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ISO 497:1973
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6dfe5bdd5ec1/iso-497-1973
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation
of national standards institutes (IS0 Member Bodies). The work of developing
International Standards is carried out through IS0 Technical Committees. Every
Member Body interested in a subject for which a Technical Committee has been set
up has the right to be represented on that Committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

Draft International Standards adopted by the Technical Committees are circulated

to the Member Bodies for approval before their acceptance as International
Standards by the IS0 Council.

as IS0 Recommendations;
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Prior to 1972, the results of the work of the Technical Committees were published
these documents are now in the process of being
transformed into International
Standard IS0 497 replaces IS0 Recommendation
(standards.iteh.ai)
Standards. As part of this process, International
R 4971966 drawn up by
Technical Committee lSO/TC 19, Preferred numbers.
ISO 497:1973
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The Member Bodies of the following countries approved the Recommendation
6dfe5bdd5ec1/iso-497-1973 :
Australia France Poland
Austria Germany Sweden
Belgium Greece Switzerland
Canada Hungary United Kingdom
Chile India U.S.A.
Czechoslovakia Israel U.S.S.R.
Denmark Italy Yugoslavia
Egypt, Arab Rep. of Japan
Finland Morocco

No Member Body expressed disapproval of the Recommendation.

0 International Organization for Standardization, 1973 l

Printed in Switzerland
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ~so 497-1973 (El

Guide to the choice of series of preferred numbers

and of series containing more rounded values
of preferred numbers

1 SCOPE AND FIELD iTeh STANDARDwhenPREVIEW

OF APPLICATION the functional characteristics, as well as the sizes of
each of the various elements, are in a geometrical
This International Standard completes(standards.iteh.ai)
IS0 17 by progression.
supplementary directives regarding the choice of series and
the possible use of more rounded values as mentioned in
ISO 497:19733.1 Best progression
section 7 of that International Standard :
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Preferred numbers ensure the best progression from the
a) it gives the only more rounded values admissible,6dfe5bdd5ec1/iso-497-1973
in
point of view of regularity and the possibility of adapting
the form of two series rounded to a greater or lesser
them to new requirements for the creation of closer series
degree;
by the insertion of intermediate values.
b) it states the conditions on which these more
rounded values may be used and the consequences of 3.2 Universal applicability
using them;
Preferred numbers offer the most logical means of
c) it gives rules by means of which any uncertainty in uninterrupted coverage of the complete range of
the choice between the preferred numbers and the requirements in a given field (powers of motors, output of
various more rounded values can be avoided. pumps, etc.).

3.3 Simplification of technical and commercial

calculations
2 REFERENCES

IS0 3, Preferred numbers - series of preferred numbers. Since the products and quotients of preferred numbers are
by definition also preferred numbers, calculations, which
I SO 17, Guide to the use of preferred numbers and of series should be made by using the logarithmic values or serial
of preferred numbers. numbers and not the preferred numbers themselves, are
considerably simplified, especially when the series of values
(dimensions, list prices, etc.) are multiplied or divided in
the same proportions.
3 ADVANTAGES OF ADHERING STRICTLY TO
PREFERRED NUMBERS
3.4 Conversion into other systems of measurement
The advantages of using preferred numbers, set out in IS0 3
and IS0 17, are recalled and amplified below. Conversion into other systems of measurement is greatly
facilitated when the series of values in which the
These advantages are obtained not merely in the measurements are expressed comprise preferred numbers
standardization of various machine elements by themselves, and, at the same time, the conversion factors approximate
but above all in the construction of complete machines to preferred numbers.
 IS0 497-1973 (E)

4 EXCEPTIONAL USE OF MORE ROUNDED VALUES a) of an economic n ature (for example the wish to
contin ue using existing tools and gauges in the factories);
4.1 In celrtain appl icat ions, i mperative reasons prohibit the b) of a psychological nature (for example the wish to
use of the preferred numbers themselves : use values expressed in a more simple manner, especially
a) because it is impossible or absurd to retain all the when, in a given case, it may be difficult to write or say
significant figures, in particular when a whole number is the number of figures contained in the preferred
necessary (for example 32 instead of 31,5 for the numbers themselves) .I )
number of teeth in a gear);
4.3 The use of more rounded values may therefore be
b) because, in the absence of any indication of justified by imperative reasons (see 4.1), and these values
tolerances, the number of significant figures gives the should thus be used rather than dispensing altogether with
impression of a precision which is neither desired nor the use of preferred numbers.
measurable (for example I/30 instead of I/31,5 second
for time exposures for cameras or 224 for an output On the other hand, the use of more rounded values should
which in practice is verified at about IO %). not be permitted for economic or psychological reasons
(see 4.2); since these are subjective reasons and may not be
4.2 Further, during the transition period, it is possible that the same everywhere, they could give rise to differing
preferred numbers may not be accepted by certain branches company or national standards, making wider national or
of industry or by the general public, for reasons : international unification diff icult.2)

