evaluate the situation; however, “nothing in the Act requires professionals
such as health practitioners to obtain information they would not ordinarily
obtain in the course of providing care or treatment. Thus, the duty to report
must be premised on information obtained by the health practitioner in the
ordinary course of providing care and treatment according to standards
prevailing in the medical profession.” (People v. Stockton Pregnancy Control
Medical Clinic, 203 Cal.App.3d 225, 239-240, 1988)
The pregnancy of a minor in and of itself does not constitute a basis for a
reasonable suspicion of sexual abuse. A child who is not receiving medical
treatment for religious reasons shall not be considered neglected for that
reason alone.

Q: What about the right of

A:
Child Abuse reporting is one of the few exceptions to patient confidentiality.
patient confidentiality? Reporters do not need the minor or parent’s consent to share the otherwise
confidential information necessary to make a report. The Child Abuse
Reporting Act specifically exempts reporters from any liability for breaching
confidentiality if they make a good faith report of abuse.

Q: When does a mandated

A:
See page A-8 “When Sexual Intercourse is Reportable as Child Abuse in
reporter have to report California?”
sexual activity?

Q: How do I make a report?

A:
1. Reports should be made to any one of the following:
• any police department or sheriff’s department, not including a school
district police or security department;
• the county probation department, if designated by the county to receive
mandated reports; or
• the county welfare department (often referred to as CWA or CPS).
2. You must make an initial report immediately or as soon as is possible by
telephone. A written report (DOJ form SS 8572) must be sent, faxed, or
electronically transmitted within 36 hours of the verbal report.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-11 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
MANDATED REPORTING Q&A, cont.

Q: What will I report?

A:
1. Your name. Although this is kept confidential, there are exceptions in
certain limited situations.
2. The child’s name.
3. The present location of the child.
4. The nature and extent of the injury.
5. Any other information requested by the child protective agency, including
what led you to suspect child abuse.
6. If the child does not feel safe returning to the place of abuse or if he or she
is in immediate danger, report this information as well.

Q: What happens to the

A:
1. The report will be investigated either by the local law enforcement agency
report? or by the child protective services agency.
2. The report will be assessed as to whether there is a need for immediate
action.
3. High risk factors will be considered to determine whether immediate face-
to-face contact is required (ex. Direct interviews with anyone who might
provide more information on the situation).
4. The report will be determined to be either:
a) Unfounded (false, inherently improbable, to involve accidental injury,
or not to constitute child abuse);
b) Substantiated (constitutes child abuse or neglect);
c) Inconclusive (not unfounded, but the findings are inconclusive and
there is insufficient evidence to determine whether child abuse or
neglect has occurred).

Q: What happens if the report

A:
1. It will be forwarded to the Child Abuse Central Index and investigation
is not unfounded? will continue.
2. The child may be taken into protective custody.
3. A dependency case may be opened.

Q: Will I be told about the

A:
The Child Protective Agency is required to provide mandated reporters with
status of the report? feedback about the report and investigation. It might be necessary to be
proactive in this situation by calling the Department of Social Services.

Q: Is there a statute of
A:
No. If an individual under 18 years old tells you about abuse, even if it
limitations? occurred when he or she was a young child, you must report it. Other
agencies will decide whether the case should be pursued.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-12 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
IS YOUR OFFICE CONFIDENTIALITY CONSCIOUS?
OFFICE SELF-ASSESSMENT CHART
YES NO

STAFF Knowledge Staff are educated regarding the confidentiality laws that pertain
to adolescents (p. 2-11 of toolkit). Reference materials are
available for all staff.

Policies When confidentiality cannot be maintained, adolescents are

provided referrals to other practices where confidentiality will be
safeguarded.

Practice Charts and paperwork are securely placed or stored.

Patient information is only discussed in private and never in

elevators, hallways, parking lots, garages, waiting rooms, or
other open spaces.

WAITING Privacy Precautions are taken to ensure privacy when patients register at
the front desk.
ROOM Patients can sit in visually obscured, private areas (i.e. a corner or
alcove; behind a room divider), and are shielded from the view of
people walking outside.
Waiting room signs assure confidentiality.

Environment The atmosphere (pictures, posters, etc.) creates a safe and

comfortable environment for adolescents to discuss private health
concerns.
Patients are given as much privacy as possible when completing
forms and paperwork.

HAND OUTS Discrete Literature is small enough to fit into a purse or wallet.

AND Accessible Educational materials on confidentiality for adolescent patients

and their parents are displayed and/or offered.
MATERIALS Written materials have been translated to languages spoken by
patients and families.
Written materials have been assessed for reading levels and some
materials target adolescents with a reading level below 8th grade.

EXAM Informative Adolescents and parents are provided with the opportunity to talk
one-on-one with the health care provider about their concerns.
At the beginning of each appointment, the parameters of
confidentiality are explained to patients and his/her parents.
Situations in which confidentiality may be breached are
discussed.
A sign in the exam room encourages patients to ask questions.

Private Patients are given privacy when changing clothes.

Doors are closed during history taking, counseling, and physical

exams.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-13 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
IS YOUR OFFICE CONFIDENTIALITY CONSCIOUS?
OFFICE SELF-ASSESSMENT CHART, cont.
YES NO

IN-HOUSE HIPAA Compliant File cabinets, drawers, and file rooms are closed and locked
when not in use.
RECORD Adolescent charts are flagged with a sticker stating “DO NOT
KEEPING* COPY,” and staff are trained to separate out confidential
materials when copying records.

Confidential visit information is filed in a separate or distinctly

marked section of the medical record.

Electronic Records Computer access is protected by passwords, and monitors are

faced away from public view.

PRE-VISIT Phone Calls New adolescent patients can join your practice without parental
consent when legally possible.
AND Patients are asked at the time of scheduling if automated
FOLLOW UP appointment reminder calls are ok.

At every visit, adolescent patients are asked where and how they
can be contacted by phone or email for general and/or
confidential matters.

Mail Appointment reminders are only mailed to adolescent patients’

homes with permission from the adolescent. If the adolescent
does not wish to receive mail at home or an alternate address, he
or she is offered a time to pick up mail at the clinic.

BILLING Procedures Special considerations are made to safeguard confidential visit

information for adolescents with private insurance. Please see
p. 15 of toolkit.

Payment for confidential services is collected at the time of

service if possible.

HOW DID YOU SCORE?

If you checked more than half of the boxes “yes” in each section, you’re on your way to having a confidentiality conscious office.
Each section in which you checked only half or less of the boxes “yes” should be improved to better promote and protect
confidentiality in your office. You can improve your office by implementing each piece that you checked “no.”

*While establishing confidentiality conscious guidelines in the front office is essential, it is also important to acknowledge that confidentiality can be breached through
the systems that support your electronic record keeping, billing, insurance claims, and explanation of benefits (EOBs). See the Back-Office Policy Recommendations
(p.15) for suggestions on confidentiality conscious policies for the systems in your type of practice.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-14 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
CONFIDENTIALITY CONSCIOUS BACK-OFFICE
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
The following administrative policies are necessary in any practice setting for the promotion and protection of adolescent
confidentiality. Exemplary policies from various health care settings can be found at www.californiateenhealth.org.

COMMUNICATION AMONG FRONT AND BACK OFFICE STAFF

• Clinician/Provider: The clinician stamps or visibly marks the chart of each adolescent patient who receives minor consent
services. Clearly marking charts that contain confidential information is imperative so that all personnel (including registration
and lab) are aware that adolescents’ confidentiality must be maintained.
• Front and Back Office Staff: All staff are trained to look for confidential charts and treat them accordingly.

SENSITIVE BILLING PRACTICES

• For confidential services, request any co-payment at the time of service. If the adolescent patient cannot pay at the time of visit,
a balance is incurred that can be paid in person at a later date or alternately, waiving the fee.
• Electronic or automatic billing programs can be circumvented by using alternate programs or methods of record keeping for
paying for confidential services.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRACTICES WILL REQUIRE ADDITIONAL OR SPECIALIzED POLICIES.

Special Considerations for Privately Insured Patients

While Medi-Cal and other types of public coverage generally avoid sending explanation of benefits (EOB) to patients’ homes for
confidential or sensitive services, private insurance companies are often required to send EOBs as a measure to avoid fraud. Even if
billing to the home is avoided, an EOB sent home can breach confidentiality for adolescents who are insured through their parents. In
general, providers have little to no control over how insurers will inform their beneficiaries of claims, but HIPAA allows patients to
request that his or her insurance plan not send an EOB to the household if disclosing the information to another household member
will “endanger” the patient.

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Ensure that patients seeking confidential or sensitive services are aware that they may request that their insurer not send an EOB
or send it to a different address if the disclosure would “endanger” the patient. Note that the insurer is not obligated to comply
with the request. Adolescent patients may not know what type of insurance they have, so the following recommendation should
be simultaneously implemented.
• Train billing, claims, or other appropriate staff to flag or contact privately insured patients receiving confidential care to warn
them that an EOB containing information may be sent to their home address. Patients receiving confidential services who feel
they would be endangered by receiving an EOB to the household should be encouraged to contact their health plan’s HIPAA-
required privacy officer for information on how to make a request.

ELECTRONIC RECORDS

• Face monitors away from public and other employee view, or use privacy screens, strategically placed objects, or timed screen
savers and log-outs.
• Use passwords, and enforce no password sharing or accessible written passwords.
• When communicating between electronic systems, use a real or virtual cover sheet with a confidentiality notice and request to
destroy if sent unintentionally.
• When disclosing medical records of a minor to the parent of that minor, confidential minor-consent services are NOT
automatically printed or included.

