a

project report on
RAILWAY AND BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
Mr. Saikrishna Mithapalli (2202)

Mr. Shekhar Gavade (2206)

Mr. Abhishek Karali(2203)

Mr. Ayan Masuldar (2237)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MENTOR

PROF. R.R.MADANE

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

S.E.S.POLYTECHNIC, SOLAPUR
Budhawar Peth, Samrat chowk,
Solapur PIN - 413002,
Maharashtra, India
(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI, RECOGNIZED BY DTE, MUMBAI AND AFFILIATED
TO MSBTE, MUMBAI.)
2022-2023
 ACKOWLEDGMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful

completion of any task would be impossible without a profound
acknowledgement of the people whose constant guidance,
encouragement made it possible for us to execute our project with
success

We are highly indebted to PROF. R.R. MADANE for his guidance

and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project and also for his support in
completion of this project

We express our sincere thanks to Prof. A.A.BHAWTANKAR

(Principal,) and Prof. N.A.EKHANDE (H.C.E.D) for giving us
immense co-operation in completing this project

“CLASSIFICATION OF TUNNELS”

Finally, our thanks and appreciation goes the menial staff and other
people who have willing helped us out with their abilities.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled

“CLASSIFICATION OF TUNNELS”

Has been successfully submitted by the following

students.
Mr. Saikrishna Mithapalli (2202)

Mr. Shekhar Gavade (2206)

Mr. Abhishek Karali(2203)

Mr. Ayan Masuldar (2237)

Has Been Approved In The Partial Fulfillment For The

Award Of Diploma In Civil Engineering” By
Msbte,Mumbai.

PROF. R.R. MADANE PROF. N.A.EKHANDE PROF.A.A.BHAWTANKAR

PROJECT GUIDE H.C.E.D. PRINCIPAL

TUNNEL ENGINEERING
It is the branch of Civil Engineering deals with the design, construction and
maintenance of tunnels.

Definition of Tunnels
The underground passages which are constructed without disturbing or
removing the ground surface are known as tunnels. They may be constructed
by cutting the hills or mountains, below ground, streams etc. for various
purposes.

Uses of Tunnels
Following are the different uses of tunnels.
1. They are used for transportation of men, materials and goods.
2. They are used for carrying water oils, sewage, gas etc.
3. They are used to lay conduits.
4. They are used for conduction of water to generate power in which case
they are known as hydro-power tunnels.

Necessity of Tunnels
1. When the terminal stations, separated by a mountain are to be connected
by the shortest route.
2. When there is necessity of conduction of water for the generation of
power.
3. When acquisition of valuable land and property for a railway or road project
is to be avoided.
4. When the route of a railway track or road at high altitudes is to be
protected from blockage due to land slides or snow fall.
5. When there is necessity of carrying public amenities like water, oil, gas etc.
across, a stream or mountain economically
Advantages and Disadvantages of Tunnels
Advantages of Tunnels:
1. They connect the terminal stations by the shortest route.
2. They facilitate less route length and thus results in less transportation cost.
3. They carry railway lines, roads and public utilities like water, oil, cross-
stream or mountains economically.

Disadvantages of Tunnels:
1. They require skilled labour and supervision in their construction.
2. They require special equipment and methods of construction.
3. They may be costly in construction as they requires special construction
equipment and modern technique.

Purpose of Tunnels:
1. To provide passage for railway track.
2. To provide passage for roads.
3. To provide access to mines.
4. To lay conduits for water.
CLASSIFICATION OF TUNNELS
Tunnels are generally classified on the basis of:
A. Purpose for which they are constructed.
B. According to type of materials (Type of soil through with they are driven).
C. According to position of alignment.

A) Purpose for which they are constructed.

a) Traffic Tunnels:
i. Railway Tunnels:
Rail tunnels shorten the route length by allowing rail lines to pass
through natural obstacles such as mountains and provide a means of
crossing busy city areas without damaging or interfering with
neighbourhoods.

ii. Highway Tunnels:

A transport structure that runs beneath the surface of the earth,
under the sea or river and serves for road transport. Learn more in:
Current Safety Issues in Road Tunnel Construction.

iii. Navigation Tunnels:

Tunnel construction to pass a waterway underneath a higher terrain.

iv. Subway Tunnels:

An underground passage or tunnel enabling pedestrians to cross a
road, railway, etc. 2. an underground passage or tunnel for traffic,
electric power supplies, etc.