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6dfe5bdd5ec1/iso-497-1973

1) Also, in certain cases where it is useful to I have terms with additive proper ,ties, the use, which should remain exceptional, of more rounded
values, such as those of the R” series, provides a solution to the problem, to a Ii mited extent at least, for example

3 +4 = 7 3+5=8 3+6=9 3+7=10

3,5 + 4,5 = 8 7+7=14 etc.

2) The use of exceptional values which are neither preferred numbers nor more rounded values -whether for the sake of alignment with *
existing standards which were not formulated in accordance with preferred numbers and have not yet been revised, or to maintain particular
production processes for the sake of interchangeability, or to use existing tools and gauges - renders future standardization difficult both in the
national and international fields and prevents the building of machines in series with geometrical scaling.

As most IS0 6ublications are based on preferred numbers, previously established national standards also using them will automatically
correspond, but it will be more difficult to align those which include the more rounded values or values which are not related to preferred
numbers.

The introduction into standards of existing series of values which cannot be modified, such as physical constants, should not be regarded as an
application of preferred numbers, even if these values are near to preferred numbers or more rounded values; these series may not possess all the
properties of preferred numbers, and their use may create difficulties, particularly in calculations such as those envisaged in 3.4. The same
applies to existing series of values which it is difficult to modify at present, such as gear modules.

2
 ISO497-1973(E)

5 RULE AND GENERAL TABLE

6 l 7 8 9 10
I I I
RULE
Percentage differences
Calculated between the calculated values recalling and completing section 4
and each value in the series
values of IS0 17
***
R R’ R” R”
5 to 40 10 to 40 20 5and 10 5.1 In selecting a group of numerical values to meet the
particular requirements of the application in question.

0 I ,oooo 0 1) choose the appropriate ratio in the order of the

1 1,0593 + 0,07 - 0,88 indices
2 1,122o - 0,18 - I,96 - 1,96 5- 10-20-40
3 1,1885 - 0,71 + 0,97
4 I,2589 - 0,71 - 4,68 - 4,68 2) choose the series having the appropriate precision of
values (see Annex, clause A.1.1) and regularity of ratio
5 1,3335 - 1,Ol - 02,51
(see Annex, clause A.1.2), i.e :
6 1,4125 - 0,88
7 1,4962 + 03 a) for preference, the R series of preferred numbers
8 I,5849 + 0,95 - 5,36 themselves;***
El
9 1,6788 +1’.261
b) the R’ series, known as the first rounding, if
10 I,7783 + 122 imperative reasons completely prohibit the use of
11 1,8836 + 0,87 preferred numbers;
12 1,9953 + 0,24
13 2,1135 + 0,31 - 0,64 c) or the R” series, known as the second rounding,
14 2,2387 + 06 - 1,73 - 1,73 in the last resort.”
15 2,3714 - 0,48 + m
16 2,5119 - 0,47 5.2 In selecting a single value, for example for the
17 2,6607 - 0,40 - 2,28 establishment of a prototype, bear in mind that this value
may subsequently have to be inserted in a series, the ratio
18 2,8 184 - 0,65
of which will have to be assumed, and therefore proceed as
19 2,9854 + 0,49
in 5.1, choosing a preferred number or, failing this, a more
20 3, I623 - 0,39 + 1,19 - I 5,13 - 5,13 rounded value.
21 3,3497 + O,Ol + 1750
22 3,548 1 + 0,05 + 1746 - I,38
23 3,7584 - 0,22 -t 1,11
24 3,981 I + 0747
25 4,217O + 0,78 - 0,40
26 4,4668 + 0,74
27 4,7315 + 0,39 + 1,45
28 5,0119 - 0,24
29 5,3088 - 0,17
30 5,6234 - 0,42 - 2,19
31 5,9566 -/- 0,73 * These R” series (values in brackets) and most particularly the
32 6,3096 - 0,15 - 4,90 - 4,90 value I,5 should be avoided on account of the dangers explained in
section 6.
33 6,6834 + O-25
34 7,0795 + 0,29 - I,11 ** In exceptional cases, when a series without regression is
35 7,4989 + 01 necessary in this region for an application requiring a simple scaling
of values unrelated to other data, and the preferred numbers
36 7,9433 + 0,71 themselves are not applicable, adopt the alternative of 1 ,15 for 1 ,18
37 8,414O + 1702 and I,20 for I,25 which gives, for the start of the series
38 8,9125 -+- 0,98
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standa