PROMOTION OF SERVICES

• Advertisement wallet cards are adolescent-appropriate and state confidentiality practices.

• Publicize your services at local schools.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-15 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
Balancing Act: Engaging Youth, Supporting Parents
Attempting to provide confidential services can cause great discomfort for adolescents, parents, and providers if it is not handled in a
sensitive manner. The following are recommendations to ease the transition from the parent-accompanied visit to the confidential
adolescent visit. The participation of a parent/caregiver in the adolescent’s visit is invaluable and should be encouraged. That said,
essential information may not be disclosed if the provider does not establish rapport and an alliance with the adolescent. When balancing
the needs, concerns, and priorities of the parent with those of the adolescent, remember, the adolescent is your client, not the parent.

SEPARATING THE ADOLESCENT AND PARENT IN THE CLINICAL VISIT: TIPS

ROADMAP • Give parents and adolescents
• Lay out the course of the visit… for example, “We will spend some time talking together a heads up about confidential
about Joseph’s health history and any concerns that you or he might have, and then I will also care. Send a letter to all
spend some time alone with Joseph. At the end of the visit, we will all talk to clarify any tests, adolescent patients and their
treatments or follow-up plans.” parents who are new or
• Explain your office/clinic policy regarding adolescent visits. between 10-11 years old
Review your policy verbally early in the interaction with the adolescent and parent. explaining your policy. This
Normalize the reality that adolescents have an increased concern with and need for privacy. will help prepare families for
the adolescent visit.
Acknowledge that although the adolescent is a minor, they do have specific legal rights
related to consent and confidentiality. • Explain the separation of the
Introduce the concept of fostering adolescent self-responsibility and self-reliance. parent and adolescent by
Reinforce that this policy applies to all adolescents in your practice or clinic (in other words, emphasizing that adolescents
this is not specific to a particular adolescent). need to have increasing
Validate the parental role in their adolescent’s health and well-being. involvement in and
• Elicit any specific questions or concerns from the parent. responsibility for their
• Direct questions and discussion to the adolescent while attending to and validating parental health.
input.
• A young person is more
SEPARATE likely to disclose sensitive
• Invite the parents to have a seat in the waiting area, assuring them that you will call them in information to a health care
prior to closing the visit. provider if the adolescent is
provided with confidential
ESTABLISHING A RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ADOLESCENT: care, and has time alone with
the provider to discuss his/her
REVISIT issues.
• Once the parent is out of the room, revisit issues of consent and confidentiality with the ado-
lescent, including situations when confidentiality has to be breached (suicidality, abuse, etc.). • Even when the presenting
• Revisit areas of parental concern with the adolescent and obtain the adolescent’s perspective. concern is acne or an earache,
there may be other issues
EXAM
(such as the need for a
• Conduct the psycho-social interview and physical exam (ascertain whether the adolescent pregnancy test or
desires parent’s presence during PE and accommodate adolescent’s preference).
contraception), which will
• Decide what to disclose and how; clarify what information from the psycho-social interview only surface when
and PE the adolescent is comfortable sharing with parent. confidential care is provided.
• Encourage the adolescent to discuss issues with their parent or other responsible adult as
appropriate to the individual circumstances. • Display posters in the waiting
• Explore approaches the adolescent might use to facilitate this discussion (how do they area explaining adolescent
imagine the conversation). consent and confidentiality
• Offer support, tools and facilitation. and your office policy
relating to the law. This can
CONCLUDING THE VISIT WITH THE ADOLESCENT AND PARENT reinforce that you will be
meeting alone with the
REUNITE adolescent.
• Invite the parent back to close the visit with both parent and adolescent.
• Focus on strengths and discuss concerns (with the adolescent’s permission).

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-16 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS

ide r Tip s fo r D is c us sing

Prov ntiality
Co n ditio n al Co n fid e
at the beginn ing of your
Be direct
s un de r whi ch it might be breached
ition
tiality and the cond
• Discuss confiden on .
ung pers
interaction with a yo
ion about
Keep it simple r ex am pl e, w he n presenting informat
and context. Fo
r yo ur di scus sio n to the youth’s age
• Ta ilo rences:
ab us e re po rt in g related to age diffe th at if they tell you that th
ey are
child t to em ph as ize e, even
r th e 13 ye ar ol d client, it is importan ou ld ne ed to re po rt that as child abus
In California fo an they are, you w if they need it.
ving se x w ith a pa rtner who is older th or de r to as su re th at they can get help
ha al sex, in
are having consensu of his or her risk of
being
if they tell you they ift to a di sc us sio n
e focus would sh r 14 years old.
lif orni a fo r th e 16 year old client, th th ey te ll yo u th at their partner is unde
In Ca abuse if
rator of child sexual
reported as a perpet
g and concern ing, informing
Communicate carin en tia lit y (child abuse report
to brea ch co nf id ht need”, rather
fra m e in fo rm at ion about your need “g ettin g th em th e help that they mig
• Alway s t of each
t a yo ut h’ s suicidality) in the contex ild ab us e re po rte r,” as a reason to br
others ab ou a mandated ch
policy, or phrase “I am
than using the law,
confidentiality.
mmunication ld you
Assure two-way co go in g to sh ar e in fo rmation that they to
h know if you are
arify th at yo u w ill ALWAYS let the yout
• Cl
in confidence.
order to explain
Know the law m in or co ns en t an d confidentiality. In
lated to
ith California laws re
• Be very familiar w t fir st unde nd it your
rs ta self.
cle ar ly, yo u m us
content
nding d any
Check for understa ou t co nd iti on al co nfidentiality to avoi
derstand ab
explain what they un
• Ask the youth to that
misperceptions. ou t conf identialit y, let the client know
that comes up ab
ou t a sit uation or question timely fashion.
• If you’re un sure ab
fact s an d th en ge t back to them in a
t th e
you need to check ou cord
nd ing an d ac tio ns in the medical re
ders ta
mmunications, un
Document your co

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-17 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
Financing Sensitive Services:
A Guide for Adolescent Health Care Providers
Payment for sensitive services (i.e. STI testing and treatment, pregnancy related services, and behavioral health care) can pose an
enormous barrier to youth seeking confidential care. Young people may not have enough money to pay for services that they need.
Often, they are also worried that if they access services through their parent’s insurance or free and low-cost programs, such as Family
PACT (Planning, Access, Care and Treatment) and Minor Consent Medi-Cal, that their confidentiality will be compromised.

Use of Evidence of Benefits (EOB) Statements is another potential barrier that can affect billing choices for providers and use of
services for adolescents. These statements, which typically list the type and nature of services billed for and reimbursed by the insurer,
are generally mailed to the policy holder (parent). As a result, confidentiality may be violated. Insurance company policies and state
law, not individual provider preference, determine whether EOBs are sent to the policy holder.

California has two unique programs that reimburse confidential health services for youth: Medi-Cal Minor Consent and Family PACT.
Below you will find information on how to become a provider in each of these programs, how to determine youth eligibility, and how
to receive payment for services rendered. These two programs do not send out EOB’s.

KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDI-CAL MINOR CONSENT

AND FAMILY PACT (TITLE X):

1. While both programs cover pregnancy testing, Family PACT does not cover
abortion or care once pregnant. Medi-Cal Minor Consent covers these
services.
2. Family PACT covers females 55 and under and males 60 and under. Medi-
Cal Minor Consent provides coverage for females and males up to age 21.
3. Clients must enroll in Family PACT at an FPACT provider’s office. Clients
can enroll for Medi-Cal Minor consent with an eligibility worker, who may or
may not be located in a clinical setting.
4. For Family PACT, eligible clients are activated for one year following
application and reconfirmed at each date of service; clients using Medi-Cal
Minor Consent services must renew their eligibility every 30 days.

RESOURCE FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Fox, H. and Limb, S. “State Policies Affecting the Assurance of Confidential Care for Adolescents” (April 2008)
This fact sheet is a comprehensive overview of state’s minor consent laws, explains how and why EOBs are used, and addresses
implications of these policies for adolescents and providers. http://www.thenationalalliance.org/jan07/factsheet5.pdf

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-18 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS
Financing Sensitive Services:
A Guide for Adolescent Health Care Providers, cont.
MEDI-CAL MINOR CONSENT FAMILY PACT (Title X)

SERVICES COVERED • Pregnancy and pregnancy-related • Pregnancy testing, counseling and referral
services, including abortion • Family planning methods, including birth control and
• Family planning (birth control), emergency contraception
including emergency contraception • Sexually transmitted infection testing and treatment
• Drug and alcohol counseling and • Education and counseling about reproductive health
treatment • HIV testing and counseling
• Sexually transmitted infection testing • Referrals for other services
and treatment
• Sexual assault treatment

CLIENT ELIGIBILITY 12 to 21 Females 55 and under; Males 60 and under

(Age)

CLIENT ELIGIBILITY Any income 200% of federal poverty level or less

(Income)

CLIENT ELIGIBILITY Must be a California resident Must be a California resident

(Citizenship)

INFORMATION Name, phone number, address to which Enrollment is by client report. Social Security number is
REQUESTED FROM confidential mail can be sent. Social NOT required.
CLIENT Security number is NOT requested.

