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Adjektiv Deklination 24 03 24

The document provides rules for determining adjective endings in German. It explains that attributive adjectives must show declension by having an ending, while descriptive adjectives do not. It then gives a multi-step flowchart approach to determining the correct ending based on factors like the article, gender, number and case of the noun.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views6 pages

Adjektiv Deklination 24 03 24

The document provides rules for determining adjective endings in German. It explains that attributive adjectives must show declension by having an ending, while descriptive adjectives do not. It then gives a multi-step flowchart approach to determining the correct ending based on factors like the article, gender, number and case of the noun.

Uploaded by

Aris Mariyanto
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Adjektiv Deklination

Einige faule Studenten (pl) haben nichts gelernt.


Die einigen faulen Studenten (pl) haben nichts gelernt

Der einige faule Student (m) hat nichts gelernt


Ein einiger fauler Student (m) hat nichts gelernt.
Einiger fauler Student (m) hat nichts gelernt

Handout: Adjektivendungen

Adjective endings are usually the least favorite part of learning German, from both the students' and the
teacher's viewpoints. I can't make them fun, but I can at least make them a little easier. Yes, they do
require some memorization, but there is a logic to them. With some effort, you should be able to put
the correct endings on adjectives without having to refer to a massive diagram or chart.

When does an adjective need an ending?


There are two ways to use adjectives in a sentence: as a descriptive adjective ("the house is nice"), or as
an attributive adjective ("it is a nice house"). All attributive adjectives -- that is, adjectives that precede
a noun which they modify -- MUST show declension, i.e. they must have an ending in German. If an
adjective does not precede a noun, but rather occurs as a descriptive adjective after the noun, then it
does not have any ending. Compare the following:

Descriptive Adjective = no Attributive Adjective = with


ending ending
Das Haus ist schön. Das ist ein schönes Haus.
Meine Katze ist alt. Ich habe eine alte Katze.

What ending does it take?


This is of course the hard part. There are many ways to understand and learn adjective endings: if you
were to simply memorize a chart, you would need to memorize 48 different possible combinations -- but
it would work, if that's what you prefer. (I don't.) Instead, let's try to approach adjective endings from a
more logic-oriented framework, with a set of rules.

Keep in mind 1: Something -- either an article (der/ein/dieser/etc.) or the adjective itself -- must show
what gender the noun is. For example, der Mann clearly shows that Mann is masculine; ein Mann, on the
other hand, does not show this, because ein could also be applied to a neuter noun (ein Kind).

Keep in mind 2: Some articles show that a noun has changed from its original nominative case, others
do not. For example, in the sentence "ich sehe einen Mann", einen shows clearly that Mann is no longer
in the nominative case. In the sentence "ich sehe ein Buch", however, the neuter accusative ein does not
differ from its nominative form, which is also ein. This distinction will be important in deciding which
adjective ending to use.

With those guidelines in mind, we can now set up a flow chart of rules that will give you the correct
adjective ending.

Question 1: Does the adjective have an article in front of it?


(Articles are words like der, die, das, ein, mein, unser, dieser, jeder, etc.)

If NO (if there is no article): add the ending that would occur on a der-word for that noun. For
instance:
Deutsches Bier schmeckt gut. (it would be dieses Bier, so we add -es to deutsch)
Ich trinke kalten Kaffee gern. (it would be diesen Kaffee, so we add -en to kalt)

If YES (if there is an article already), move on to question 2.

Question 2: Is the article in the standard, unchanged form?


(This references the second keep in mind described above. "Ich sehe ein Buch", even
though Buch is in the accusative, uses the same ein form as the original nominative, so it is in
the original form.)

If NO (if the article is different from its original form), add -en.
Ich kenne einen guten Mann. (einen, masculine accusative, has changed from the
original ein)
Ich spreche mit (der, feminine dative, has changed from the original die)
der netten Frau.
If YES (if the article is in its original form), move on to question 3.

Question 3: Is the noun singular?

If NO (if the noun is plural), add -en.


Ich sehe die jungen Kinder. (die, plural accusative, is in its original form, but it is
plural, so an -en is added to jung)
Keine schönen Frauen waren (keine, plural nominative, is in its original form, but it is
da. plural, so an -en is added to schön)

If YES (if the noun is singular), move on to question 4.