1 - 1,05 - I,10 - I,15 - I,20 - 1,30

39 9,4405 + 0,63
iTeh STANDAR

40 1o,oooo 0 *** In certain exceptional cases (for example for the manufacture
of turbine blades) when very great precision is necessary, use the
calculated values (column 6 of the table).
(standard
6dfe5bdd5ec1/

3-4
ISO 49
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6dfe5bdd5ec1/iso-497-1973
 IS0 4974973 (E)

6 DANGERS OF USING MORE ROUNDED VALUES between 1,32 and 1,7 reaches 1,26 % + 2,51 % = 3,77 %
while the maximum irregularity of the original R’ 40 series
6.1 The presence in a series of a single more rounded value is only 2,94 %; the fundamental principle of the regularity
or of an exceptional value admitted by departing from the of preferred numbers series is thus destroyed.
rule, and which will not be a preferred number, may make
it impossible to transfer subsequently to a series with a 6.4 The degree of precision of more rounded values is not
smaller ratio. as great as that of preferred numbers. In fact, this lack of
precision may reach 2,51 % for the values in the R’ series
6.2 The scaling of series of more rounded values is not as and 5,36 % for those of the R” series.
good as that of preferred numbers series since, for some Further, because of this fact, more rounded values cannot
intervals, the irregularity may reach 2,94 % in the R’ series be used for technical projects when calculating (see
and even 5,61 % in the R” series (see values at the foot of section 5 of IS0 17) with the aid of the serial numbers
columns in the tablet)). given in column 5 of the table.1)

6.3 The scaling of derived series may be even poorer than 6.5 National and international collaboration in
that of the corresponding R’ or R” series, if two adjacent standardization work is rendered much more difficult if,
values have been rounded towards each other, for example instead of using preferred numbers, different people choose
one downwards and the other upwards; thus, for example different series of rounded values for the solution of the
for the R’ 40/4 series (. . . 1,05 . . .) the irregularity same problem?)

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6dfe5bdd5ec1/iso-497-1973

1) For example a difference of 5 % on the linear dimension entails a difference

of more than 10 % on the square (cross section and, consequently, strength of a bolt; cross section of a piston and, consequently, power of a
motor),

of more than 15 % on the cube (mass of part, bending of a shaft),

of more than 20 % on the 4th power (rigidity of a spring),

of more than 25 % on the 5th power (moment of inertia).

2) See footnote 2) on page 2.

IS0 497-1973 (E)

ANNEX
PRECISION OF THE VALUES AND REGULARITY OF THE RATIO

A.1 DEFINITION The maximum irregularity of the ratio at various points in

each of the R, R’ and R” series is given at the foot of
In order to understand the disadvantages and dangers of columns 1 to 4 of the table.
using the more rounded values and to adopt them only with
full knowledge of the facts, it is important first of all to
A.2 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS
consider what may be called the degree of precision in
relation to the corresponding theoretical value
A.21 If consideration is given only to the condition that a
- of the calculated values, rounded value shall remain closer to the corresponding
- theoretical value than to the adjacent theoretical values,
of the preferred numbers,
this condition is expressed by a maximum permissible
- of the more rounded values, deviation which (if the ratio @ is not too great) is
approximately equal in relative value to
and the degree of regularity of the ratio of the
corresponding series.

A.1 .I The degree of precision of a term,‘) in relation to pie- 1

I!I
the corresponding theoretical value, is characterized by the 2
relationship, expressed as a percentage,
- of the difference between the value in question and A.22 At the limit, however, the relation between two
the theoretical value, successive numbers may thus become near to 1 (or twice

- to this theoretical value.

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW the ratio), which is not permissible for the regularity of the
series.