CLIENT CO-PAY None None

HOW A YOUNG Patient must visit the local county Patient must visit a Family PACT provider, who will enroll
PERSON CAN UTILIzE Social Services Office where eligibility the youth in the program. Services can be accessed
THIS PROGRAM is determined. Locations and phone immediately.
numbers can be found at:
www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/medi-
cal/Pages/CountyOffices.aspx

FOR MORE Check the Medi-Cal website: The Family PACT website has comprehensive links to all
INFORMATION www.medi-cal.gov or call the Medi-Cal aspects of the program: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/
Telephone Service Center (TSC) 1-800- FamilyPact/Pages/default.aspx
541-5555. A toll-free resource number provides information in both
English and Spanish. 800-942-1054

HOW CAN A CLINIC Practitioner must be a Medi-Cal A one page PDF on the Family PACT website includes
BECOME A PROVIDER provider. Call 1-800-541-5555 or visit phone numbers and resources for clinics and providers. A
www.medi-cal.gov to download the one-day orientation to the program is required. Contact the
provider application form. California Office of Family Planning at (916) 650-0414
for information. http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/
FamilyPact/Documents/
MO-AssistancePhoneCallAway07-08.pdf

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-19 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS

Notes

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-20 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
PARENTS & YOUTH: INTRODUCTION

The following pages cons

ist of handouts for
use with your adolescent
patients and their
parents. It is important to
remember that these
documents are intended
to be used in
conjunction with your vi
sits—they are NOT
a substitute for discussing
these issues.

Youth materials are deno

ted with this symbol:

Parent materials are deno

ted with this symbol:
These handouts are also
available in Spanish
and Chinese on the websi
tes of Adolescent
Health Working Group (A
www.ahwg.net and Calif HWG)
ornia Adolescent
Health Collaborative (C
AHC)
www.californiateenhealth
.org
We hope that these mater
ials will offer
guidance and spark disc
ussion!
AHWG has additional m
aterials for use with
youth and parents in thei
r other Toolkit
modules. All toolkit mod
ules can be
downloaded from the web
site listed above.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-21 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR YOUTH: THE TRUTH ABOUT CONFIDENTIALITY

The
TRUTH
ABOUT
Confidentiality
Confidentiality means privacy.

Confidential health care means that information is kept private between you and your doctor or nurse.

Your doctor or nurse CANNOT tell your parents or guardians about your visits for:
• Pregnancy
• Birth control or abortion
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

For your safety, some things CANNOT stay confidential. Your doctor or nurse has to contact someone else
for help if you say…
• You were or are being physically or sexually abused.
• You are going to hurt yourself or someone else.
• You are under 16 and having sex with someone 21 years or older.
• You are under 14 and having sex with someone 14 years or older.

CONFIDENTIALITY TIPS FOR TEENS

Ask questions about confidentiality. You can ask your doctor or nurse and health insurance plan what
information will be shared with your parent/guardians.

Know your rights in the health care system and speak up.

Read and understand forms before you sign them.

Even if you do NOT need permission from your parent/guardian to see

a doctor, it’s a good idea to talk with them or a trusted adult about the
help you need.

Every state has different confidentiality laws. This information applies ONLY to California. Visit
www.teenhealthrights.org for more information about laws that protect your privacy when talking
to your health care provider.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-22 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
YOUTH: CLINIC POSTER

???
Anything you say about sex, drugs and your
Teens...
Did You Know?

personal feelings is confidential.*

There are some exceptions so ask your doctor about confidentiality rules.

[ What we say here

stays here ]
*Visit www.teenhealthrights.org for more information about laws
that protect your privacy when talking to your healthcare provider.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-23 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
YOUTH: TEEN HEALTH RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES

Teen Health Rights and Responsibilities

Agreem en t B et w een
An r
You and Your Docto

As a teen,

:
I have the RIGHT to
spect.
• Be treated with re n.
ne st an d co m plet e health informatio
• Be given ho
• Ask questions. d billing process wor
ks.
al th in su ra nce an
• Know how my he
my medical records. into the exam room
with me.
• Be able to look at pa rt ners to co m e
family, friends, or
• Ask for any of my e exam room.
or w ith ou t m y pa rent/guardian in th
• See my doct

SIBILITY to: th changes.

I have the RESPON le t my do ctor know if my heal
io n an d choose to
• Give honest inform
at
y do ctor or nu rs e, and tell him/her if I
at I choose with m
• Follow the plan th
change my plan. respect.
st aff, othe r pa tie nts, and the office with or change an appointmen
t.
• Treat call if I ne ed to cancel
appointments and
• Be on time for my

ns,I will ASK!

When I have questio

ns,I will SPEAK UP!

When I have concer
AND SAY THANKS!
ppens, I will SMILE
When I like what ha

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-24 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
YOUTH: QUIz

How Well do you Know Your Health

Rights and Responsibilities?

TRUE OR FALSE:

A teen can see a doctor about birth control and pregnancy without their parent/guardian’s consent.

TRUE: California has laws that let a person of any age make their own choices about birth control, pregnancy, abortion,
adoption, and parenting.

Teens 12 and older can see a doctor about mental health issues, drug and alcohol use, or sexually transmitted diseases
without their parent’s consent.

TRUE: California laws let people 12 or older get care for mental health, drug and alcohol issues, or sexually transmitted
diseases without parent consent.

Not all issues a teen might want to see a doctor for are considered confidential.

TRUE: Cases of abuse, assault, or possible suicide cannot remain confidential. Your doctor may have to contact others for help.
Health services like treatment of injuries, colds, flu, and physicals are NOT confidential services. The doctor will need your
parent/guardian’s consent for these services.

A teen can ask a doctor about what will stay private in a visit, and what information will be shared with
parents/guardians.

TRUE: There are many laws about what information your parent/guardian will be given. It is important to talk to your doctor
about what will stay private. In some situations, you get to decide what is shared.

It is usually helpful for a teen to talk to an adult they trust about their health or changes in their life that they are
worried about.

TRUE: It can be helpful to talk to an adult you trust such as a parent/guardian, teacher, family friend, counselor, or coach about
your health.If there are health issues you have questions or concerns about, a trustworthy adult can give you important
advice and opinions.

A teen being responsible for his or her health is an important part of growing up!

TRUE: Taking on more responsibility and wanting more privacy are

a normal part of growing up for teens.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-25 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
PARENTS: A LETTER FROM YOUR TEEN’S HEALTH CARE PROVIDER

A Letter From Your Teen’s Health Care Provider

Dear Parent or Guardian,

As teens become adults and take more control of their lives, our office will ask them to be more actively involved in their health
and health care.
Some areas of teen health that we may talk about during an exam are:
• Eating and how to be active
• Fighting and violence
• Sex and sexuality
• Safety and driving
• Smoking, drinking, and drugs
• Sadness and stress

You should know…

We support teens talking about their health with their parents or guardians. But teens may be embarrassed to have an exam or
talk about some things in front of their parents. This is a normal part of growing up. We give all teens a chance to be seen
privately. During this time, you will be asked to wait outside of the exam room.
In order to best take care of your teen we offer some confidential services. “Confidential” means that we will only share what
happens in these visits if the teen says it is okay, or if someone is in danger.
In California, teens can receive some types of health services on their own. We cannot share the content of these visits without
your teen’s okay. Ask us about what these health services include.
We are happy to talk to you about any questions or concerns you may have about this letter and your teen’s health. Together, we
can help keep your teen healthy.
Below, you will find some helpful websites about teen health and tips for parents of teens.

Sincerely,
Your teen’s Health Care Provider

California Family Health Council–Talk with Your Kids

Children Now and Kaiser Family Foundation
RESOURCES

http://www.talkwithyourkids.org/
http://www.talkingwithkids.org
US Department of Health & Human Services–
Advocates for Youth
Parents Speak Up
http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/
http://www.4parents.gov/
SIECUS– Families are Talking
Nickelodeon–Parents Connect
http://www.familiesaretalking.org
http://www.parentsconnect.com

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-26 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
PARENTS: A NOTE TO PARENTS FROM YOUR TEEN’S DOCTOR

A Note to Parents
from your Teen’s D
octor
● Te e n s n
eed to have more
build responsibilit input in their healt
y. h in order to
● I w il l g iv
e your teen a chan
each exam. ce to talk to me alo
ne during
● In Ca li fo
rnia, teens can rece
I cannot talk to yo ive some services
u about your teen on their own.
without permissio ’s use of these servic
n from your teen. es
these services are Talk to me about w
. hat
● I e n co u
rage teens to talk
parents. about their health
with their
● I am ha
ppy to answer any
may have! questions or conce
rns you

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-27 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
PARENTS: YOUR TEEN IS CHANGING!

YOUR TEEN IS CHANGING!

The teen years are a time of growth and change as your teen moves from being a child to an adult.

As your teen changes, your role as a parent changes. You will relate to your 12 year old differently than
your 18 year old. It is important to know what to expect, so that you can give your teen more
responsibility and the best possible advice.

YOUR TEEN MIGHT: YOUR TEEN STILL NEEDS YOU TO:

• Become more independent • Give them your time
• Want more responsibility • Give them a sense of connection
• Push boundaries and test limits or belonging
• Want their relationship with you to change • Support them
• Need more privacy • Provide for their basic needs
• Have mood swings • Guide them
• Think a lot more about their own personal • Express your love
concerns • Set limits
• Place more importance on friends • Pay attention to their successes and
• Feel that no one understands them behaviors
• Tryout new behaviors and activities – both • Be involved and aware of what is going
healthy and risky on in their lives
• Understand complicated concepts instead
of just the here and now

REMEMBER:

All of these changes are perfectly normal! Your teen still needs you, but may not always
know how to communicate that. You are still the best person to guide your teen, and it
is important to keep talking with them.