Question 4: Does the article show gender?
(This references the first keep in mind above. Der Mann, den Mann, dem Mann, einen
Mann, and einem Mann all show the gender of Mann, but ein Mann does not. Das Buch, dem
Buch, and einem Buch all show the gender of Buch, but ein Buch does not. Die Frau, der
Frau, eine Frau, and einer Frau all show gender. As you see, pretty much the only articles
which do not show gender are ein and its equivalents (mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, Ihr).

If NO (if the article is ein/dein/etc): add -er for masculine nouns, -es for neuter nouns.
Das ist ein gutes Buch. (something needs to show the -s that is inherent to das
Buch -- since ein does not show it, -es is added to gut)
Sein alter Hund war in der (something needs to show the -r that is inherent to der
Küche. Hund -- since sein does not show it, -er is added to alt)

If YES (if the article already shows the gender): add -e.
Hier ist eine kleine Lampe. (eine shows that Lampe is feminine, so only -e is added
to klein)
Wo ist der rote Mantel? (der shows that Mantel is masculine, so only -e is added
to rot)

That's it! If you follow these rules correctly, then all adjective endings will fall into place for you. To
summarize in a more graphical form:

There are, of course, a few things you should watch out for -- not exceptions, merely common
misperceptions.

Common problem 1: UNSER. Remember that the -er in unser is part of the article unser (our), it is NOT
an ending itself. (Unser Buch ist gut; unsere Mutti ist nett; unser Vater ist alt.) Unser Vater is
equivalent to mein Vater, and therefore Question 4 applies: when adding an adjective, it must be unser
netter Vater to show the -r inherent to Vater; or unser gutes Buch to show the -s inherent to Buch.
Similarly, EUER (your, pl.) is also an ein-word, the -er is part of the article itself. In their base forms,
then, unser and euer do not show gender.

Common problem 2: What qualifies as an article? Articles in German include all der/die/das words,
all ein-words, and all the dieser, jeder, mancher, and solcher words. Alle (only ever seen as the plural
form as an article) and beide (both) are also articles. Thus a complete list of articles:
der, die, das, den, dem (the)
dieser, diese, dieses, diesen, diesem (this/that/these)
jeder, jede, jedes, jeden, jedem (each/every)
mancher, manche, manches, manchen, (some)
manchem
solcher, solche, solches, solchen, solchem (such)
welcher, welche, welches, welchen, welchem (which)
ein, eine, einen, einem, einer (a/an)
kein--, mein--, dein--, sein--, ihr--, unser--, (no, my, your, his/its, her, our,
euer--, Ihr-- your, Your)
alle, beide (all, both)

Common problem 3: VIELE (many) is not an article -- it is simply another adjective. The same is true
of EINIGE (a few, some), MEHRERE (several), and WENIGE (few, not many). Thus these words as well as
any adjectives following them must be declined according to Question 1, using the der-endings (viele
gute Bücher, einige nette Leute).

Common problem 4: When there is more than one adjective modifying the same noun
(the nice old man), each adjective acts independently and takes the appropriate ending (der nette alte
Mann, ein netter alter Mann). Thus all adjectives in a string will have the same endings.

Common problem 5: Forgetting Question 3 is common -- remember to check if the noun is plural. If it is,
and it has any article before it, the ending will be -en. Plural nouns without an article, following
Question 1, will have -e or -en depending on their case.

Be sure to refer to your four-question flow chart or memorize it and follow its rules!

A. Frage 1: Artikel? These nouns have no articles before them, so the answer to question 1 is ‘no’.

1. Deutsches Brot (n) schmeckt immer gut. 8. Mein Vater darf fettes Fleisch (n) nicht essen.
2. Wir können hier frischen Käse (m) kaufen. 9. Ich möchte armen Leuten (pl) helfen (=dative
verb!).
3. Kleine Kinder (pl) sind immer freundlich. 10. Junger Mann (m), was machst du da?
4. Im Gasthof Luitpold gibt es originelle Musik (f). 11. Einige faule Studenten (pl) haben nichts
gelernt.
5. Starker Kaffee (m) schmeckt besser mit kalter 12. Hier finden wir bayrische Spezialitäten (pl).
Milch (f).
6. Er trinkt gern heißen Tee (m) mit frischem 13. Junge Studentin (f) sucht neue
Honig (m). Mitbewohnerin (f).
7. Wir essen heiße Suppe (f) mit gekochtem 14. Ich möchte viele schnelle Autos (pl) haben.
Fleisch (n).