These relative differences are

(standards.iteh.ai)
given for the preferred
A.3 ACTUAL DEVI’ATIONS OF THE CALCULATED
numbers in column 8 of the table in IS0 3 and are repeated
ISO VALUES
497:1973
in this International Standard in column 7 of the table. This
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table also gives the corresponding differences for the more In IS0 3, the calculated values are given in column 7 of the
rounded values in columns 8 to 10. 6dfe5bdd5ec1/iso-497-1973
table to five significant figures, which corresponds to a
maximum deviation not exceeding 0,000 05 in absolute
A.1 2 The degree of regularity of the ratio of a series, at a value, and to a relative difference of 0,004 8 % in relation
given point, is characterized by the deviation, expressed as a to the theoretical value.
percentage, between the actual ratio at this point (relation
between two adjacent terms) and the theoretical ratio.21 A.4 ACTUAL DEVIATIONS OF THE PREFERRED
These deviations, and therefore the degree of regularity of NUMBERS
the ratio between two adjacent terms, can thus be obtained
by simple algebraic subtraction of the differences given in A.4.1 In IS0 3, the preferred numbers are given to three
columns 7 to 10 of the table, ignoring infinitesimal significant figures, and the relative difference between them
values.3) and the calculated values is shown in column 8.

1) For example for the preferred number 85, ignoring the difference between the calculated value and the theoretical value, the degree of
precision is

8,5 - 8,414 0
100x = + 1,02 %
8,414 0

2) For example in the series R 40, taking the terms 1,60 and 1,70, this deviation is

40 I,70
d-- IO- -
I,60

3) For example the terms 1,60 and I,70 give approximately

-= 1,059 3 1 + = 1,0593 (1 +0,003 1)

I,60 100
1‘70 t I,26 - 0,95 1
The exact relation is 1,062 5, the exact deviation is 0,003 25 or 0,3 % to the nearest 2/l 0 000 (in this case).

6
 IS0 497- 1973 (E)

A.4.2 This relative difference does not exceed I,26 %, in frames). The regularity of the ratio of the R’ and R”
whereas the absolute error is sometimes large; but it may be series is similarly poorer than that of the preferred numbers
noted that the conventional roundings have been chosen in series; for example in R” 5, the maximum irregularity (see
such a way that the regularity of the series, i.e. the foot of columns I to 4 of the table) reaches 5,37 %,
relationship between two terms, remains very close to the compared with I,42 % in R 5, while in R’ 40 it reaches
theoretical ratio (maximum irregularity 1,15% in R 40). 2,94 %, compared with I ,I5 % in R 40.

A.5 ACTUAL DEVIATIONS OF MORE ROUNDED

VALUES
A.5.3 It should be noted that for certain terms a rounding
which is allowable in R” 5 or R” IO is not allowable in
A.5.1 The only more rounded values which may be used, closer series. Thus, the value I ,5, differing by 5,36 % from
and then only in exceptional cases, have been formulated to its theoretical value, entails a deviation of 5,60 % in the
give only two significant figures, or even only one single ratio between it and the succeeding term 2,0, a permissible
significant figure, and to maintain the permissible degree of deviation in R” IO, which has a ratio in the neighbourhood
precision and of regularity in the series R’ and R”, for the of I,25 and maximum permissible deviation of 12,9 %,
constitution of which they are provided?) according to clause A.2.1. But this value cannot be retained
in R” 20, which has a ratio in the neighbourhood of 1,12,
A.5.2 Nevertheless, they differ from the theoretical values as it would result in a deviation of 6,58 % in relation to the
very much more than do the preferred numbers themselves succeeding term I,8, and the maximum permissible
(see columns 7 to IO of the table - maximum differences deviation is 6,1 %.

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1) The value I,2 provided in R’ 40 in place of 1,18, deviates from the theoretical value by + 0,97 %, and it is thus almost as acceptable as 1 ,I8
which deviates by - 0,71 %; but, if the scaling is considered, the value I,2 does not fit in well between 1,l and 1,25; in fact, the deviation from
the theoretical ratio 1,059 3, obtained from the algebraic difference of the differences in columns 7 and 8, as indicated in clause A.l.2, is
modified

+ 0,97 + 1,96
between I,2 and 1,l by = + 2,93 %
100

- 0,71 - 0,97
between 1,25 and 1,2 by = - I,68 %
100

The two consecutive ratios are thus 1,088 6 and 1,042 5, instead of 1,059 3.