v. Pedestrain Tunnels:
A subway, also known as an underpass, is a grade-separated
pedestrian crossing which crosses underneath a road or railway in
order to entirely separate pedestrians and cyclists from motor traffic
or trains respectively.
 b) Conveyance Tunnels:
i. Water Supply Tunnels:
Water tunnels are tunnels used to transport water to areas with large
populations or agriculture. They are frequently part of aqueducts.

ii. Hydropower Tunnels:

The term Hydropower tunnel is used to describe hydropower tunnels
where water is in direct contact with the rock, that means, only
limited parts of the tunnel are lined with concrete or shotcrete to
protect against local tunnel collapses or major rock falls.

iii. Sewage Tunnels:

A sanitary sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for
transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings (but not
stormwater) to a sewage treatment plant or disposal. Sanitary sewers
are a type of gravity sewer and are part of an overall system called a
"sewage system" or sewerage.

iv. Tunnels for Industrial Use:

Tunnels made specially at Industrial area for industrial purpose.

v. Tunnels for Intake and Conveying Public Utilities:

A utility tunnel, utility corridor, or utilidor is a passage built
underground or above ground to carry utility lines such as electricity,
steam, water supply pipes, and sewer pipes. Communications utilities
like fiber optics, cable television, and telephone cables are also
sometimes carried.

B) Classification of tunnel according to the type of materials (Types of Soil

through which they are driven)

i. Tunnels in Hard Rock:

The heading and Benching method of tunneling is used in hard rock
cutting. The tunnel cross-section is divided into two parts, the top
portion of the tunnel is known as the heading, and the bottom
portion is a bench. Usually, this method is adopted for railway
tunnels.
 ii. Tunnels in Soft Rock:
Tunnelling in soft ground or soft rock is a specialized job. It does not
involve the use of explosives and the requisite excavation work is
done using hard tools such as pickaxes and shovels. In recent times,
compressed air has also been used for this purpose.

iii. Tunnels under River Bed (Submarine Tunnels):

An underwater tunnel is a tunnel which is partly or wholly
constructed under the sea or a river. They are often used where
building a bridge or operating a ferry link is unviable, or to provide
competition or relief for existing bridges or ferry links.

iv. Open-Cut Tunnels:

A tunnel constructed by excavating a trench from the surface,
building the structure within the trench, and then backfilling to
restore the surface.

v. Tunnels in Quick Sand:

C) Classification of tunnels according to position of alignment.

i. Saddle and Base Tunnels:

These tunnels are constructed along the natural slopes till the slopes
do not exceed the ruling gradient. iii) Slope tunnels: These tunnels
are constructed in steep hills for economic and safe operations of
roads and railways.

ii. Spiral Tunnels:

Tunnels Provided In Narrow Valley In The Form Of Loops In The
Interior Of Mountain So As To Increase Length Of Tunnel To Avoid
Steep Slopes.

iii. Off-Spur Tunnels:

These are short length tunnels to negotiate minor local obstacles,
which cannot be avoided by permitted curves. ii) Saddle or base
tunnels: These tunnels are constructed along the natural slopes till
the slopes do not exceed the ruling gradient.
 iv. Slope Tunnels:
Slope tunnel. These include the tunnels that are constructed in steep
hills. These types of tunnel are also used for transportation purposes.

SHAPE OF TUNNELS
Various shapes or cross-sections may be adopted for tunnels, the deciding
factors being the nature of soil through which the tunnel is driven and certain
practical considerations.
1. Rectangular (or Box Shape) Tunnel: This type of tunnels are suitable for
pedestrain tunnels. The tunnels of this shape are rarely used these days
because they are difficult in construction.

2. Segmental Shape Tunnels: The tunnels of this shape are suitable for traffic
tunnels. They are used in subways or as navigation tunnels. The roof of such
tunnels are segmental in shape with vertical sides. They are also known as
'D' shaped tunnels. These tunnels are difficult to construct in soft rock.
3. Circular Shape Tunnels: These tunnels are commonly used for carrying
water under pressure. They are suitable in non-cohesive soils [in soft coils].
The lining of these tunnels are very difficult.

4. Horse-Shoe Shape Tunnels: These tunnels are suitable in soft rocks. They
are having combined advantages of circular and segmental shapes tunnels.
They are more difficult to construct.

5. Egg Shape Tunnels: These tunnels are widely used as sewers. The tunnels
with this shaped maintain self-cleaning velocity. They are difficult to
construct.
6. Elliptical Shape Tunnels: These tunnels are suitable for carrying water. They
can be easily constructed in soft rocks. Lining of these tunnels is difficult.