Talk to your teen’s doctor or nurse about these changes and any challenges you may have with your teen.

WEBSITES FOR PARENTS:

California Family Health Council–Talk with Your Kids

Children Now and Kaiser Family Foundation
RESOURCES

http://www.talkwithyourkids.org/
http://www.talkingwithkids.org
US Department of Health & Human Services–
Advocates for Youth
Parents Speak Up
http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/
http://www.4parents.gov/
SIECUS– Families are Talking
Nickelodeon–Parents Connect
http://www.familiesaretalking.org
http://www.parentsconnect.com

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-28 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
PARENTS: TALKING TO YOUR TEEN ABOUT TOUGH ISSUES

TALKING TO YOUR TEEN ABOUT TOUGH ISSUES

The natural changes that happen during the teen years can be hard for you and your teen. In many
families, there may be disagreements as teens want more privacy and independence. Parents might
feel that their teens are moody and disrespectful.

Teens make decisions about things like sex, smoking, alcohol and drugs. As an adult, you continue
to make decisions about these things, too. As the parent of a teen, you have the opportunity and
responsibility to help them learn how to make healthy decisions. Teens want information and a close
relationship with their parents. Even though it can be hard, it is important to talk openly and often with
your teen about these issues.

Tips for talking with your teen:

Talk: Don’t be afraid to talk about tough subjects like sex and drugs. Even if your child is
only 10 or 11 years old, you can talk about puberty, peer pressure, and staying healthy.
This will let your teen know that it is ok to talk with you about these issues.

Listen: It is important to listen and be open to your teen’s opinions. Try not to interrupt while
they are telling you their point of view.

Be honest: Give truthful answers when your teen asks for information. Don’t worry if you don’t
have all the answers.

Share your ideas Teens want to hear about your values and beliefs.
and opinions:
Respect their opinions: Teens become more mature and independent, and letting them make their own
choices is an important part of growing up. Ask them for their ideas and opinions.
Make sure to let them know you are always there to help, even if you do not agree with
all of their decisions or behaviors.

Stay calm: Try to stay calm if they come to you with a problem that is upsetting, so they will not
be afraid to talk to you.

Keep talking: Bring up subjects over and over again. Don’t be afraid to bring up important topics that
you have already talked about. Use movies, TV shows or news stories about teen
health as a way to start discussions.

Don’t be afraid to ask for help!

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-29 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
PARENTS: HELPING YOUR TEEN TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR HEALTH

HELPING YOUR TEEN TAKE RESPONSIBILITY

FOR THEIR HEALTH
Raising teens can be tough. Sometimes they want you around and sometimes they don’t. Sometimes they
are responsible and sometimes they are not. Teens need involved parents, but they also need some privacy
when it comes to their health. With privacy, they can talk openly to their doctor about their concerns.
Without privacy they may avoid going for certain services. These may be called “confidential” or
“sensitive” services.
For most types of medical care, parents need to give consent and they can get information about their
teen’s doctor’s visits. But under California law teens can get private care without parent consent for some
“confidential” or “sensitive” visits, such as those for:
• Birth control
• Pregnancy
• Sexually transmitted diseases (for ages 12 and older)
• Sexual assault services
• Mental health counseling (for ages 12 and older)
• Alcohol and drug counseling (for ages 12 and older)
Don’t I have a right to know what medical care my teen is getting?
Why can my teen go to the doctor for these serious issues without me knowing about it?
Every state has laws for children under 18 to get certain kinds of health care without their parents’
consent. Fortunately, MOST teens DO talk to their parents, and they want their parents’ advice.
You play an important role in helping them stay healthy! But even if the relationship between you
and your teen is strong, there are some issues that your teen may want to get care for on his or her
own. Teens may be embarrassed, ashamed, or scared to talk to parents about some issues. They may
not go to the doctor unless they know the information would be kept private.
What will happen if my child is in danger?
There are some limits to confidentiality. If a doctor or nurse learns that a teen under 18 years is
being abused, or is thinking about hurting him/her self or others, the proper authorities must be
contacted for help.
Will my teen keep secrets from me since they can get confidential services?
Wanting privacy is a healthy and normal part of growing up. Even though teens are able to get some
medical care without parent permission, doctors and nurses encourage them to talk to their parents
or another trusted adult.
How can I let my teen know I want to talk to them about these kinds of issues?
As the parent of a teen, part of your job is helping them learn how to make healthy
decisions. They are becoming more independent, and making their own choices is
an important part of growing up. Make sure you let them know you are always
there to help, even if you do not agree with all their decisions. Listen, and when
possible, stay calm if they come to you with a problem that is upsetting, so they
will continue to talk to you.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-30 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
PARENTS: KNOW MYSELF, KNOW MY TEEN

KNOW MYSELF, KNOW MY TEEN

Sometimes your opinions can stand in the way of listening to your teen with an open mind. If teens feel
judged by their parents or guardians, they are less likely to share information that may be sensitive,
embarrassing, or hard to talk about. Ask yourself these questions before you talk about sensitive issues
with your teen.

How do I feel?
What is your mood? What are the memories that may shape your opinions? Keep in mind that what
you went through as a teen may be different from what your teen is going through now.

What was I doing when I was 16?

Have you thought about what you want to share with your teen? Hold off on sharing sensitive
information with your teen until he/she is in the middle teen years.

Are we finding some time together to enjoy each other?

???
It may be hard to believe, but most teens say they wish they
had more time with their parents. Difficult topics may be
easier to talk about when you spend enjoyable times
together like going for walks, watching movies, doing
projects, or sharing meals.

Am I listening to my teen?
Spend as much time listening as you do talking. Avoid making
quick judgments. If you do not understand what your teen is
trying to say, repeat what they have said back to them.

Do I judge too quickly?

Always ask your teen what she or he is doing rather than thinking the worst. Trust that he or she can
make good decisions.

What are my rules about safety?

Tell your teen which rules must be followed for his or her safety. Follow through with consequences
if your teen behaves in unsafe ways. Talk about the importance of safety on a regular basis, not only
once. Get help immediately if your teen is in an unsafe situation.

Am I willing to get help for any problems I may have?

It is important to be an example for your teen. Seeing family members get help will encourage your
teen to get help for his or her own problems.

Adapted with permission from “Are you An Askable Parent?” Advocates for Youth, Washington, DC. www.advocatesforyouth.org

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-31 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
PARENTS: THE FIVE BASIS OF PARENTS ADOLESCENTS
THE 5 BASICS OF HOW TO PARENT TEENS
1. LOVE AND CONNECT
Support and accept your teen as she/he gets older. Their world is changing. Make sure your love doesn’t.
Tips for Parents:
• Say good things about your teen when he or she does something well.
• Support your teen’s interests, strengths, and talents.
• Spend time one-on-one and as a family.
• Get to know your teen’s friends and their parents/caregivers.

2. WATCH AND OBSERVE

Find out what is going on by talking with your teen. Notice your teen’s activities.Your interest matters to them.
Tips for Parents:
• Talk with the other adults in your teen’s life.
• Be aware of your teen’s classes, grades, job, and interests.
• Know where your teen is, what he or she is doing, and who your teen is with.

3. TEACH AND LIMIT

Limits protect your teen from unsafe situations and give him/her room to mature. Be firm, but also be willing to
adapt and change your mind.
Tips for parents:
• Help teens make better choices by teaching them instead of punishing them.
• Stand firm on important issues such as safety, and let go of smaller issues.
• Be consistent and follow through with consequences you set up with your teen.
• Be firm about rules without turning to physical punishment.
• Give your teen more responsibility and more freedom to make their own choices as they grow into adults.

4. SHOW AND DISCUSS

Talk to your teen, support him or her, and teach by example!
Tips for Parents:
• Set a good example by behaving the way you want your teen to behave.
• Praise your teen’s positive behaviors and habits.
• Give teens the chance to solve their own problems and make their own choices.

5. PROVIDE AND PROMOTE

Teens need parents to give them healthy food, clothing, shelter, and health care.
They also need a caring home and loving adults in their lives.
Tips for Parents:
• Seek out good opportunities and activities for your teen.
• Make sure your teen gets checkups with his/her doctor every year, and any counseling that he or she needs.
• Reach out for support from other parents when you need it!

California Family Health Council–Talk with Your Kids

Children Now and Kaiser Family Foundation
RESOURCES

http://www.talkwithyourkids.org/
http://www.talkingwithkids.org
US Department of Health & Human Services–
Advocates for Youth
Parents Speak Up
http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/
http://www.4parents.gov/
SIECUS– Families are Talking
Nickelodeon–Parents Connect
http://www.familiesaretalking.org
http://www.parentsconnect.com

Adapted with permission from: Simpson AR. Raising Teens: A Synthesis of Research and a Foundation for Action. Center for Health Communication,
Harvard School of Public Health. 2001, http://hrweb.mit.edu/worklife/rpteens.html

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-32 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
PARENTS: MY TEEN IS GOING TO THE DOCTOR AND NOT TELLING ME!
MY TEEN IS GOING TO THE DOCTOR
AND NOT TELLING ME!