B. Frage 2: In origineller Form? These nouns are in oblique cases (e.g. accusative or dative), so the answer to
question 2 is ‘no’.

1. Ich studiere an einer amerikanischen 7. Ich will diesen kalten Kaffee (m) nicht trinken.
Universität (f).
2. Ich habe einen braunen Schreibtisch (m). 8. Das ist die Tochter von meinem lieben
Onkel (m).
3. Sie sitzt in dem neuen (n) Auto. 9. Ich hoffe auf einen langen Sommer (m).
4. Wir sind sind mit unseren guten 10 In allen großen Städten (pl) gibt es eine U-
Freunden (pl) gefahren. . Bahn.
5. Maria ist der Name von einer guten Freundin (f). 11 Er hat seinem kleinen Bruder (m) eine CD
. gegeben.
6. Mit deinem alten Computer (m) kannst du nicht viel 12 Am Wochenende werde ich einen guten
machen. . Film (m) sehen.

C. Frage 3: Singular oder Plural? These nouns are all plural (they are NOT singular), so the answer to
question 3 is ‘no’.

1. Wo hast du diese neu_____ Schuhe (pl) gekauft? 3. Es gibt keine dumm_____ Fragen (pl).
2. Ich habe keine gut_____ Freunde (pl). 4. Unsere neu_____ Bücher (pl) sind hier.

D. Frage 4: Zeigt Geschlecht? These nouns are preceded by articles that do NOT indicate what gender they
are, so the answer to question 4 is ‘no’.

1. Mein best_____ Freund (m) heißt Norbert. 4. Sie hat mir ihr blau_____
Kleid (n) gegeben.
2. Unser groß_____ Buch (n) liegt auf dem Tisch. 5. Rechtsanwalt ist ein schwierig_____
Beruf (m).
3. Das ist ein hoh_____ Preis (m) für ein klein_____ 6. Ich möchte euer neu_____ Auto (n) kaufen.
Objekt (n)!

E. Ja, es zeigt Geschlecht. These nouns are preceded by articles that DO show their gender, so the answer to
question 4 is ‘yes’.

1. Der jung_____ Mann (m) bringt seine klein_____ 4 Welches deutsch_____ Buch (n) kaufst du?
Katze (f) mit. .
2. Wir haben eine elegant_____ Frau (f) im Saal 5 Wo ist der letzt_____ Brief (m) von Hans?
gesehen. .
3. Jedes klein_____ Kind (n) kennt das Märchen 6 Die nett_____ Frau (f) hat das rot_____
‘Rumpelstilzchen’. . Hemd (n) gekauft.

F. Gemischt! In the mixed sentences below, you’ll need to determine for yourself which question applies.
Remember to follow the flow chart in order!

1. Wir verkaufen unser alt______ Haus (n). 10 Frisch______ Brot (n) schmeckt sehr gut.
.
2. Kennst du einen gut______ Mechaniker (m)? 11 Fritz kommt aus einer klein______ Stadt (f).
.
3. Sandra spricht mit jeder freundlich______ 12 Ich kaufe sein schön______ Auto (n).
Person (f). .
4. Erik ist ein gut______ Freund (m) von mir. 13 Ich laufe zu dem klein______ Park (m) um die
. Ecke.
5. Hans trägt braun______ Schuhe (pl). 14 Herr Schmidt braucht einen neu_______
. Fernseher (m).
6. Das ist ein rund______ Tisch (m). 15 Ich kaufe diese billig______ Uhr (f) nicht.
.
7. Dieses klein______ Kind (n) spielt mit schön_____ 16 Haben sie deutsch______ Wein (m)?
Puppen (pl). .
8. Trinken Sie kalt______ Milch (f)? 17 Helfen Sie diesem alt______ Mann! (m)
.
9. Annegret spielt mit dem klein______ Kind (n). 18 Letzt______ Samstag (m) bin ich zwei Stunden
. gelaufen.

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