Am I not doing
Why didn’t my
enough as a parent
son come to me? ?

y
Why wouldn’t me to
m
Don’t my child
ren daughter wantoing on
trust me? know what is galth?
with her he

You just found out that your teen is getting medical services without telling you. As a parent you may
be worried and upset when this happens. This is normal. But try thinking about it this way –
your teen is being responsible for their health. This is something you can be proud of!

Remember:
• Your teen is becoming more independent. As teens get older they try out more adult behaviors, and may
want to find help on their own. This is an important part of growing up.

• You are important to your teen and their health! But even when teens and parents have strong
relationships, there are some issues that your teen may want to talk to their doctor about on their own.

• It is never too late to talk to your teen about tough subjects. Start by talking about your own values and
expectations. It is important that you:
✔ Stay calm
✔ Listen
✔ Respect their ideas
✔ Share your thoughts and opinions
✔ Do not lecture

• Doctors and nurses want to help and support you. Ask them for help if you have concerns or questions
about your teen.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-33 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS: WHAT IS FERPA?
WHAT IS THE FAMILY EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS AND PRIVACY ACT (FERPA)?

The confidentiality rules described in other parts of this toolkit module apply when health and mental health services are
provided in a traditional clinical setting. When services are provided on school grounds, however, there are additional
federal and state laws that must be considered. One of the most important is the federal Family Educational Rights and
Privacy Act (FERPA) and related state education law.

What is FERPA?

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) protects the privacy of students’ personal
information held by “educational agencies or institutions” that receive federal funds under programs
administered by the U.S. Secretary of Education.

What is an educational agency or institution subject to FERPA?

“Educational agencies or institutions” are defined as institutions that provide direct instruction to students,
such as schools; as well as educational agencies that direct or control schools, including school districts
and state education departments.1 Organizations and individuals that contract with or consult for an
educational agency also may be subject to FERPA if certain conditions are met.2 Almost all public
schools and public school districts receive some form of federal education funding and must comply
with FERPA.

What information does FERPA protect?

FERPA controls disclosure of written information maintained in the “education record.” “Education
records” are defined as written records, files, documents, or other materials that contain information
directly related to a student and are maintained by an educational agency or institution, or a person acting
for such agency or institution.3 “Information directly related to a student” means any information “that,
alone or in combination, is linked or linkable to a specific student that would allow a reasonable person in
the school community…to identify the student with reasonable certainty.”4 Student health records
maintained by a school nurse are “education records,” as are immunization records housed in a student
education file.5 Oral communications and “personal records,”6 as that is defined in FERPA, are not
considered part of an education record. Personal records are notes kept in the maker’s possession, used
only as a memory aid, and not shared with anyone except a temporary substitute.

What are the general requirements of FERPA?

Generally, FERPA prohibits educational agencies from releasing any information in the education record
unless they have written permission for the release. In most cases, a parent must sign that release. When
students are eighteen years old or older, they sign their own release forms. FERPA also requires
educational agencies to allow parents to access their minor children’s education records.

There are exceptions to these rules, including exceptions that allow agencies and schools to disclose
information without a written release in some circumstances. For example, schools may share “directory
information”7 about students with the public if the school and district have first followed certain
procedures defined in FERPA, including giving parents an opportunity to opt out. Another exception
allows school staff to share information with “school officials”8 in the same school who have a

©National Center for Youth Law 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-34

SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS: WHAT IS FERPA? CONT.

“legitimate educational interest” in the information.9 Certain policies must be in place at the district level
in order to implement both exceptions. Additional exceptions also exist, including exceptions that allow
sharing information in emergency situations and for school transfers, among others.10

Does California have state laws on this issue?

California has state laws that protect the confidentiality of information held by schools.11 For the most
part, the rules and exceptions in California law parallel those found in FERPA.12

i 34 C.F.R. § 99.1(a).
ii See e.g. 34 C.F.R. § 99.31(a)(1)(i)(B)(“A contractor, consultant, volunteer, or other party to whom an agency or institution has outsourced institutional services or
functions may be considered a school official under this paragraph provided that the outside party-- (1) Performs an institutional service or function for which the
agency or institution would otherwise use employees; (2) Is under the direct control of the agency or institution with respect to the use and maintenance of education
records; and (3) Is subject to the requirements of § 99.33(a) governing the use and redisclosure of personally identifiable information from education records.”).
iii 20 U.S.C. § 1232g (a)(4)(A)(“… the term “education records” means, except as may be provided otherwise in subparagraph (B), those records, files, documents, and
other materials which—(i) contain information directly related to a student; and (ii) are maintained by an educational agency or institution or by a person acting for
such agency or institution.”).
iv 34 C.F.R. § 99.3.
v U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services & U.S. Dept. of Educ. Joint Guidance on the Application of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and
the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) To Student Health Records, November 2008, [hereinafter Joint Guidance], at page 2.
vi 34 C.F.R. § 99.3 (“’Education Records’... (b) The term does not include: (1) Records that are kept in the sole possession of the maker, are used only as a personal
memory aid, and are not accessible or revealed to any other person except a temporary substitute for the maker of the record.”).
viiThe scope of the term ‘directory information’ will depend on district policy, but can include the following: the student's name, address, telephone listing, date and
place of birth, major field of study, participation in officially recognized activities and sports, weight and height of members of athletic teams, dates of attendance,
degrees and awards received, and the most recent previous educational agency or institution attended by the student. 20 U.S.C. §1232g(a)(5)(A); Cal. Educ. Code §§
49073; 49061(c).
viii The term “school official” includes school staff, such as teachers, counselors, and school nurses. A school or district may define this term more broadly in its
School Board Policies so that it also includes outside consultants, contractors or volunteers to whom a school has outsourced a school function if certain conditions are
met. See 34 C.F.R. § 99.31(a)(1)(i).
ix 20 U.S.C. §1232g (b)(1) : 34 C.F.R. § 99.31(a)(1)(i)(A).
x See 34 C.F.R §§ 99.31.
xi Cal. Civ. Code §§ 56-56.37; Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code §§ 5328-5329.
xii Cal. Ed. Code § 49060-49079.

©National Center for Youth Law 2010

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Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-35

SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS: HOW DOES FERPA DIFFER FROM HIPPA?
HOW DOES FERPA DIFFER FROM HIPAA?

See pg.47 for HIPAA Overview See page 34 for FERPA overview.

In many ways, the two federal laws are similar.

• Both protect the privacy of personal information.

• Both require a signed authorization before records can be released.
• Both allow sharing of information with certain individuals and agencies without a signed release in
certain situations.

Where FERPA and HIPAA differ is in the details. Here are just a few examples of those differences.

• Signature for Release of Records

Under FERPA, a parent must sign the release on behalf of his or her minor child.1 Under HIPAA, a
parent must sign for a minor in most cases; however the minor must sign if the records have to do with
health care services for which the minor consented or could have consented under state law.

• Parent access to records

Parents have a right to access all records subject to FERPA regarding their minor child.2 By contrast,
parents do not have a right to access all medical records subject to HIPAA regarding their minor child.3
For example, parents cannot access those records if a provider determines that parent access would
“have a detrimental effect on the provider's professional relationship with the minor patient or the
minor's physical safety or psychological well-being,” or if the records relate to health care for which the
minor consented or could have consented on his or her own.4 In the latter situation, parents must have
the minor’s permission in order to inspect medical records.5 This distinction is particularly important
to consider if a school health program is going to provide any “minor consent” services, such as
reproductive health care, drug or alcohol abuse counseling, or mental health counseling, on the
school site.

• Exchange of Information without a signed consent

A school health provider whose records are subject to FERPA, such as a school nurse or counselor, can
share information with any school staff who have a “legitimate educational interest” in the information.
This facilitates collaboration and communication with non-health personnel at the school, such as
teachers and multidisciplinary teams. By contrast, a school health provider whose records are subject to
HIPAA cannot disclose medical information to school staff who are not themselves health professionals
unless there is a signed release form.

A school health provider operating under HIPAA may disclose information to any other health provider
working with a student for purposes of treatment or referral, including professionals operating in and
outside the school, without need of a signed release. A school health provider operating under FERPA
cannot. This creates opportunities for referral and collaboration with the community at large that would
be impossible under FERPA without a signed release.

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SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS: HOW DOES FERPA DIFFER FROM HIPPA? CONT.

Both laws also contain exceptions that allow disclosures for the purpose of research and in health
emergencies, but each law defines these situations differently in a way that could impact how a school-
based health program sets up its protocols. For example, under both FERPA and HIPAA, providers
may disclose protected information when a youth is in danger, but to whom the provider may disclose
that information varies under each law. (See section FAQs on Sharing Information pg.40 for more
information.)

KEY POINTS about FERPA, HIPAA, and California Law:

Basics
• FERPA and HIPAA can never apply to the same records at the same time.
• FERPA and California medical confidentiality law can apply to the same records at the same time.
• HIPAA or FERPA may apply to control release of health records regarding services provided on a
school campus.

FERPA or HIPAA?
• A school health program’s records are subject to FERPA if the program is funded, administered and
operated by or on behalf of a school or educational institution.
• A school health program’s records are subject to HIPAA if the program is funded, administered and
operated by or on behalf of a public or private health, social services, or other non-educational agency
or individual.

Why does the distinction between FERPA and HIPAA matter?

A few examples:
• A parent’s right to access health records is different under HIPAA and FERPA.
• The individuals and agencies with whom a school health provider can exchange health information
without a release differ under HIPAA and FERPA.
• The administrative rules, including requirements for consent forms, are different.

i 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(1).
ii 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(a)(1)(A).
iii See Gudeman, “Minor Consent, Confidentiality and Child Abuse Reporting in California” for detailed legal information on HIPAA and state medical confidentiality
law, available at www.TeenHealthRights.org
iv Cal. Health & Saf. Code § 123115(a).
v See Gudeman, “Minor Consent, Confidentiality and Child Abuse Reporting in California” for detailed legal information on HIPAA and state medical confidentiality
law, available at www.TeenHealthRights.org

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Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-37

SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS: WHAT DO I FOLLOW?
What do I follow: HIPAA, FERPA or CALIFORNIA LAW?

Is it possible to operate under FERPA and HIPAA at the same time?

No. HIPAA explicitly states that its rules do not apply to health information held in an education record
subject to FERPA.1 Therefore, if FERPA applies, HIPAA does not. However, state medical confidentiality
law does not have this same exception. Therefore, state medical confidentiality law can apply to health
information held in an education record subject to FERPA.

Does FERPA or HIPAA or state law apply to the records of a district employed health provider, such as a school
nurse or school mental health clinician?

Student health records maintained by a school nurse or by a licensed psychologist or counselor employed
by the school typically are part of the education record subject to FERPA. In addition, California medical
confidentiality law also may apply to health information held by a school nurse or psychologist, and in
some cases, HIPAA.

Education records are covered by FERPA. In general, a school nurse’s or clinician’s records become part
of the school’s education record, as they contain information related to a student and are records
maintained by a school employee or agent.2 These records are not covered by HIPAA because HIPAA
specifically states that it does not protect health information in an education record covered by FERPA.
However, HIPAA may still apply to some information held by the nurse. Information held by the school
nurse or counselor but not placed in the education record, such as health information in oral form or in
personal notes, is not covered by FERPA and thus may be protected by HIPAA.

California medical confidentiality law also applies to the nurse’s and psychologist’s records, even those
held in the education file. If FERPA and California law conflict regarding disclosure or protection,
providers should seek guidance from their legal counsel about how to proceed.

Does FERPA or HIPAA apply to the records of a school-based health center (SBHC) or outside provider delivering
services on school grounds?

It depends. Whether a school health program or provider is subject to HIPAA or FERPA will depend on
the relationship between the school-based provider and the educational agency.

HIPAA Applies If: The U.S. Department of Education has said that the records of a SBHC are not
subject to FERPA “if the center is funded, administered and operated by or on behalf of a public or private
health, social services, or other non-educational agency or individual….”3 “In these circumstances, the
records are not ‘education records’ subject to FERPA, even if the services are provided on school grounds,
because the party creating and maintaining the records is not acting on behalf of the school.”4 The records
of a school based health center (SBHC) would be subject to HIPAA in these cases as long as the SBHC
engages in any HIPAA covered transactions. (For example, the SBHC uses a billing service that transmits
information electronically). (see page A-45 document in toolkit for more information.)

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SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS: WHAT DO I FOLLOW? CONT.

FERPA Applies If: The health provider’s records are considered “education records” subject to FERPA
if the school-based health program or provider is funded, administered and operated by or on behalf of a
school or educational institution. A school health program’s records also will be subject to FERPA if the
program is administered by and under the direct control of an educational agency and providing what
can be considered “institutional services” – even if those services are funded by a grant from an
outside agency.

The federal Department of Education provided this example: “Some schools may receive a grant from a
foundation or government agency to hire a nurse. Notwithstanding the source of the funding, if the nurse
is hired as a school official (or a contractor), the records maintained by the nurse or clinic are ‘education
records’ subject to FERPA.”5

In these cases, HIPAA would not apply. School-based health providers operating under FERPA, however,
should remember that even if their records are not subject to HIPAA, in California, state confidentiality
law nevertheless still may apply to their medical records. In some situations, federal FERPA rules and
state confidentiality law may conflict. School-based health providers should seek advice from legal
counsel should that occur.

If the relationship between the school health provider and the educational institution falls somewhere in
between the scenarios presented above, the provider agency and educational institution should seek
advice from their respective legal counsel on whether the records of the health program and its staff are
subject to FERPA or HIPAA.

Is it possible for a school to contract with a provider and bring the provider under the auspices of FERPA?

FERPA says: “A contractor, consultant, volunteer, or other party to whom an agency or institution has
outsourced institutional services or functions may be considered a school official [and therefore subject to
FERPA] ...provided that the outside party:

(1) Performs an institutional service or function for which the agency or institution would otherwise use
employees;

(2) Is under the direct control of the agency or institution with respect to the use and maintenance of
education records; and

(3) Is subject to the requirements of § 99.33(a) governing the use and redisclosure of personally
identifiable information from education records.”6

i 45 C.F.R. § 160.103(“Protected health information excludes individually identifiable health information in: (i) Education records covered by the Family Educational
Rights and Privacy Act, as amended, 20 U.S.C. §1232g; ….”).
ii 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(a)(4)(A).
iii U.S. Dept. of Educ., Family Policy Compliance Office, Letter to Ms. Melanie P. Baise, University of New Mexico, November 29, 2004, available at
http://www.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/library/baiseunmslc.html
iv U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services & U.S. Dept. of Educ. Joint Guidance on the Application of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and
the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) To Student Health Records, November 2008, [hereinafter Joint Guidance] at page 5.v Joint
Guidance at page 4.
vi 34 C.F.R. § 99.31(a)(1)(i)(B).
©National Center for Youth Law 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-39

SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS: FAQS
FAQs: Exchanging Information between Schools,
Health Providers, and School Based Programs
1. May a school or district share information from the education record, such as schedule, attendance, discipline
records or grades, with a school health provider for purposes of service provision?

FERPA: Yes, if the school health provider is a school employee or otherwise subject to FERPA. FERPA permits
disclosure of information in the education record to other school officials with a legitimate educational interest in the
information without need of parent consent.1 Before exercising this disclosure option, schools must assure that the
required annual notice to parents defines school official and legitimate educational interest in a way that would cover
this type of disclosure to a school health program. The school health program will be required to protect the
information by following FERPA requirements.2

HIPAA: For the most part, no, not without parent consent if the provider is subject to HIPAA. A school employee
operating under FERPA may not provide detailed information from the education record to a non-FERPA provider
without parent consent, though the school could release certain limited information. For example, the school could
give the provider access to directory information about a specific student without needing parent consent. What that
would include will depend on how directory information has been defined by that school district in its annual notice to
parents and whether parents have opted out. In addition, the school also may disclose to the provider information that
is not contained in the education record, such as information from oral communications or personal observation.3

2. May a school share information from the education record with a health provider if it is a health emergency?

Yes, any school employee may disclose information contained in the education record with appropriate parties in an
emergency, without needing parent consent. However, the definition of emergency is strictly limited under FERPA.
The U.S. Department of Education interprets emergency to be “a specific situation that presents imminent danger” or
requires an immediate need for information to avert a serious threat. The emergency situation must be evaluated on an
individual basis.4

3. May a school or district disclose information to an outside contractor or co-located program/service?

Yes, as long as the contractor or program is subject to FERPA. According to guidance from the U.S. Department of
Education, “agencies and institutions subject to FERPA are not precluded from disclosing education records to parties
to whom they have outsourced services so long as they do so under the same conditions applicable to school officials
who are actually employed.” The guidance reminds districts that “an educational agency or institution may not disclose
education records without prior written consent merely because it has entered into a contract or agreement with an
outside party. Rather, the agency or institution must be able to show that:
1) The outside party provides a service for the agency or institution that it would otherwise provide for itself using
employees;
2) The outside party would have “legitimate educational interests” in the information disclosed if the service were
performed by employees; and
3) The outside party is under the direct control of the educational agency or institution with respect to the use and
maintenance of information from educational records.”

The guidance reminds districts that they remain completely responsible for their contractor’s compliance with FERPA
requirements in these situations and states “[f]or that reason, we recommend that these specific protections be
incorporated into any contract or agreement between an educational agency or institution and any non-employees it
retains to provide institutional services.”5

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SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS: FAQS CONT.
4. May a school or district share information from the education record about chronic disease, such as asthma and
diabetes, with a health provider operating under HIPAA?

Yes, but only with a signed release or in an emergency. Disclosure of information in the education file about a
student’s chronic conditions to a school-based provider operating under HIPAA is not permitted without parent
consent. Information from the education record may be disclosed without parent consent to protect the health or safety
of a student or other individual.6 However, this exception has been strictly interpreted by the U.S. Department of
Education. The emergency must be a specific situation that requires immediate need for disclosure of the information.
For example, the emergency exception could not be used to send a list of all students with asthma or diabetes to the
school-based health center. The school could provide the information about a specific student having a health
emergency, including acute symptoms of asthma or diabetes.

5. May a school health program or provider disclose health information to school staff? For example, may a
provider let a teacher know how a student is progressing in treatment?

FERPA: If the program or provider operates under FERPA, the program or provider may share health information in
the education record with the teacher to the extent that the teacher has a “legitimate educational interest,” as that term
is defined by the district, in the information disclosed.7

HIPAA: If the health provider or program operates under HIPAA, the provider can share if there is a signed release
allowing the disclosure. If there is no release, the provider cannot. There is no exception under HIPAA that would
allow a school health program to share protected health information with a teacher without an authorization. The
student must provide the authorization if the information to be disclosed is about a minor consent service. The parent
or guardian must provide the authorization in most other cases.

6 May a therapist disclose information obtained in the course of counseling a student on the school campus,
regarding the student’s threat to commit suicide?

Yes, FERPA, HIPAA, and state law all permit such disclosure without consent under certain “dangerous” conditions. If
the therapist operates under FERPA, the therapist may disclose written education records to “appropriate parties” if the
therapist reasonably determines that the student’s statements indicate a serious and imminent threat to the student’s
health or safety.8

If the therapist operates under HIPAA, the therapist may disclose the relevant information to any person who is
reasonably able to prevent a serious or imminent threat to the health or safety of a person.9 Therapists are even
permitted to disclose psychotherapy notes without authorization under emergency circumstances.10

Under California law, a therapist may disclose medical information as necessary to prevent or lessen a threat to the
health or safety of a reasonably foreseeable victim or victims. Exactly when and to whom such information can be
disclosed will depend on which California law the therapist is providing services under. For example, if the therapist
is subject to the Civil Code, disclosure of information may be to any person reasonably able to prevent or lessen the
threat, including the target of the threat.11 Therapists should consult their own legal counsel for more information and
guidance on which California confidentiality law applies to their records.

7. May a school health program operating under FERPA promise students that their parents will not have access
to their “minor consent” health records?

For the most part, no. The records of school health providers and programs operating under FERPA are part of the
education record, and under FERPA, parents have a right to inspect the education record of their child if they choose to

©National Center for Youth Law 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-41

SCHOOL HEALTH PROVIDERS: FAQS CONT.
do so.12 There is no exception under FERPA that limits parent inspection rights simply because the information in the
record pertains to health care services, or to “minor consent” services, with one caveat: Parents usually do not have the
right to inspect health information in the education record of students eighteen and older, though there are exceptions
to this rule as well.13

While parents cannot be prevented from viewing “minor consent” health information in the education record under
FERPA, FERPA contains no affirmative obligation that requires schools to inform parents about “minor consent”
health care services that a student may have received. Further, FERPA only allows parents a right to inspect
“education records.” To the extent school health services providers hold information about minor consent services that
is not recorded in the education record, (such as information in oral form or personal notes), the information would not
be subject to FERPA.

It should be noted that this answer does not take into account state medical confidentiality law, which may apply to the
same records at the same time as FERPA. Obligations under FERPA and state medical confidentiality law regarding
parent access to minor consent records can conflict at times. Providers should seek guidance from their own legal
counsel.

8. May a school health provider operating under HIPAA disclose protected health information to the school nurse
or school therapist?

In most cases, yes. HIPAA and California law permit disclosures to other health care providers for “treatment”
purposes. “Treatment” is defined broadly in this context and includes coordination or management of health care,
consultation and referral as well as direct treatment.14 It is important to note that once disclosed to the school nurse, if
the school nurse places the information in the pupil file, FERPA will apply when determining who controls access to
the information in the file, not HIPAA.15

i 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(1).
ii 34 C.F.R. § 99.33(a)(1).
iii 34 C.F.R. § 99.3 (“’Education Records’... (b) The term does not include: (1) Records that are kept in the sole possession of the maker, are used only as a personal
memory aid, and are not accessible or revealed to any other person except a temporary substitute for the maker of the record.”).
iv U.S. Dept. of Educ. Family Compliance Policy Office, Letter to University of New Mexico re: Applicability of FERPA to Health and Other State Reporting
Requirements, Nov. 29, 2004, available at http://www.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/library/baiseunmslc.html.
v U.S. Dept. of Educ., Family Policy Compliance Office, “Letter to Clark County School District (NV) re: Disclosure of Education Records to Outside Service
Providers,” June 28, 2006, available at http://www.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/library/clarkcty062806.html
vi U.S. Dept. of Educ. Family Compliance Policy Office, Letter to University of New Mexico re: Applicability of FERPA to Health and Other State Reporting
Requirements, Nov. 29, 2004, available at http://www.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/library/baiseunmslc.html.
vii 20 USC § 1232g(b)(1).
viii 34 C.F.R. §§ 99.31(a)(10)& 99.36(a); U.S. Dept. of Educ. Family Compliance Policy Office, Letter to University of New Mexico re: Applicability of FERPA to
Health and Other State Reporting Requirements, Nov. 29, 2004, available at http://www.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/library/baiseunmslc.html.
ix 45 C.F.R. §164.512(j).
x 45 C.F.R. § 164.508 (a)(2)(ii); 45 C.F.R. § 164.501.
xi Cal. Civ. Code § 56.10 (c)(19)(“The information may be disclosed, consistent with applicable law and standards of ethical conduct, by a psychotherapist, as defined
in Section 1010 of the Evidence Code, if the psychotherapist, in good faith, believes the disclosure is necessary to prevent or lessen a serious and imminent threat to the
health or safety of a reasonably foreseeable victim or victims, and the disclosure is made to a person or persons reasonably able to prevent or lessen the threat, including
the target of the threat.”).
xii 34 C.F.R. § 99.10.
xiii 34 C.F.R. § 99.5.
xiv45 C.F.R. § 164.501.
xv U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services & U.S. Dept. of Educ. Joint Guidance on the Application of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and
the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) To Student Health Records, November 2008, at page 2.

©National Center for Youth Law 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-42

RESOURCES: CONFIDENTIALITY LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARIES
CONFIDENTIALITY LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARIES

1. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association 1993, “Confidential health services for
adolescents,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 269, no. 11, pp. 1420-1424.

This report reviews adolescents’ need for confidential health services and major barriers to confidential care including
the prerogative to provide informed consent for medical treatment and payment for health services. The article
recommends that 1) providers reaffirm that confidential care for adolescents is critical to health improvement, 2)
physicians involve parents in the medical care of their teens, 3) physicians discuss their policies about confidentiality
with parents and the adolescent patient, as well as conditions under which confidentiality would be abrogated, 4)
health care payers develop a method of listing of services that preserves confidentiality for adolescents, and 5) state
medical societies review laws on consent and confidential care for adolescents and eliminate laws that restrict the
availability of confidential care.

2. Ford, C.A., Millstein, S.G., Halpern-Felsher, B.L. & Irwin, C.E., Jr 1997, “Influence of physician confidentiality
assurances on adolescents’ willingness to disclose information and seek future health care,” Journal of the
American Medical Association, vol. 278, no. 12, pp. 1029-1034.

As part of a larger study on asymptomatic genital Chlamydia, Ford, et al. examines adolescents’ willingness to be
tested for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) under varying confidentiality conditions. Nearly all (92%) reported
they would agree to STD testing if their parents would not find out. Significantly fewer would agree to testing linked
to potential (38%) or definite (35%) parental notification. More male than female subjects were willing to agree to
testing linked to potential or definite parental notification (49.5% vs. 33%). It is significant that the vast majority of
sexually active adolescents report they would agree only to confidential STD testing.

3. National Association of School Nurses 2004, “Privacy Standards for Student Health Records.” Available:
www.nasn.org/Default.aspx?tabid=277.

School-Based Health Centers and other on-campus health services for students need more sufficient policies,
procedures, and systems to ensure the privacy of students’ health information. This article outlines the complications
caused by both HIPAA and FERPA with regards to school health records, and outlines the role of school nurses in
promoting privacy of student health information. School nurses should educate themselves, administrators, students,
and parents about health record laws. School nurses should ensure that health room procedures are conducive to
maintaining health record privacy. School nurses should act as experts, collaborating with the other professionals
around them to help develop supportive policies for privacy of students’ health information.

4. English, A. & Ford, C.A. 2007, “More evidence supports the need to protect confidentiality in adolescent health
care,” Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 199-200.

This editorial article outlines and summarizes some of the recent research that further supports the need for
confidentiality in adolescent health care, and includes 20 references to the most important
research on adolescent health care and confidentiality.

Continued next page

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-43 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
RESOURCES: CONFIDENTIALITY LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARIES
5. Fox, H.B. & Limb, S.J. 2008, “Fact Sheet 5: State Policies Affecting the Assurance of Confidential Care for
Adolescents” [Homepage of The National Alliance to Advance Adolescent Health], [Online]. Available:
http://www.thenationalalliance.org/jan07/factsheet5.pdf.

This fact sheet outlines state policies that aim to provide adolescents with certain confidential care, and how that
confidentiality can be breached by public and private insurance practices such as sending explanation of benefit
statements (EOBs) to the patient’s household. EOBs are an inexpensive way to comply with federal verification laws
to combat fraud, but insurance companies can comply with the law in other ways that do not breach confidentiality.
Furthermore, states can exclude sending EOBs for certain services, so they should exclude all family planning, STD,
mental health, and substance abuse treatment services.

6. Brown, J.D. & Wissow, L.S. 2009, “Discussion of sensitive health topics with youth during primary care visits:
relationship to youth perceptions of care,” Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 48-54.

This study examined whether the discussion of sensitive health topics such as sex, drugs, and mental health during
primary care visits was associated with youth perceptions of care. Youth age 11-16 reported directly after a primary
care visit whether the visit included discussion about sensitive health topics, and whether the provider understood their
problems, eased their worries, allowed them to make decisions about treatment, gave them some control over
treatment, and asked them to take some responsibility for treatment. The researchers found that youth has more
positive perceptions of the provider and were more likely to report taking an active role in treatment when the visit
included the discussion of a sensitive health topic.

7. Ford, C.A., Davenport, A.F., Meier, A. & McRee, A.L. 2009, “Parents and health care professionals working
together to improve adolescent health: the perspectives of parents,” Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 44, no. 2,
pp. 191-194.

Investigators explored parent perceptions of the roles of parents, health care providers (HCPs), and parent-HCP
partnerships in improving adolescent health and health care. When asked what parents can do to keep teens healthy,
the most common themes reported were keeping teens busy, parental monitoring, and parent-teen communication.
When asked what HCPs can do to keep teens healthy, the most common theme was teens being able to openly
communicate with HCPs so that HCPs can accurately assess the teen’s health and behaviors. New ideas for improving
parent-HCP partnerships emerged, including HCPs acknowledging the importance of normal parenting activities,
HCPs assisting parents in recognizing when to ask for help (and encouraging parental acceptance of help when
offered), and further investigation of the benefits of improved parent-HCP communication.

8. Guttmacher Institute 2010, February 1st 2010-last update, “State Policies in Brief: An Overview of Minors’
Consent Law” Available: http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_OMCL.pdf.

Many states explicitly permit minors to consent to services for sexual and reproductive health care, including
contraceptives, prenatal, and STI services without parental involvement. Conversely, parental involvement in a
minor’s abortion is required in the majority of states. This overview of Minors’ Consent Law across the United States
includes a chart outlining each state and what services minors can consent to in that state out of contraceptive services,
STI services, prenatal care, adoption, medical care for minor’s child, and abortion services.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-44 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
RESOURCES: FEDERAL MEDICAL PRIVACY REGULATIONS
FEDERAL MEDICAL PRIVACY REGULATIONS
(“HIPAA PRIVACY RULE”): A BRIEF OVERVIEW
What are the federal medical privacy regulations?

The “Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information” are federal medical privacy
regulations (sometimes referred to as the “HIPAA Privacy Rule”) that broadly regulate access to and disclosure of
confidential medical information. This summary provides a brief introduction to the provisions pertinent to
adolescents, particularly those who are minors. Detailed information regarding those provisions and information
regarding other provisions of the regulations is available from other sources.

How do the federal privacy regulations relate to state law?

The HIPPA Privacy Rule generally requires a uniform minimum standard of confidentiality protection. Federal
privacy regulations under HIPAA supersede – or “preempt” – state laws, but with two important exceptions: state
laws that are more stringent – i.e. more protective of individual privacy – are controlling; and on the question of
parents’ access to their children’s protected health information, HIPAA defers to state and other applicable laws.

What is the scope of the regulations?

The regulations address a broad range of issues related to the privacy of individuals’ health information. They
create rights for individuals to have access to their health information and medical records and specify when an
individual’s consent is required for disclosure of their confidential health information. The regulations also
contain provisions that are specific to the health information of minor children.

Who must comply with the regulations?

The regulations apply to “covered entities,” which include health insurance plans (including Medi-Cal and CHIP
– Healthy Families in California), health care providers, and health care clearinghouses. According to the way
each of these is defined in the regulations, the vast majority of health care professionals who provide care to
adolescents are required to comply with the regulations.

What do the regulations mean for adolescents?

The HIPAA Privacy Rule contains numerous general provisions that affect the confidentiality of information
about health care provided to adolescents as well as younger children and adults. The regulations also contain
some provisions of particular relevance and importance for adolescents. Adolescents who are age 18 or older are
adults and have the same rights under the regulations as other adults. Adolescents who are younger than age 18
are minors and the regulations establish special rules for the confidentiality of their protected health information.

Do adolescents control access to their own health information?

The HIPAA Privacy Rule establishes that when an individual provides consent for health care, that individual has
specific rights to control access to the information about that care. Those rights are not absolute and are subject to
certain exceptions. For example, an individual’s protected health information may be disclosed without the
individual’s authorization for purposes of treatment, payment, and health care operations. Adolescents who are
adults control access to their own health information on the same basis as other adults. However, different rules
apply to adolescents who are minors. In particular, in certain situations, such as when minors consent for their
own health care, the question of whether their parents have access to the information about the care is determined
by state or “other applicable law.”

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-45 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
RESOURCES: FEDERAL MEDICAL PRIVACY REGULATIONS
What is the role of parents for adolescents who are minors?

Parents (including guardians and persons acting in loco parentis) generally are considered the personal
representatives of their unemancipated minor children, and as such, they have control over and access to their
child’s protected health information to the extent that the regulations provide individuals generally with such
control and access. In specific circumstances, however, parents are not necessarily the personal representatives of
their minor children.

When is a parent not the personal representative of his or her minor children?

A parent is not necessarily the personal representative of his or her minor child in one of three specific
circumstances; (1) when the minor is legally able to consent for the care for himself or herself and has consented;
or (2) the minor may legally receive the care without the consent of a parent, and the minor or someone else has
consented to the care; or (3) a parent has assented to an agreement of confidentiality between the health care
provider and the minor. In these circumstances, the minor is treated as the “individual” and may exercise many of
the rights under the regulations. The minor also may choose to have the parent act as the personal representative
or not.

What happens when a parent is not the personal representative?

When a parent is not the personal representative of the minor, the minor may exercise most of the same rights as
an adult under the regulations. With respect to the question of whether a parent who is not the personal
representative of the minor may have access to the minor’s confidential information (“protected health
information”), the regulations defer to state or “other law.” If state or other law explicitly requires information to
be disclosed to a parent, the regulations allow a health care provider to comply with that law and to disclose the
information. If state or other law prohibits disclosure of information to a parent, the regulations do not allow a
health care provider to disclose it. If state or other law permits disclosure or is silent on the question, a health care
provider has discretion to determine whether to grant access to a parent to the protected health information.

What do the regulations mean for health care providers in California?

California has numerous laws that allow minors to give their own consent for health care. In addition, California
has laws that specify the circumstances under which parents may or may not have access to information regarding
the care for which minors may give their own consent. The federal privacy regulations would defer to those
California laws. For adults, including adolescents age 18 or older, the federal regulations defer to state laws that
provide stronger privacy protections than the federal rules do. Many other provisions of the regulations would
remain applicable to health care providers in California.

What happens if a parent is suspected of domestic violence, abuse, or neglect?

When a parent is suspected of domestic violence, abuse, or neglect of a child, including an adolescent, a health
care provider may limit the parent’s access to and control over protected health information about the child by not
treating the parent as the personal representative of the child.

When services are being provided in a school setting, do HIPAA or FERPA Regulations apply?

The interaction of school/healthcare setting regulations is very complex; please refer to our other documents on
HIPAA/FERPA in the toolkit for more information.

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-46 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
RESOURCES: FEDERAL MEDICAL PRIVACY REGULATIONS
How does a health care provider know what is required?

This overview does not provide legal advice. Health care providers should consult with legal counsel to be sure
they are aware of the specific requirements of the regulations that apply to them and how to comply with those
requirements. HIPAA serves as a reminder to organizations and health care professionals that adolescents are a
group with distinct rights that must be respected. The HIPAA Privacy Rule makes clear that when adolescents
have a right to give consent for their own care, organizations must honor their right to be treated as individuals. To
understand what is required in any specific case or situation, organizations and health care professionals must
consider not only the HIPAA Privacy Rule itself, but also relevant provisions of California laws, and other
applicable laws, including other federal laws.

Where is additional information available that explains the regulations?

Implementation of the regulations is being overseen by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) within HHS. OCR has
established a web site with comprehensive information about the implementation of the regulations:
http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa/.

What are the official citations for the regulations?

Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information,45 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 160
and 164. These regulations were originally promulgated at 65 Federal Register 82461 (Dec. 28, 2000) and Federal
Register 53182 (Aug. 14, 2002).

Additional Resources

Office for Civil Rights (OCR).

http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

http://www.cdc.gov/privacyrule

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

http://privacyruleandresearch.nih.gov

Based on information provided by:

Center for Adolescent Health & the Law
Chapel Hill, NC
http://www.cahl.org

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-47 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
RESOURCES: CONFIDENTIALITY AND MINOR CONSENT-RELATED ONLINE RESOURCES
CONFIDENTIALITY AND MINOR CONSENT-RELATED
RESOURCES AVAILABLE ONLINE
National Center for Youth Law
http://www.youthlaw.org
See Articles and Analysis about Adolescent and Child Health
CA Minor Consent Laws – National Center for Youth Law, 8/01
http://www.youthlaw.org/fileadmin/ncyl/youthlaw/publications/minor_consent/Minor_Consent_Report_Download.pdf
CA Minor Consent Laws: Who can consent for what services and providers’ obligations
http://www.youthlaw.org/fileadmin/ncyl/youthlaw/publications/minor_consent/CA_minor_consent_sep03.pdf

Center for Adolescent Health & the Law

http://www.cahl.org/
See Publications relating to Consent & Confidentiality Protections
http://www.cahl.org/consentpubs.htm

Society for Adolescent Medicine

http://www.adolescenthealth.org
See Publications
Confidential Health Care for Adolescents
http://www.adolescenthealth.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Advocacy?PositionPapers/
PositionPaper_Confidential_Health_Care_for_Adolescents.pdf

California Hospital Association

http://www.calhospital.org/
See Publications and Manuals
Minors and Health Care Law: A Handbook in Consent for Treatment of Infants, Children, and Adolescents (order form)
http://www.calhospital.org/public/minors-health-care-law

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-48 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS

Notes

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-49 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
FOR PROVIDERS: TIPS, TRICKS & TOOLS

Notes

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

Adolescent Provider Toolkit A-50 © Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010
Adolescent Health Working Group

© California Adolescent Health Collaborative, 2010

© Adolescent Health Working Group, 2010